A 'gasoline-electric hybrid car' or 'Plug in hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution. The objective is to design and fabricate a two wheeler hybrid electric vehicle powered by both battery and gasoline. The combination of both the power makes the vehicle dynamic in nature. It provides its owner with advantages in fuel economy and environmental impact over conventional automobiles. Hybrid electric vehicles combine an electric motor, battery and power system with an internal combustion engine to achieve better fuel economy and reduce toxic emissions. In HEV, the battery alone provides power for low-speed driving conditions where internal combustion engines are least efficient. In accelerating, long highways, or hill climbing the electric motor provides additional power to assist the engine. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. Besides it also utilizes the concept of regenerative braking for optimized utilization of energy. Energy dissipated during braking in HEV is used in charging battery. Thus the vehicle is best suited for the growing urban areas with high traffic. Initially the designing of the vehicle in CAD, simulations of inverter and other models are done. Equipment and their cost analysis are done. It deals with the fabrication of the vehicle. This includes assembly of IC Engine and its components. The next phase consists of implementing the electric power drive and designing the controllers. The final stage would consist of increasing the efficiency of the vehicle in economic ways.

1. Table of contents
No of
chapters
Contents Pg no
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Vehicle
1.2 Types of vehicle
1.3 Electric vehicle
1.4 Types of electric Vehicle
1
Chapter 2 Problem Definition
6
Chapter 3 Problem Solving methodology
8
Chapter 4 Vehicle To grid
9
Chapter 5 Conclusion
15
References
16

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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 VEHICLE
A thing used for transporting people or goods, especially on land, such as a car, lorry, or
cart.
1.2 TYPES OF VEHICLES
1.2.1 HYDROGEN VEHICLE: A hydrogen vehicle is a vehicle the uses hydrogen as
its onboard fuel for motive power. Hydrogen vehicles includes hydrogen fueled
space rockets, as wel as automobiles and other transportation vehicles. the power
plants of such vehicles convert the chemical energy of hydrogen to mechanical
energy either by burning hydrogen in an internal combustion engine, or by
reacting hydrogen with oxygen in a fuel cell to run electric motors widespread use
of hydrogen for fueling transportation is a key element of a proposed hydrogen
economy.
1.2.2 GASOLINE: Gasoline or petrol is the most common fuel used in cars today. This
specialized fossil fuel is designed for four-stroke engines like the ones found in
common cars. Gasoline allows for quick starting, fast acceleration, easy
combustion and quiet operation, according to the University of Michigan website
on fossil fuels. The hydrocarbons contained in gasoline and its production of
carbon dioxide when burned contributes to pollution, smog and global warming.
Although it is the most readily available fuel, it is considered to be a temporary
source of fuel because of its cost, environmental effects and limited resources.
1.2.3 DIESEL :Diesel fuel is widely used in transport vehicles such as tractor-trailer
trucks, buses, boats and trains. This fossil fuel is also non-renewable, like
gasoline. Although it contributes less carbon dioxide to the environment, diesel
creates more organic compounds and nitrous oxide that cause smog. Diesel
vehicles tend to last longer than gasoline vehicles, and they have 30 percent better
fuel efficiency than the average gasoline vehicle, according to the Petrol Prices
website.
1.2.4 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM : Liquefied petroleum, better known as propane, is
a clean fuel alternative to gasoline that is used in common vehicles on a limited
basis. You'll find hybrid cars in the United Kingdom that have been designed to

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use propane, but generally the only way to get a propane vehicle in the United
States is to have a gas engine converted. Liquefied petroleum produces fewer
toxins when burned and does not contribute to smog in the same way that diesel
and gasoline do. Propane is also less expensive than gasoline.
1.2.5 COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS: Gas and diesel engines can be converted to
run on compressed natural gas, or CNG. CNG is a clear, odorless and non-
corrosive gas that can be used in liquid or gas form to run a combustion engine.
Vehicles fitted with a CNG fuel system can be expected to produce 80 percent less
ozone-forming emissions than gasoline burning cars, according to the Consumer
Energy Center website. CNG filling stations are in place is select areas in the
country, primarily in California.
1.2.6 ETHANOL Ethanol is a bio-fuel alternative to gasoline that's made from the
conversion of sugar cane, corn, barley and other natural products. Ethanol has
become popular as a fuel source because in most cases it's one of the only fuels
that can fuel a gasoline engine without modifications. Many car models can run on
100 percent ethanol, but it is more commonly used as an additive. states have
mandated the addition of ethanol to help cut down on the emissions and
contamination caused by pure gasoline components. E10, which is gasoline mixed
with 10 percent ethanol, is available at most gas stations in America today. Some
places use even higher concentrations.
1.2.7 BIO-DIESEL: Bio-diesel is a diesel substitute made from sugar beet, rapeseed or
palm oil. Individuals sometimes make this substance by collecting used oil from
restaurant fryers. Bio-diesel burns much cleaner than standard gas or diesel and
produces far less carbon dioxide emissions when used. However, continued
production of this substance may result in excessive deforestation.
1.3TYPES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Electric Vehicles: An electric vehicle (EV), referred to as an electric drive vehicle, is a
vehicle which uses one or more electric motors for propulsions.
1.3.1 Hybrid electric vehicle
A Hybrid-Electric Vehicle (HEV) relies on at least two energy sources, usually an
internal combustion engine and an electric battery together with a motor/generator.

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Fig. 1.1: Hybrid Vehicle
There are different hybrid topologies
 Parallel-Hybrid Electric Vehicle
 Serial-Hybrid Electric Vehicle
 Parallel-Hybrid Electric Vehicle
In a Parallel-Hybrid vehicle, there are two parallel paths to power the wheels of the
vehicle: an engine path and an electrical path, as shown in Figure 3.2. The
transmission couples the motor/generator and the engine, allowing either one, or both,
to power the wheels.
 Serial-Hybrid Electric Vehicle
In a Serial-Hybrid vehicle, there is a single path to power the wheels of the vehicle,
but two energy sources. As shown in Figure, the fuel tank feeds an engine which is
coupled to a generator to charge the battery, which provides electrical energy to a
motor/generator to power the wheels through a transmission although a direct
coupling can also be used. The motor/generator is also used to recharge the battery
during deceleration and braking.

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Figure 1.2: Parallel and Series Hybrid Powertrain
1.3.2 Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), also called a plug-in hybrid
vehicle (PHV) and a plug-in hybrid, is a hybrid electric vehicle that uses rechargeable
batteries, or another energy storage device, that can be recharged by plugging it in to an
external source of electric power, usually a normal wall socket).
A PHEV shares the characteristics both of a conventional hybrid electric vehicle,
having an electric motor and an internal combustion engine (ICE), and of an all-electric
vehicle, having a plug to connect to the electrical grid. Most PHEVs are passenger cars;
there are also PHEV versions of commercial vehicles and vans, utility trucks, buses,
trains, motorcycles, scooters, and military vehicles
 ADVANTAGES OF PHEV:
 PHEVs produce less air pollution
 It require less petroleum
 PHEVs may produce less in the way of greenhouse gases
 PHEVs also eliminate the problem of range anxiety associated with all-electric
vehicles.
 operation are maximum efficient to the conditions
 It is very economical and ecofriendly.
 Operating cost.
 Low noise

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1.3.3 Battery electric vehicle
A battery electric vehicle (BEV) runs entirely on a battery and electric drive train,
without a conventional internal combustion engine. These vehicles must be plugged into
an external source of electricity to recharge their batteries. Like all electric vehicles,
BEVs can also recharge their batteries through regenerative braking. In this process, the
vehicle’s electric motor assists in slowing the vehicle and recovers some of the energy
normally converted to heat by the brake
Fig1.3 Differences between electric vehicles
Fig 1.4: Working of electrical vehicles

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Chapter 2
PROBLEM DEFNITION
As cities are growing rapidly the usage of vehicles are also increasing thereby the
pollution and fuel consumption are increasing at higher rate. •There is no proper
awareness with the people about the fuel conservation as a result the demand for
petroleum products is increasing and supply is very less. •This system implements an
intelligent hybrid vehicle without the interaction of humans and it can also save the
environment and ecology by minimizing the pollution.
2.1 Conventional Hybrids
Conventional hybrids (like Toyota Prius), combines both gasoline engine with an
electric motor. While these vehicles have an electric motor and battery, they can’t be
plugged in and recharged. Instead their batteries are charged from capturing energy when
braking; using regenerative braking that converts kinetic energy into electricity. This
energy is normally wasted in conventional vehicles.
Depending on the types of hybrid, the electric motor will work with the gasoline-
powered engine to reduce gasoline use or even allow the gasoline engine to turn off
altogether. Hybrid fuel-saving technologies can dramatically increase fuel economy. For
example, the 2014 Honda Accord hybrid achieves a combined 47 miles per gallon (mpg)
compared to a combined 30 mpg for the non-hybrid version. At 12,000 miles a year and
$4/gallon gasoline, that means saving over $575 each year.
2.2 Hybrid electric vehicle
At low speeds a hybrid will usually draw its power from the electric motor. When
drivers increase speed they are calling on more power to propel the vehicle forward. To
generate this increased need for power, the hybrid will switch to its internal combustion
engine (ICE). This change causes the vehicle to shift from electric power to gasoline
power. If the vehicle still needs more power (to scale a steep hill) both propulsion systems
will work simultaneously to provide an added boost.

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The main fuel source for these vehicles is still gasoline. However, the amount of gasoline
required is notably less relative to a purely ICE vehicle. This is because the electric motor
uses regenerative braking to capture energy and store it in the on board batteries. This
stored energy is then used to provide power to the electric motor.
Fig 2.1 Differences between PHEV and HEV

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Chapter 3
PROBLEM SOLVING METHODOLOGY
3.1 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
 A 'gasoline-electric hybrid vehicle' is an automobile which relies not only on
gasoline but also on electric power source. In PHEV, the battery alone provides power
for low-speed driving conditions. During long highways or hill climbing, the gasoline
engine drives the vehicle solely.
 It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that is driven solely
from gasoline. This hybrid combination makes the vehicle dynamic in nature and
provides its owner a better fuel economy and lesser environmental impact over
conventional automobiles.
 The cost for electricity to power plug-in hybrids for all electrical operations has been
estimated at less than one quarter of the cost of gasoline in California.
 Compared to conventional vehicles, PHEVs reduce air pollution locally and
dependence on petroleum. PHEVs may reduce greenhouse gas emissions that
contribute to global warming compared with conventional vehicles.
 PHEVs also eliminate the problem of range anxiety associated to all-electric vehicles,
because the combustion engine works as a backup when the batteries are depleted,
giving PHEVs driving range comparable to other vehicles with gasoline tanks.
 Plug-in hybrids use no fossil fuel during their all electric range and produce lower
greenhouse gas emissions if their batteries are charged from renewable electricity.
 Other benefits include improved national energy security, fewer fill-ups at the filling
station, the convenience of home recharging, opportunities to provide emergency
backup power in the home, and vehicle to grid (V2G) applications.

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Chapter 4
VEHICLE TO GRID TECHNOLOGY
Fig 4.1: Plug in Hybrid Vehicle
4.1 Working of Vehicle to Grid
When an electric vehicle is not in motion, a Vehicle to Grid (V2G) system is used
to transfer power from its battery to an electric power grid. Fig. 4.1 shows the bi-
directional flow of power. The Vehicle-to-Grid concept uses vehicle batteries to deliver
different kinds of grid services, like balancing power. Normally, V2G is used in the
context of a bidirectional power connection between battery and grid; although with a
unidirectional connection grid services can be offered as well. V2G services can be
supplied with PHEVs, Range-Extended Electric Vehicles and full-electric vehicles
Generally 95% of vehicles is parked at a time, its charge during night time when tariff
rates is low and transfer the power back to the grid when the tariff rates are high, with the
help of inverter and transformer. By using this technology we can earn money. The
technology used here is called net metering. The main concept of vehicle to grid transfer
is to match the frequency and voltage level of the grid.

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Fig 4.2: Bi-directional flow of power
4.2 BASIC DESIGN OF PHEV
The basic design consists of a rectifier and dc power source battery. Rectifier is used
to convert ac in to dc which is required to charge the batteries. The battery is connected to
inverter that is fed to a brushless (BL) DC motor that works on AC. The motor is attached
to the front wheel of the two wheeler vehicle. As the motor rotates the attached wheel
rotates too, thus, leading to vehicle motion. At low speeds this mode of propulsion is
used. The next phase consists of an IC engine that moves the piston continuously. This is
connected to the transmission and thus, the vehicle moves.
We can charge plug-in hybrid or electric car directly from a standard mains socket.

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Fig 4.3: Block diagram (Parallel Hybrid)

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Fig 4.4: Hybrid vehicle
Fig 4.5: Parts of hybrid vehicle

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4.3 PLUG-IN HYBRID FEATURES
PHEVs combine the fuel-savings benefits of hybrids with the all-electric capabilities of
battery-electric or fuel-cell vehicles. While not all models work the same way, most plug-
ins can operate in at least two modes: "all-electric," in which the motor and battery
provide all of the car's energy; and "hybrid," in which both electricity and gasoline are
used. PHEVs typically start-up in all-electric mode, running on electricity until their
battery pack is depleted: ranges vary from 10 miles to over 40. Certain models switch to
hybrid mode when they reach highway cruising speed, generally above 60 or 70 miles per
hour. The electric motor and battery help PHEVs use less fuel and produce less pollution
than conventional cars, even when in hybrid mode. Idle-off turns off the engine while
idling at stoplights or in traffic, saving fuel. Regenerative braking converts some of the
energy lost during braking into usable electricity, stored in the batteries. And because the
electric motor supplements the engine's power, smaller engines can be used, increasing
the car's fuel efficiency without compromising performance.
4.4 ARCHITECTURE OF BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLE
A battery electric vehicle (BEV) runs entirely on a battery and electric drive train, without
a conventional internal combustion engine. These vehicles must be plugged into an
external source of electricity to recharge their batteries. Like all electric vehicles, BEVs
can also recharge their batteries through regenerative braking. In this process, the
vehicle’s electric motor assists in slowing the vehicle and recovers some of the energy
normally converted to heat by the brakes.
Fig 4.6: Components of Battery Electric Vehicle

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System level architecture of PHEV This allows the battery to be charged from external
utility grid and also discharge back to it. Since the battery is charged from utility ,vehicle
can have a larger battery than that of HEV which is fuel economic.
Fig 4.6: architecture with blocks
120V Wall
Outlet
AC
transformer
Rectifier with
regulator or Bi-
directional
inverter
converter
IC Engine
Standard
generator
with
regulator
DC-DC
converter
Outlet
Battery
Bi-
directional
DC-DC
converter
HEV
propulsion
motor/gen
Wheels
Geartrain
Geartrain

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Chapter 5
Conclusion and future Scope
5.1 Conclusion
 The anticipation of a large penetration of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
and Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) into the market brings up many new technical
problems that need to be addressed.
 In the near future, a large number of PHEVs/PEVs connected to power grids will add
a large-scale energy load, as well as add substantial energy resources that can be
utilized.
 Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology is a most promising opportunity in PHEV/PEV
adoption.
 The biggest issue in the EV market is the range problem and the need to increase the
range of the EV. PHEVs and EREVs are often considered as a solution to the range
problem.
5.2 Future Scope
One approach to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector is to change
transportation modes to become more electric. The scope of this research is on the Plug-in
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), the Electric Vehicle with a Range Extender (EREV)
and the Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV). BEVs are the most desirable form of passenger
cars, because of their zero tailpipe emissions and their potential of 100% reduction of
CO2 emissions.
During peak period when tariff charges are more, we can transfer the power to the grid
for earning money.

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References
[1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ac9Jq_ooxkQ
[2] https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=PHEV+history
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independence?,” Energy Policy, vol. 38, no. 4, pp.1614–1621, 2010.
[4] R. Sioshanshi and P.Denholm, “Emissions impacts and benefits of plug-in hybrid
electric vehicles and vehicle to grid services,” National Renewable Energy
Laboratory,Paper,2008[Online].
[5] http://www.iwse.osu.edu/ISEFaculty/sioshansi/papers/PHEV_emissions. pdf
[6] T. Thompson, M. Webber, and D. Allen, “Air quality impacts of using overnight
electricity generation to charge plug-in hybrid electric vehicles for daytime use,” Environ.
Res. Lett., vol. 4, 2009, Art. no. 014002.
[7] “Environmental Assessment of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles; Volume 2: United
States air quality analysis based on AEO-2006 assumptions for 2030,” Washington, D.C.,
final rep., Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and National
Resources,DefenseCouncil,2007[Online].
[8] http://my.epri.com/portal/server. pt?open=514&objID=223132&mode=2
[9] U.S. BEA, “U.S. international trade in goods and services,” U.S. Census Bureau of
Economic Analysis, Mar. 11, 2008.
[10] T. Markel, “Plug-in electric vehicle infrastructure: A foundation for electrified
transportation ,” presented at the MIT Energy Initiative Transp. Electrification Symp.,
Cambridge, MA, 2010 [Online].
[11] http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/47951.pdf, National