Population Pyramid
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There are three types of population pyramids: expansive, slow growth, and no growth. A population pyramid graphically represents the age and sex composition of a population based on census data. Pyramid A represents a developing country with a high and increasing birth rate seen in its large 0-4 age group. Pyramid B shows a developed country with a decreasing birth rate seen by comparing age groups. Pyramid C has a birth rate that is neither increasing nor decreasing significantly.
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Population pyramids show the number of males and females within different age groups in a population. They consist of two back-to-back bar graphs with population on the x-axis and age on the y-axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The shape of the pyramid reveals aspects of a country's demography such as birth and death rates, life expectancy, and level of development.
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Demographic transition (DT) refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.
IT IS GIVEN BY: FrankW. Notestein. Frank Wallace Notestein (August 16, 1902 – February 19, 1983)
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The document discusses the demographic transition model (DTM), which predicts population growth over time based on changes in birth rates and death rates. The DTM has five stages:
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A population pyramid provides information about the proportion of males and females in different age groups. It shows the proportion of young, working-age, and elderly populations. Population pyramids can have triangular, beehive, or rectangular shapes depending on birth rates, death rates, and migration patterns. The shape and proportions revealed in a population pyramid tell the story of a country's demographic past, present, and possible future, making them important tools for policy planning and comparing countries.
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3. Epidemics, as disease outbreaks can cause many deaths, like the 1918 influenza pandemic.
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5. Personal behaviors like diet, alcohol and tobacco use, and hygiene practices impact mortality.
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This document defines key demographic terms and provides information about population trends in Pakistan. It discusses topics like population growth rates, fertility rates, mortality rates (infant, child, maternal), life expectancy, and literacy. It also addresses causes of population growth and decline, implications of high population growth, and key population and development indicators for Pakistan like HDI, poverty rates, and health and education spending.
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2. Demography is the statistical study of human populations and how they change over time due to factors like birth, death, migration, and aging.
3. Thomas Malthus' theory proposed that population increases faster than the food supply, pushing people to the verge of starvation. The demographic transition model shows populations transitioning through stages of high then low birth and death rates.
Theories on population
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This document provides an overview of demography and population pyramids. It discusses that demography is the study of human populations in terms of size, structure, growth, and distribution. Population pyramids are used to visualize the age and sex structure of a population, and can reveal insights into fertility rates, life expectancy, and population change over time. The document outlines different types of population pyramids and the factors that influence population structure, such as fertility, mortality, and migration. It also discusses uses of census data and vital statistics in demographic analysis and population planning.
Pyramids and demographic transition
Population profiles show the age and gender composition of a region using population pyramids. Demographers use these profiles to project future population changes by analyzing current age structures. The document compares population pyramids from different countries and time periods, demonstrating how populations transition over time through four demographic phases from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops economically and socially.
1.1 Population Change
Population projection is a prediction of future population changes based on current trends of mortality, fertility and migration. It considers the present age-gender structure and applies current rates to predict future populations.
Population momentum refers to the continued growth of a population even after fertility rates fall to the replacement level. This is because there is still a large number of people in the reproductive age range who will have children, continuing population growth in the short term until these groups age.
Population pyramids
This document discusses population pyramids, which are graphs that show the structure of a country's population. Population pyramids display the distribution of various age groups and gender within a population. They can reveal whether a population is growing, stable, or declining. The shape of the pyramid indicates stages of demographic transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops. Five standard pyramid shapes correspond to these stages and changes in the relationship between fertility and mortality over time.
Over Population
The document discusses population problems in India and measures to address overpopulation. It begins by defining key demographic terms and explaining that demography is the scientific study of human populations. It then outlines causes of population growth in India such as improvements in healthcare and food production. Major consequences of overpopulation are described like pressure on land resources, food and housing shortages, unemployment, and environmental changes. The document concludes by summarizing new approaches to control population like decentralized planning and state-specific strategies, as well as measures like increasing the marriage age and women's status, education, and involvement of non-governmental organizations.
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This document discusses sustainable development and the use of resources. It focuses on land as a key resource for Caribbean countries. Land can be misused through poor planning, mining, deforestation, and unsustainable farming techniques like shifting cultivation and overgrazing. This damages soils and increases erosion. Conservation efforts are needed like replanting vegetation after mining, controlled logging, using fertilizers, and contour ploughing to retain soils. Sustainable development requires balancing the economy, environment and social needs of people.
Energy
Energy comes in three main forms: fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable energy. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas currently account for over 72% of energy usage but contribute to global warming. Nuclear energy provides power through splitting atoms in reactors but produces radioactive waste. Renewable energies like solar, hydroelectric, tidal, geothermal, and wind offer greener alternatives but are currently more expensive. Economic development depends on affordable energy sources, so countries utilize a variety of fuel sources.
Human Resources
Human resources refer to the skills, talents, and abilities that humans possess. Education is key to developing these resources in individuals and tapping into their full potential. It functions to prepare people for work, ensure well-rounded development, and perpetuate cultural values. While education levels have increased productivity and better resource use, problems still exist like overcrowding, lack of facilities, and shortages of teachers. Improving the education system requires addressing these issues and increasing community and business involvement.
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Colonialism began in the 15th century as European powers sought to expand their political control and economic systems by controlling foreign lands in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. Indigenous groups were exploited as slaves. Because of colonialism in Belize, it became a multicultural nation with influences from Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The Portuguese were the first to explore westward, followed by other European powers like Spain, Britain, France, and the Netherlands, who established colonies and fought for dominance in the Caribbean and beyond.
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The document discusses the relationship between science and social change, listing five primary social sciences: anthropology, sociology, political science, geography, and psychology. It defines each discipline, with anthropology as the study of humankind in all aspects of culture and development, sociology as the study of human societies and individual/group behavior, political science as the study of governments, geography as the study of physical Earth features and life distributions, and psychology as the scientific study of the human mind and behavior.
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This document summarizes key aspects of folktales and fairy tales, using Cinderella as an example. It discusses how folktales were traditionally passed down orally and served to teach lessons. Common story elements are identified, such as characters like royalty, animals, good and bad people, and themes involving magic, problems, and happy endings. The cultural role of folktales in shaping values and behaviors is described. Specific versions of Cinderella from different cultures are analyzed and compared to the original French story. Psychological interpretations of Cinderella are also mentioned.
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This document discusses various topics related to population and demography, including:
1. It defines key population terms like population size, demography, census, and crude birth and death rates.
2. It provides data on population sizes and growth rates for some Caribbean countries. Factors that influence birth and death rates are also examined.
3. The document explores population characteristics like density, distribution, and age/sex structure through charts and diagrams. Concepts like dependency ratio and over/underpopulation are also introduced.
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The document defines government as a group that has authority to set goals and policies for a country, make laws and regulations, and enforce compliance with those laws. It discusses forms of democratic government where citizens can participate directly or indirectly by voting for representatives. Key aspects of a democracy are outlined such as competing political parties, voting, freedom of speech and challenging government decisions in court. The types of authority and different forms of leadership are also summarized.
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The document discusses human resource management and education. It defines education and outlines several key functions of education including social mobility, cultural transmission, and social control. It then describes different levels of education from kindergarten to tertiary. It also discusses some problems with education systems like overcrowding and lists some ways the government supports education.
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Marriage is a social union or legal contract between people that creates kinship. It is recognized by the state, religious authority, or both. Marriage customs and rules have varied over time and between cultures but generally involve legal obligations between partners and the creation of a family unit. Key functions of marriage and family include socializing children, economic cooperation, and providing companionship, status, and reproduction. Cultural influences shape factors like number of partners, choice of partners, marriage rituals, residence patterns, and authority structures within families.
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Population Pyramid
- 1. Population pyramid (Population & Demography)
- 2. 3 types • Expansive (broad-based) • Slow growth • No growth (stationary)
- 4. Found in pyramids • Sex information obtained from a census. • A population pyramid is a graphical representation of the composition of aa given population.
- 5. Pyramid A • This pyramid represents a country with an increasing birth rate. • This can be seen because the 0-4 year age group has a larger population than any of the other age groups. • This characteristic of a high birth rate is common to developing countries such as the Caribbean.
- 7. Pyramid B • Represents a country where the birth rate is decreasing. • This inference can be drawn by comparing the 0-4 year age group with the other age groups just above it. • A deceasing birth rate is characteristic of most developed countries. • Such countries sometimes depend upon immigrants to fully utilise their physical resources.
- 9. Pyramid C • This pyramid represents a situation where the birth rate is neither increasing nor decreasing significantly. • The birth rate over the years is nearly constant.
- 11. Notes • It will be seen that Pyramid A (developing countries with high birth rate) has smaller percentages of population in these age groups than Pyramids B and C. • It is the responsibility of governments to make special provisions for the aged. • Governments of developed countries, where there is a higher standard of living, have a larger population in these age groupsto cater for than developing countries.
- 12. GLOSSARY • Crude Birth Rate: the number of live births per 1000 persons in a population within a given period of time, usually one year. • Crude Death Rate: The number of deaths per 1000 persons occurring within a period of a year in a particular population. • Natural increase: The increase in population brought about when the birth rate exceeds the death rate. • Infant Mortality Rate: the annual number of deaths per 1,000 infants (under the age of 1) in the population. • Life Expectancy: the average number of years that persons in a given population are expected to live.
- 13. Factors affecting Life Expectancy • Diet an nutrition • Availability and cost of medical care • Health and sanitation levels • Availability of jobs and the dependency ratio • Stress levels • Levels of wages/salary