This document describes the demographic transition model, which explains population changes as countries develop from pre-industrial to industrial societies. It outlines four stages: 1) high birth and death rates with slow population growth; 2) high birth rates declining death rates leading to population growth; 3) birth rates beginning to fall while death rates remain low, continuing population growth; and 4) low birth and death rates resulting in steady population levels. It provides characteristics and examples of countries in each stage.

2. 
A geographical model used to explain…
∆ high birth/high death rates
⋎
low birth/low death rates
as countries develop from
Pre-industrial (LLDC)
⋎
Industrial (LDC/MDC)
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3. 3

4. 4

5. High birth rates
 high death rates
 population growth is slow and fluctuating.

5

6. Need for workers in agriculture
 Lack of clean water, sanitation, medical care,
education
 Religious beliefs and culture
 Lack of family planning (use, access or need)

6

7. Typical of Britain in the 18th century,
 although NO country is currently in stage one.

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8. 8

9. Birth rate remains high
 death rate is falling
 population begins to rise steadily.

9

10. Beginnings of industrialization
 Improvements in food supply
 Improvements in medical care (smallpox vaccine)
and sanitation
 Cultural lag – attitudes about large families not
changing
 Family planning still not widely used

10

11. Countries in this stage include Bangladesh,
Yemen, Afghanistan and much of Sub-Saharan
African
 Do not include South Africa, Zimbabwe,
Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho, Namibia, Kenya
and Ghana, which have begun to move into stage
3.

11

12. 12

13. Birth rate starts to fall
 death rate continues to fall
 population is rising.

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14. 
Industrialization continues
◦ increase in urbanization
Cultural attitudes favoring small families take hold
 Family planning available
 Healthcare and sanitation continue to improve
(lower Infant Mortality Rate)
 Increased standard of living
 Changing status of women

14

15. 
China, Brazil and Egypt

REMEMBER - South Africa, Zimbabwe,
Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho, Namibia, Kenya
and Ghana, which have begun to move into stage
3.
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16. 16

17. Birth rate and death rate are both low.
 Population remains steady.

17

18. Excellent standard of living
 Universal access to healthcare and sanitation
(long life expectancy)
 High percentage of individuals accessing birth
control
 More women in the labor force = fewer children
 Cultural attitudes favor smaller families
 Education more readily accessible

18

19. Canada
 United States
 Japan
 Most of Europe

19

20. 20

21. Currently entering into the negative growth rate
meaning that there are:
 less births than deaths = country's population size
is decreasing

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22. Germany
 Italy
 Spain
 Portugal
 Greece
 the United Kingdom

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23. 23

24. http://www.geographyalltheway.com/igcse_geography/population_settlement/population/imagesetc/demographic_transition_detailed.jpg