Birth rate
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There are several factors that can cause differences in birth rates between countries, including tradition, access to birth control, levels of women's education and employment, infant mortality rates, reliance on children for old-age support or work, religion, desires for higher standards of living, and falling fertility rates in developed countries. Videos linked provide additional context on the role of religion in birth rates and examples of high and falling rates in Uganda and the USA.
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This document defines several measures used to calculate fertility and mortality rates in public health. It outlines the crude birth rate, general fertility rate, age-specific fertility rate, total fertility rate, gross reproduction rate, net reproduction rate, crude death rate, cause-specific mortality rate, proportional mortality rate, case mortality rate, infant mortality rate, neonatal mortality rate, and early neonatal mortality rate. Each rate is calculated by taking the number of births or deaths within a population and dividing by the total or relevant sub-population. These rates are used to measure and compare fertility and mortality patterns.
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Demographic transition (DT) refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.
IT IS GIVEN BY: FrankW. Notestein. Frank Wallace Notestein (August 16, 1902 – February 19, 1983)
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This document provides an overview of demography and population studies. It defines demography as the statistical study of human populations, including their size, structure, and distribution. It discusses how demography analyzes populations based on factors like education, nationality, religion, and ethnicity. The document also outlines key concepts in demography, such as fertility rates, mortality rates, population growth rates, and more. It describes the use of data sources like censuses and surveys. Additionally, it explains population pyramids and how they can provide insights into a population's age and sex structure.
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Birth is the act or process of bearing bearing offspring, also referred to in to in technical contexts as parturition.
Birth rate gives us an idea of how many live births occurred in a particular country during a one-year period. We are then able to take a country's birth rate and compare it to the birth rates of other countries or of other groupings, such as a geographical region or the world. It tell us a lot about community health, and is important measure of overall health care services. Health professionals closely monitor birth rates as they rise and fall, and measure these trends to track demographic dynamics to sort out current public health problems and build healthy public policy.
So we can conclude that education, race, religion, and many other social, economic, and cultural factors also influence childbearing.
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It is easy to understand. all the topics are taken in preference
All concept are taken under Guidance of Mrs Kavita Chabbra
if there is any doubt please do comment
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This document defines key demographic terms related to fertility, mortality, life expectancy, morbidity, nuptiality, migration, race/ethnicity, households/families, urbanization, and population change. It provides formulas and explanations for calculating rates and measures of these demographic variables, such as the crude birth rate, total fertility rate, infant mortality rate, net migration rate, percent urban, and population growth rate.
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Factors that affect fertility include age at marriage, duration of married life, education levels, economic status, religion, and use of family planning. The document then discusses various metrics used to measure fertility, including the crude birth rate, general fertility rate, age-specific fertility rate, total fertility rate, and gross reproductive rate.
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Demography : study of statistical description and analysis of human population.
Population : summation of all the organism of the same group in a particular geographical area.
Population census : a complete population count at a point in time within a particular area.
Vital registration : registration on live Births, Deaths, Fetal deaths, Marriages, and Divorces.
Sample Survey: representative portion of the population .
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Demographic data is the study of the population its static and dynamic aspects.
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Michael Thomas Sadler was born on 3rd January 1780 in Snelston, England. He was a well-known English political economist and member of the House Of Commons. Sadler was the leader of the Factory Reform Movement and made significant contributions to the Factory act of 1833. He criticized the theories of well-known economist-demographer Thomas Robert Malthus. Thomas Sadler died on July 29 1835 in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
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Fertility rates are declining globally but remain highest in least developed countries.
By 2050, most developing countries are expected to reach below replacement fertility levels of 2.1 children per woman. Developed regions already have below replacement fertility and this is expected to continue through 2050.
Factors that affect fertility rates include development level of a country as well as infant mortality rates, with higher mortality rates requiring more births per woman to maintain population levels.
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This document discusses demographic indicators such as birth rate, death rate, and migration rate in Pakistan. It provides details on how each indicator is calculated, recent statistics for Pakistan, and comparisons to other countries. The birth rate in Pakistan in 2010 was 27.28 per 1,000 people, while the death rate was 6.69 per 1,000 people in 2013. Net migration in Pakistan was negative, with nearly 2 million more people leaving the country than entering in 2010. The document also covers types and reasons for migration like push/pull factors.
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This document discusses key concepts in demography and population studies. It defines demography as the scientific study of human populations, including their size, structure, and distribution. It notes that population growth is influenced by birth rates, death rates, and migration patterns. The document also summarizes several important demographic indicators used to measure and analyze populations, such as fertility rates, mortality rates, sex ratios, and age distribution. It outlines the stages of demographic transition that populations typically progress through as mortality declines and birth rates adjust.
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY
This theory throws light on changes in birth and death rate and consequently on the growth rate of population. The relationship between birth and death rate changes with economic development and a country has to pass through different stages of population growth. This theory depicts the four stages of demographic transition that a country has to pass.
Theories on population
The document discusses the population theories of Thomas Malthus and Esther Boserup. Malthus believed population would grow exponentially while food production grew arithmetically, eventually leading to famine. Boserup argued population growth would stimulate agricultural and technological advances to increase food supply. The document applies each theory to Uganda, with disease and poverty supporting Malthus, and to China, where prosperity contradicts Malthus but aligns with Boserup's view of technological responses to growth. Both theories may be correct depending on a population's ability to overcome limits through advancement.
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The document discusses the modern definition and key aspects of conducting a census. It notes that a census involves collecting, compiling, evaluating, analyzing and publishing demographic, economic and social data for an entire population within a country or region. It highlights some important features of censuses including individual enumeration, universality within a defined territory, simultaneity, and defined periodicity. The document also outlines some common uses of census data and the roles and responsibilities of different government agencies involved in conducting a census in India.
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Birth in Demography
Birth is the act or process of bearing bearing offspring, also referred to in to in technical contexts as parturition.
Birth rate gives us an idea of how many live births occurred in a particular country during a one-year period. We are then able to take a country's birth rate and compare it to the birth rates of other countries or of other groupings, such as a geographical region or the world. It tell us a lot about community health, and is important measure of overall health care services. Health professionals closely monitor birth rates as they rise and fall, and measure these trends to track demographic dynamics to sort out current public health problems and build healthy public policy.
So we can conclude that education, race, religion, and many other social, economic, and cultural factors also influence childbearing.
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This document discusses key concepts and techniques for analyzing migration patterns. It begins by defining migration as a change in usual residence between geographic units, and defines related terms like migrants, place of origin/destination, migration streams, and types of migration. It then discusses major data sources for migration like censuses and surveys. The document outlines several methods for measuring migration patterns, like using place of birth, duration of residence, and survival ratios. It concludes by discussing determinants and consequences of internal migration and references for further information.
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Class 12th Chapter 3(Population Composition) Geography Book Fundamentals of Human Development Complete Explanation of all concept of NCERT class 12th
It is easy to understand. all the topics are taken in preference
All concept are taken under Guidance of Mrs Kavita Chabbra
if there is any doubt please do comment
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This document defines various fertility indicators and measurements used to assess fertility rates. It discusses crude birth rate, general fertility rate, age-specific fertility rate, total fertility rate, and other indicators. These indicators use live births, population sizes, and age groups in their calculations to measure fertility while accounting for factors like age, marital status, and mortality rates. The document aims to explain how demographers measure and analyze fertility levels in populations.
DEFINITIONS
This document defines key demographic terms related to fertility, mortality, life expectancy, morbidity, nuptiality, migration, race/ethnicity, households/families, urbanization, and population change. It provides formulas and explanations for calculating rates and measures of these demographic variables, such as the crude birth rate, total fertility rate, infant mortality rate, net migration rate, percent urban, and population growth rate.
FERTILITY
Fertility refers to the actual number of births that occur in a population. A woman's fertile period is typically between ages 15-45. In Pakistan currently, the average number of children born to a woman is 3.48.
Factors that affect fertility include age at marriage, duration of married life, education levels, economic status, religion, and use of family planning. The document then discusses various metrics used to measure fertility, including the crude birth rate, general fertility rate, age-specific fertility rate, total fertility rate, and gross reproductive rate.
Fertility and determinants
Fertility is determined by several demographic and socioeconomic factors including age at marriage, duration of married life, child spacing, education level, economic status, caste, religion, nutrition, family planning programs, and other factors like a woman's status in society. Early marriage before 18, longer duration of married life between 15-25 years, fewer years between births, lower education levels, lower economic status, and belonging to some castes or religions are associated with higher fertility, while higher education, economic development, better nutrition, family planning, and women's empowerment lower fertility.
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This document defines key demographic terms and provides information about population trends in Pakistan. It discusses topics like population growth rates, fertility rates, mortality rates (infant, child, maternal), life expectancy, and literacy. It also addresses causes of population growth and decline, implications of high population growth, and key population and development indicators for Pakistan like HDI, poverty rates, and health and education spending.
Fertility
There are several ways to measure fertility rates. The crude birth rate measures live births per 1000 people in a population. More economically developed countries average 12 births per 1000 people while less economically developed countries average 31. The total fertility rate measures the average number of children born per woman, with more developed countries averaging 1.8 children and less developed countries averaging 6 children born per woman. Egypt has a higher population, population density, birth rate, and total fertility rate compared to the United States.
Census 2011
Census 2011 was India's 15th census and 7th post-independence. It recorded India's population as 1,210,726,932, an increase of 181.96 million from 2001. Key findings included that 17 states grew over 20% last decade, the child population was nearly stable, and literacy rates increased nationwide with the largest gains in northeastern states. It also provided detailed data on population characteristics like gender ratios, scheduled castes and tribes, and levels of employment.
Population data sources
TERMS OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA SOURCES
Demography : study of statistical description and analysis of human population.
Population : summation of all the organism of the same group in a particular geographical area.
Population census : a complete population count at a point in time within a particular area.
Vital registration : registration on live Births, Deaths, Fetal deaths, Marriages, and Divorces.
Sample Survey: representative portion of the population .
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
Demographic data is the study of the population its static and dynamic aspects.
Static aspect (age, sex, race etc.)
Dynamic aspect (fertility, morality, migration)
POPULATION THEORIES- Komol Palma.pptx
Michael Thomas Sadler was born on 3rd January 1780 in Snelston, England. He was a well-known English political economist and member of the House Of Commons. Sadler was the leader of the Factory Reform Movement and made significant contributions to the Factory act of 1833. He criticized the theories of well-known economist-demographer Thomas Robert Malthus. Thomas Sadler died on July 29 1835 in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
What affects fertility
Fertility rates are declining globally but remain highest in least developed countries.
By 2050, most developing countries are expected to reach below replacement fertility levels of 2.1 children per woman. Developed regions already have below replacement fertility and this is expected to continue through 2050.
Factors that affect fertility rates include development level of a country as well as infant mortality rates, with higher mortality rates requiring more births per woman to maintain population levels.
Demographic transition-theory-optimum-population-1
This document summarizes Demographic Transition Theory and discusses optimal population. It describes the five stages of demographic transition that countries generally progress through as they develop economically: (1) high birth and death rates; (2) declining death rates and high birth rates leading to population growth; (3) declining birth rates as well as death rates; (4) low birth and death rates as population growth stabilizes; and (5) potentially declining population. It then discusses India's progression through these stages and the implications, including a current demographic dividend opportunity due to a large working-age population. The document estimates an optimal global population of 1.5-2 billion people based on allowing basic human rights and preservation of biodiversity.
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This document provides guidance on how to conduct questionnaires and land use surveys to collect data on tourism in Wellington, New Zealand. It recommends using closed questions with scaled responses to assess perceptions of tourism's impacts. Questions should target Wellington residents of various ages. A minimum of 25-50 questionnaires is suggested. The document also instructs on labeling a map of Wellington's central business district to categorize land uses, such as retail, restaurants, tourist attractions, facilities, and businesses, and taking photos to illustrate findings.
Intro to research
This document discusses the impacts of tourism in the Wellington region of New Zealand. It notes that tourism adds $1.4 billion annually to the local economy and supports over 16,000 full-time jobs. Both domestic and international visitors contribute significantly. However, large numbers of tourists may also cause issues like transport crowding, extra waste and pollution, noise disruption, and impacts on local ecosystems. The document provides sources for further research on topics like the environmental management of tourism and tourist driving behaviors. It prompts the reader to consider both positive and negative social, economic, and environmental impacts of tourism on the Wellington region.
Guidance on write up 1
The document provides instructions for a student to complete a geography assessment on global disparities. It outlines three key tasks:
1. Identify a global pattern on a topic such as child labor and explain the pattern on a map or diagram.
2. Explain the causes of the identified global pattern by referring to specific regions and evidence from different continents and hemispheres.
3. Explain the significance of the topic for people in different parts of the world by considering social, economic, political and other impacts, and providing examples of countries affected.
New zealand and the christchurch earthquake 2
The document provides information about the 2010-2011 Christchurch earthquakes in New Zealand. It details that the first earthquake on September 4, 2010 was magnitude 7.1 and centered near Darfield. The more destructive earthquake was on February 22, 2011 with a magnitude of 6.3 centered 10km southeast of Christchurch. This earthquake caused widespread damage in Christchurch and 181 deaths. Analysis showed the earthquake was caused by movement along a previously unknown fault running beneath the southern edge of Christchurch.
Introduction to Geography's most important concepts
This document discusses important geographic concepts or ideas (IGIs) that are important to understand geography. It defines 11 key concepts: location, distance, accessibility, pattern, process, region, systems, perception, change, culture, and interaction. It provides examples of each concept from the 2004 Asian Tsunami to illustrate how geographers analyze geographic events using these conceptual frameworks.
14 figure grid references explained.
This document explains how grid references are used to accurately locate positions on maps. It describes how placing a grid system over a blank map outline makes it easier to pinpoint locations. Numbers are added to the grid to create coordinates like Eastings and Northings. These multi-digit coordinates precisely identify positions where grid lines intersect. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use 14-digit grid references to find specific places on a map.
Direction intro
A compass allows humans to orient themselves and know which direction is north by using a magnetized needle. It provides an inexpensive way to navigate, especially important before GPS. A compass works by pointing toward the North Pole from anywhere on Earth. It can be used to describe routes and locations using compass points like north, east, south, and west.
Map skills – measuring distance and using a
This document explains how to use a map scale to measure distances. It provides instructions on using a ruler or piece of paper to follow a route on a map and measure the distance in centimeters. The distance must then be converted to kilometers using the scale ratio shown on the map. Examples are given of measuring distances between various locations in New Zealand.
Contours and geographical skills
This document provides instructions for students to create a diagram labeling different landforms and topographical features. It includes definitions of key words to describe landforms such as mountain, ridge, valley, depression, plateau, and cliff. It then asks students to shape clay into these different landforms and to label a diagram of topographical features using terms like plain, valley, hill, mountain, ridge, depression, plateau, and cliff.
height on maps contours
The document discusses different ways to show relief or land height on maps. It describes layer shading, where different colors represent height ranges; spot heights which specify exact heights of prominent features; and trig stations which provide very accurate heights. Contour lines join points of equal height, with closer lines indicating steeper slopes, and they can be used to represent the shape of the land or draw cross-sections showing the land profile.
Tourism revision 2014
This document provides an overview and revision of content for demonstrating understanding of how the cultural process of tourism development shapes geographic environments. It discusses several key parts to the standard, including the operation of the cultural process over time and space, factors that influence changes to the process, and effects on people and places. The document then provides examples of analyzing tourism development in Rotorua, New Zealand, breaking down elements like tourists, attractions, facilities, and how they interact and vary temporally and spatially. It suggests focusing answers on analyzing these elements and their links in order to score well on the exam.
Internal assessment 91241 instructions
This document provides instructions for an assessment task requiring students to demonstrate their geographic understanding of population change in London over time. Students must answer two questions: 1) Describe how London's population has increased over time and explain the causes, using geographic concepts. 2) Describe how London's population has changed over time, including decreases and increases, and explain the reasons for changes using geographic concepts. The document provides guidance on answering the questions, including sample sentence starters and key geographic concepts to mention in the responses.
London last 40 years
This document discusses factors that have impacted population changes in London over the past 400 years. It mentions improvements in transportation allowing London to grow outside the central city as people could commute to work. It also notes that large numbers of factories in London attracted more workers and encouraged additional development. The document further discusses people migrating to London from other parts of the UK and world in search of jobs, and how the perception of London has changed over time due to regeneration and increased tourism.
Decrease in london pop essay practice
This document provides guidance on writing an essay to explain why London's population declined between 1939 and the mid-1980s. It introduces relevant concepts like migration, accessibility, and counter-urbanization. The document also outlines the PEEL strategy for structuring an essay response and evaluates answers based on the number of points made and depth of evidence. Keywords are defined to help understand factors like location, perspectives, and counter-urbanization that impacted London's population change over time.
Internal assessment as91245 write up guidance
This document provides guidance for a student completing an assessment on the contemporary geographic issue of fracking in New Zealand. It outlines three tasks: 1) describe what fracking is and its effects; 2) explain different viewpoints on fracking; and 3) evaluate three courses of action regarding fracking and recommend one. For task 1, it provides details to include and sentence starters. For task 2, it lists groups/individuals with different perspectives and suggests explaining how viewpoints may change. For task 3, it identifies the three courses of action and instructs the student to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each and justify their choice.
Fossil fuels and global warming
This document discusses fossil fuels and their use in New Zealand. It aims to identify problems caused by fossil fuels and examine the advantages and disadvantages of using them in New Zealand. Some key issues discussed are global warming and the greenhouse effect caused by burning fossil fuels. The document also considers whether New Zealand should allow oil exploration, debating potential advantages like jobs and tax revenue versus disadvantages like environmental risks.
Research – tidying up and finishing!
This document provides guidance on finishing a research project by including a title page with name and assessment title, splitting the project into sections including aims, research plan, data collection methods, results, conclusion, and evaluation. It recommends stating the aim, whether the aim was achieved, and how data proves or disproves the aim in the conclusion. The evaluation section suggests reflecting on what went well, areas for improvement, limitations of the data, and ways to strengthen the research methods.
Research write up guidance
This document provides guidance for writing up a geography research project for the NCEA Level 3 AS91430 standard. It recommends students look at exemplars on the NZQA website and keep all planning documents and questionnaires collected during fieldwork. Students should collect secondary data to answer their research aim and present information in tables, graphs and maps. The completed research project should include the research plan, fieldwork data, presented data, a conclusion on results, reflections on limitations, and a bibliography.
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