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Bio 105 Chapter 6
- 1. MILLER/SPOOLMAN LIVING IN THEENVIRONMENT 17TH Chapter 6 The Human Population and Its Impact
- 2. Human Population GrowthContinues but It Is Unevenly Distributed (1) • Reasons for human population increase • Movement into new habitats and climate zones • Early and modern agriculture methods • Control of infectious diseases through • Sanitation systems • Antibiotics • Vaccines • Health care • Most population growth over last 100 years due to drop in death rates
- 3. Human Population GrowthContinues but It Is Unevenly Distributed (2) • Population growth in developing countries is increasing 9 times faster than developed countries • 2050 • 95% of growth in developing countries • 7.8-10.8 billion people
- 4. Human Population Growth Fig. 1-18, p. 21
- 5. Annual Growth Rateof World Population, 1950-2010 Fig. 6-2, p. 127
- 6. Population Time Line:10,000 BC - 2042 Figure 3, Supplement 9
- 7. Where Population GrowthOccurred, 1950-2010 Fig. 6-3, p. 127
- 8. Five Most PopulousCountries, 2010 and 2050 Fig. 6-4, p. 127
- 9. Natural Capital Degradation: AlteringNature to Meet Our Needs Fig. 6-B, p. 129
- 10. The Human PopulationCan Grow, Decline, or Remain Fairly Stable • Population change • Births: fertility • Deaths: mortality • Migration • Population change = (births + immigration) – (deaths + emigration) • Crude birth rate: # live births/1000/year • Crude death rate: # deaths/1000/year
- 11. Women Having FewerBabies but Not Few Enough to Stabilize the World’s Population • Fertility rate • number of children born to a woman during her lifetime • Replacement-level fertility rate • Average number of children a couple must have to replace themselves • 2.1 in developed countries • Up to 2.5 in developing countries • Total fertility rate (TFR) • Average number of children born to women in a population
- 12. Total fertility rate,1955-2010 Fig. 6-5, p. 130
- 13. 2010 Rate ofPopulation Increase Figure 11, Supplement 8
- 14. Total Fertility Rate Figure 12, Supplement 8
- 15. U.S. TFRs andbirth rates 1917-2010 Fig. 6-6, p. 131
- 16. 20th Century LifestyleChanges in the U.S. Fig. 6-7, p. 132
- 17. Several Factors AffectBirth Rates and Fertility Rates (1) • Children as part of the labor force-have more kids to bring in more income • Cost of raising and educating children-lower rates in areas where it costs more • Availability of private and public pension-pensions reduce the need to have lots of kids to care for them in old age • Urbanization-urban areas have lower birth rates • Educational and employment opportunities for women- those with access to education and employment tend to have lower birth rates
- 18. Several Factors AffectBirth Rates and Fertility Rates (2) • Average age of a woman at birth of first child • Availability of legal abortions • Availability of reliable birth control methods • Religious beliefs, traditions, and cultural norms
- 19. Girl Carrying WellWater in India Fig. 6-8, p. 132
- 20. Child Laborers inIndia Fig. 6-9, p. 133
- 21. Several Factors AffectDeath Rates (1) • Life expectancy • Infant mortality rate • Number of live births that die in first year • Why are people living longer? • Increased food supply and distribution • Better nutrition • Medical advances • Improved sanitation
- 22. Several Factors AffectDeath Rates (2) • U.S. is 54th in world for infant mortality rate • U.S. infant mortality rate high due to • Inadequate health care for poor women during pregnancy and their infants • Drug addiction among pregnant women • High birth rate among teenagers
- 23. Infant Mortality Rates,1950-2010 Fig. 6-10, p. 134
- 24. Infant Mortality Ratesin 2010 Figure 13, Supplement 8
- 25. Migration Affects anArea’s Population Size • Economic improvement • Religious freedom • Political freedom • Wars • Environmental refugees
- 26. A Population’s AgeStructure Helps Us Make Projections • Age structure categories • Prereproductive ages (0-14) • Reproductive ages (15-44) • Postreproductive ages (45 and older) • Seniors are the fastest-growing age group
- 27. Generalized Population Age-StructureDiagrams Fig. 6-12, p. 136
- 28. Population Structure byAge and Sex in Developing and Developed Countries Fig. 6-13, p. 136
- 29. Populations Made Upof Mostly Older People Can Decline Rapidly • Slow decline • Manageable • Rapid decline • Severe economic problems • How pay for services for elderly • Proportionally fewer young people working • Labor shortages • Severe social problems
- 30. Empowering Women CanSlow Population Growth • Factors that decrease total fertility rates: • Education • Paying jobs • Ability to control fertility • Women • Do most of the domestic work and child care • Provide unpaid health care • 2/3 of all work for 10% of world’s income • Discriminated against legally and culturally
- 31. Burkina Faso WomenHauling Fuelwood Fig. 6-20, p. 141
- 32. Promote Family Planning •Family planning in less-developed countries • Responsible for a 55% drop in TFRs • Financial benefits: money spent on family planning saves far more in health, education costs • Two problems 1. 42% pregnancies unplanned, 26% end with abortion 2. Many couples do not have access to family planning
- 33. Three Big Ideas 1.The human population is increasing rapidly and may soon bump up against environmental limits. 2. Even if population growth were not a serious problem, the increasing use of resources per person is expanding the overall human ecological footprint and putting a strain on the earth’s resources. 3. We ccan slow population growth by reducing poverty through economic development, elevating the status of women, and encouraging family planning.
Editor's Notes
- #5 Figure 1.18: Exponential growth: The J-shaped curve represents past exponential world population growth, with projections to 2100 showing possible population stabilization as the J-shaped curve of growth changes to an S-shaped curve. (This figure is not to scale.) (Data from the World Bank and United Nations, 2008; photo L. Yong/UNEP/Peter Arnold, Inc.)
- #6 6-2
- #8 Figure 6.3: Most of the world’s population growth between 1950 and 2010 took place in the world’s less-developed countries. This gap is projected to increase between 2010 and 2050. (Data from United Nations Population Division, The 2008 Revision and Population Reference Bureau, 2010 World Population Data Sheet )
- #9 Figure 6.4: This chart shows the populations of the world’s five most populous countries in 2010 and 2050 (projected). In 2010, more than one of every three persons on the earth lived in China (with 19% of the world’s population) or India (with 17%). (Data from United Nations Population Division)
- #10 Figure 6.B: This list describes eight major ways in which we humans have altered natural systems to meet our growing population’s resource needs and wants ( Concept 6-1 ). See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Questions: Which three of these impacts do you believe have been the most harmful? Explain. How does your lifestyle contribute directly or indirectly to each of these harmful impacts?
- #13 Figure 6.5: This graph tracks the total fertility rate for both the more-developed and less-developed regions of the world, 1955–2010, with projections to 2050 (based on medium population projections). Although the world’s average TFR has dropped to 2.5, it will have to drop to around 2.1 to eventually halt the world’s population growth. (Data from United Nations Population Division)
- #16 Figure 6.6: The top graph shows the total fertility rates for the United States between 1917 and 2010 and the bottom graph shows the country’s birth rate between 1917 and 2010. Question: The U.S. fertility rate has declined and remained at or below replacement levels since 1972. So why is the population of the United States still increasing? (Data from Population Reference Bureau and U.S. Census Burea u)
- #17 Figure 6.7: This chart lists some major changes that took place in the United States between 1900 and 2000. Question: Which two of these changes do you think were the most important? (Data from U.S. Census Bureau and Department of Commerce )
- #20 Figure 6.8: This girl is carrying well water across parched earth that has dried out and cracked during a severe drought in India.
- #21 Figure 6.9: These young girls are child laborers in the state of Rajasthan in India. They are weaving wool on looms to make carpets for export, and receive very little money for their work.
- #24 Figure 6.10: This graph tracks the infant mortality rates for the world’s more-developed countries and less-developed countries, 1950–2010, with projections to 2050 based on medium population projections. (Data from United Nations Population Division)
- #28 Figure 6.12: This chart represents the generalized population age-structure diagrams for countries with rapid (1.5–3%), slow (0.3–1.4%), zero (0–0.2%), and negative (declining) population growth rates. A population with a large proportion of its people in the prereproductive age group (far left) has a significant potential for rapid population growth. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Question: Which of these diagrams best represents the country where you live? (Data from Population Reference Bureau)
- #29 Figure 6.13: Global outlook: These charts illustrate population structure by age and sex in less-developed countries and more-developed countries for 2010. Question: If all girls under 15 were to have only one child during their lifetimes, how do you think these structures would change over time? (Data from United Nations Population Division and Population Reference Bureau)
- #32 Figure 6.20: These women from a village in the West African country of Burkina Faso are bringing home fuelwood. Typically, they spend two hours a day, two or three times a week, searching for and hauling fuelwood.