The document outlines key aspects of the US federal system, including the separation of powers between the national and state governments. It discusses the system of enumerated powers that grants specific authorities to Congress while reserving other powers for the states. The relationship is designed to prevent encroachment while allowing both levels of government to address issues. Over time, the lines have blurred and a "marble cake" model of shared governance has emerged since the New Deal era.
Covers the key events leading up to and immediately following the ratification of the United States Constitution: the debate between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists, the disagreements over the necessity of a Bill of Rights, and the Constitutional terms that denied full citizenship to Native Americans, African Americans, and American women.
Covers the key events leading up to and immediately following the ratification of the United States Constitution: the debate between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists, the disagreements over the necessity of a Bill of Rights, and the Constitutional terms that denied full citizenship to Native Americans, African Americans, and American women.
This presentation was developed as an introduction to the Boy Scout merit badge, Citizenship in the Nation. It can also be used as an overview for an American Government class.
The solution is the constitution not artilce vmiscott57
With a surge of pressure being put on state legislators this year to apply for an Article V convention, here are three reasons to oppose all such constitutional convention applications.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
15. Same people and territory included at state
and federal levels of government
Constitution protects each level of
government from encroachment
Each is in position to exert degree of leverage
over the other
16.
17.
18. Permits diversity, diffusion of power
Local governments can handle local problems
More ways for political participation
Protects individual rights
Fosters experimentation and innovation
Large country with diverse population
19. National unity difficult
State governments may resist national policies
Economic inequality and racial discrimination
Law enforcement and justice uneven
Smaller units may lack expertise and money
20.
21. “Layer-Cake”
National and state
governments have
separate influence
Founding Era to first
third of 20th century
(~1930s)
22. “Marble-Cake”
National and state
government work
together for Americans
Dominant since FDR and
New Deal (1930s)
23.
24. Grants specific powers
to national government
Limits on powers
granted to federal
government and states
Lays out relationships
among states and
between states and
federal government
25.
26. Article I, Section 8
Enumerated Powers
Examples:
Coin money
Regulate interstate and
foreign commerce
Tax imports and exports
Make treaties
Declare war
27. Known as “elastic clause”
Grants Congress power to pass laws “which
shall be necessary and proper for carrying
into execution the Foregoing powers”
28. 10th Amendment
Reserved Powers
“Police Power”
States may regulate
behavior and enforce
order for general
welfare, health, safety,
and morals of citizens
29. Guarantee Clause (Article IV, Section 4)
“The United States shall guarantee to every
state in this union a republican form of
government, and shall protect each of them
against invasion; and on application of the
legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature
cannot be convened) against domestic violence.”
30. Concurrent Powers
Taxing
Borrowing and
Spending Money
Establishing Court
Systems
Regulating Elections
31.
32.
33. “Writ of Habeas Corpus”
Latin for “have you the body”
Individuals convicted of a crime have right to
go before judge and answer charges
34. States cannot enter treaties or alliances
14th and 15th Amendments to Constitution
Fourteenth: Due Pr0cess Clause
Fifteenth: Voting Rights
35.
36. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
NATION AND STATES
Supremacy Clause
ArticleVI, Clause 2
“This Constitution, and the
Laws of the United States…
shall be the supreme law
of the land…”
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN STATES
Full Faith and Credit Clause
Privileges & Immunities Clause
“The Congress shall have power to
make all laws which shall be
necessary and proper to secure to the
citizens of each state all privileges
and immunities of citizens in the
several states...”
52. Johnson: Categorical Grants
Money marked for certain categories
Nixon: General Revenue Sharing
Money spent however states want
Reagan: Block Grants
Local areas decide how to spend money
54. Johnson: Categorical Grants
Money marked for certain categories
Nixon: General Revenue Sharing
Money spent however states want
Reagan: Block Grants
Local areas decide how to spend money
Clinton: Unfunded Mandates
Legal requirements Congress imposes on states
States forced to bow to federal government
