Polypodiophyta
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Polypodiophyta are vascular plants that reproduce via spores and range in size from less than 1 cm to 25 m tall tree ferns. Their leaves, called fronds, are megaphylls that are typically divided into smaller segments and require external water for reproduction. Spores are released and grow into small, flat gametophytes that bear archegonia and antheridia for sexual reproduction. A zygote develops into an independent sporophyte as the gametophyte dies off. Ferns were abundant as tree ferns during the Carboniferous period 320-250 million years ago. Some modern uses include using fern fronds in floral arrangements.
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The dominant sporophyte stage of gymnosperms is the mature tree. It produces both male and female cones, with the male cones producing pollen grains and the female cones being larger. Pollination occurs when pollen grains are carried by wind to the female cones and form pollen tubes to fertilize eggs deep within the protective tissues, forming zygotes that develop into embryos surrounded by food storage tissue.
Asclepiadaceae family
1. The Asclepiadaceae family includes 320 genera and 2,000 species that are widely distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics. It contains plants that are herbs, shrubs, vines, and rarely trees.
2. The family is characterized by having opposite or whorled leaves, cymose or racemose inflorescences, pentamerous flowers with a fused corolla and stamens, and a syncarpous gynoecium fused to form a disc.
3. Reproduction is through a specialized pollination mechanism involving pollinia and a translator apparatus to facilitate pollen transfer by insects from flower to flower.
Classification of Gymnosperms (K.R.Sporne).pptx
* The Gymnosperms originated in the Devonian period of the Palaeozoic Era and formed the supreme vegetation in the Mesozoic Era.
* It was Robert Brown (1827) who first recognised gymnosperms as a separate entity among plant kingdom.
Classification of pteridophytes
Pteridophytes are classified into four classes: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida, and Pteropsida. Psilopsida includes the oldest vascular plants with scale-like leaves and spores produced directly on the stem. Lycopsida have well-defined roots, stems, and microphyllous leaves. Spores are borne in strobili. Sphenopsida only contains the living genus Equisetum, with nodes, whorls of small leaves, and sporangiophores bearing spores. Pteropsida contains most ferns, with large megaphyllous fronds, rhizomes, and sori of sporangia
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Gnetophyta
This document summarizes key characteristics of the plant division Gnetophyta. It describes three main genera within this division: Welwitschia, Ephedra, and Gnetum. Welwitschia is a bizarre desert plant found in Africa with only two strap-like leaves. Ephedra is a genus of small shrubs or vines found in dry areas worldwide. Gnetum includes about 30 tropical vine-like species. All three genera share some characteristics with flowering plants like vessel elements in xylem and double fertilization, distinguishing them from other gymnosperms.
Kingdom Plantae
Vascular plants like tracheophytes have evolved vascular tissues like xylem and phloem that allow them to successfully adapt to land. They are divided into four sub-divisions - Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida, and Pteropsida. Psilopsida are the earliest group and have rootless sporophytes. Lycopsida were the first to form true leaves and roots. Sphenopsida have scale-like or whorled leaves and sporangia borne on sporangiophores. Pteropsida are divided into filicineae (ferns), gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Filicineae and gymnosperms are seed
Lycopodium
Lycopodium is a genus of small herbaceous or shrubby plants classified in the division Lycophyta. The modern representatives are small compared to related plants from the Carboniferous period that grew as large trees. Lycopodium species have small, simple leaves and produce homosporous sporangia. They have a heteromorphic life cycle with a subterranean gametophyte generation. Lycopodium species are found worldwide in tropical and subtropical forests. Some grow as epiphytes in the tropics. Traditional herbal medicine uses certain Lycopodium species.
Plant Kingdom
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This document provides a summary of key points from Chapter 24 of Biology 102 on the evolution and diversity of plants. It discusses how plants evolved from green algae over 500 million years ago, and the characteristics that distinguish them as multicellular photosynthetic organisms adapted to life on land, such as cell walls containing cellulose. It also summarizes the alternation of generations life cycle in plants, the adaptations that allowed plants to colonize land, and an overview of the characteristics and reproduction of nonvascular and vascular plants including seedless plants, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.
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This document summarizes key points about plants from Chapter 3, including:
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Pteridophytes are vascular plants that reproduce via spores rather than seeds. They include ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes. Pteridophytes have well-differentiated roots, stems, and leaves. They reproduce through spores produced in sporangia. Ferns are the largest group of pteridophytes and can be homosporous or heterosporous.
Gymnosperm Orders.pptx
The document summarizes several orders of gymnosperms including their examples, characteristics, and taxonomic classification. It describes the Cycadales order which includes cycads that are distributed in tropical and warm regions. It also outlines the Coniferales order which includes conifers with 54 living genera and over 500 species. Additionally, it provides details on the Ginkgoales order containing the single living species Ginkgo biloba, and the Taxales and Ephedrales orders containing various tree, shrub, and liana species. For each order discussed, it highlights key morphological and anatomical features.
Plant Kingdom.pptx
The Plant Kingdom is characterized by autotrophic organisms that produce their own food, have cell walls, chloroplasts, and vascular tissue. Plants are classified based on their plant body, vascular system, and seed formation. The divisions include cryptogams (non-flowering) such as algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, and pteridophytes, as well as phanerogams (seed-bearing) such as gymnosperms and angiosperms. Angiosperms are further divided into monocots and dicots.
Vascular Plants: Pteridophyta (part 1)
Pteridophyta or Pteridophytes are Vascular Plants (also known as "seedless plants") that reproduce and disperse via spores. They do not produce either seeds or flowers.
Additional info:
+ Division Equisetophyta (horsetails & scouring rushes)
+ Division Psilotophyta (whisk ferns)
(This is our report in Botany 2.)
Made by: Sharmine Ballesteros (BS Biology 2A2-1)
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Nonvascular plants lack true roots, stems, and leaves due to the absence of vascular tissue. They are called thallophytes and include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They must live in moist environments because they lack internal structures for transporting water and nutrients and generally only grow 1-2 cm tall. Vascular plants have specialized tissues for transport and include both spore-bearing plants like ferns and seed-bearing plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms produce naked seeds enclosed in cones while angiosperms produce seeds enclosed within flowers in an ovary.
Plant kingdom
This document provides information about different kingdoms of plants. It begins by listing the main kingdoms - Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms, and Algae. It then focuses on describing Algae in more detail, including their characteristics, reproduction methods, economic importance, and classification into three main classes: Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, and Rhodophyceae. Brief descriptions are also provided for Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and Gymnosperms.
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This document discusses cryptogams, which are early non-vascular land plants. It presents the hypothesis that all plants evolved from ancient green algae based on shared traits like chloroplasts, cellulose cell walls, and starch storage. Bryophytes like mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are described as the first land plants, lacking true roots and vascular tissue. Their life cycles involve a dominant haploid gametophyte phase and a dependent diploid sporophyte phase. Classification systems for different bryophyte groups are also outlined. Pteridophytes represent the next stage of land plant evolution with differentiated roots, stems, and leaves, but lacking seeds.
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Non-flowering plants reproduce using spores rather than flowers and seeds. They are divided into three main groups: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Mosses belong to the division Bryophyta and have gametophyte and sporophyte phases in their life cycle. They reproduce asexually through fragmentation and gemmae, and sexually through the fertilization of eggs by sperm. Ferns belong to the division Pterophyta and have vascular tissues that allow them to grow larger than mosses. They also have alternation between gametophyte and sporophyte generations. Gymnosperms like conifers reproduce using naked seeds on cone scales rather than enclosed in fruits. They have a dominant
Plant classification
The document summarizes key characteristics of the four main groups in the plant kingdom - bryophytes, pteridophytes, conifers, and angiosperms. Bryophytes include mosses and are small non-vascular plants that reproduce using spores and live in damp environments. Pteridophytes are vascular plants like ferns that can grow larger than bryophytes due to possessing tissues like xylem and phloem. Conifers are gymnosperms that bear naked seeds in cones, while angiosperms are flowering plants that produce fruits enclosing seeds.
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kingdom plantae (class 9) - thallo, bryo, pterio, gymno, angio
This document summarizes the classification of plants into five major groups - Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms. It describes the key characteristics of each group, such as their body structure, reproductive processes, and ability to conduct water and nutrients. Examples are provided for each group, like algae for Thallophyta, mosses for Bryophyta, and flowering plants like roses and potatoes for Angiosperms. The Angiosperms group is further divided into monocots and dicots based on the number of cotyledons in their seeds.
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Lycopodium.pptx
Lycopodium is a genus of small herbaceous or shrubby plants classified in the division Lycophyta. It has about 180 species that are found worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical forests. The modern representatives are small compared to related plants from the Carboniferous period that grew as large trees. Lycopodium plants have small, simple leaves and homosporous sporangia containing one type of spore. The gametophytes are subterranean and the sporophytes reproduce vegetatively. Some species are epiphytic with erect or pendant sporophytes, while others are terrestrial with trailing habits. Lycopodium sp. have traditional medicinal uses and Lycopodium powder is used
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Polypodiophyta
- 3. Structure and form Vary in size from tiny floating forms less than 1 cm to giant tropical tree ferns up to 25 m tall Fern leaves are megaphylls - Referred to as fronds. Typically divided into smaller segments Require external water for reproduction
- 5. Leaf Anatomy
- 6. sori sporangia A sorus sporangia Sorus covered by indusium
- 8. Reproduction Spores released and grow into gametophytes called prothalli Prothalli are one cell thick, and have archegonia and antheridia. Zygote develops into young sporophyte. Gametophyte, or portion of it, dies and leaves sporophyte growing independently. Prothalii
- 11. gametophyte sporophyte • Gametophytes are small, flat and independent (bearded heart) • Gametophyte dies as sporophyte grows
- 12. Fossil relatives of ferns Carboniferous, 320-250 million years ago - Tree ferns abundant. Seeds found on some of fossil tree ferns.
- 16. Uses