This document provides information about an academic course on electric and electric hybrid vehicles. It includes the course name and code, academic year, instructor details, and an outline of unit 1 which covers the history, social and environmental importance, components, types (BEV, PHEV, HEV, FCEV, SEV), and advantages of electric and electric hybrid vehicles. The unit defines key terms and concepts and describes the historical development and modern history of hybrid vehicles, their social and environmental benefits in reducing emissions and climate change, and the different types of electric vehicles.

1. Course Name: ELECTRIC AND ELECTRIC HYBRID VEHICLES
Course Code: C20-A-505
Academic Year: 2023-2024
Dr.Venkateswarlu Velisala M.Tech, PhD
Lecturer/Automobile
Government Polytechnic Atmakur
SPSR Nellore, Andhra Pradesh-524322

2. 2
UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC
AND
ELECTRIC HYBRID VEHICLES

3. • Describe the history of electric and electric hybrid vehicles.
• Describe the Social and environmental importance of Electric and Electric Hybrid vehicles.
• Explain basic components of Electric and Electric Hybrid vehicles.
• Explain fuel cell vehicles.
• Explain the principle of solar power vehicles.
• List the advantages of Electric and Electric Hybrid vehicles.
Learning Outcomes

4.  A Electric Vehicle (EV) is defined as a vehicle that can be powered by an electric motor that
draws electricity from a battery and is capable of being charged from an external source.
 An EV includes both a vehicle that can only be powered by an electric motor that draws
electricity from a battery (all-electric vehicle) and a vehicle that can be powered by an electric
motor that draws electricity from a battery and by an internal combustion engine (plug-in
hybrid electric vehicle).
 A Hybrid Vehicle combines any two power (energy) sources. Possible combinations include
diesel/electric, gasoline/fly wheel, and fuel cell (FC)/battery.
 Typically, one energy source is storage, and the other is conversion of a fuel to energy.
 The combination of two power sources may support two separate propulsion systems. Thus to be
a True hybrid, the vehicle must have at least two modes of propulsion. 4
DEFINITIONS

6. Historical development (root) of Automobiles:
 In 1900, steam technology was advanced. The advantages of steam- powered cars
included high performance in terms of power and speed. However, the disadvantages of
steam-powered cars included poor fuel economy and the need to “fire up the boiler” before
driving. Feed water was a necessary input for steam engine, therefore could not tolerate the
loss of fresh water.
 Gasoline cars of 1900 were noisy, dirty, smelly, cantankerous, and unreliable. In
comparison, electric cars were comfortable, quiet, clean, and fashionable.
5
History of Hybrid Electric Vehicles

7. INVENTION OF HYBRID VEHICLE :
 1890 :Jacob Lohner, a coach builder in Vienna, Austria, foresaw the need for an electric
vehicle that would be less noisy than the new gas- powered cars. He commissioned a design
for an electric vehicle from Austro-Hungarian engineer
 Ferdinand Porsche, who had recently graduated from the Vienna Technical College.
Porsche's first version of the electric car used a pair of electric motors mounted in the front
wheel hubs of a conventional car.
6
History of Hybrid Electric Vehicles

8. History of H b eh
EARLY HYBRID VEHICLE :
 1900: Porsche showed his hybrid car at the Paris Exposition of 1900. A gasoline engine was
used to power a generator which, in turn, drove a small series of motors.
 The electric engine was used to give the car a little bit of extra power.
This method of series hybrid engine is still in use today, although obviously with further
scope of performance improvement and greater fuel savings.
7
History of Hybrid Electric Vehicles

9. MODERN PERIOD OF HYBRID HISTORY :
 1990s : Automakers took a renewed interest in the hybrid, seeking a solution to dwindling
energy supplies and environmental concerns and created modern history of hybrid car .
 2000 :Toyota Prius and Honda Insight became the first mass market hybrids to go on sale in
the United States, with dozens of models following in the next decade.
8
History of Hybrid Electric Vehicles

10. Social and Environmental Importance
 As modern culture and technology continue to develop, the growing presence of global
warming and irreversible climate change draws increasing amounts of concern from the
world's population.
 It has only been recently, when modern society has actually taken notice of these changes
and decided that something needs to change if the global warming process is to be stopped.
 Countries around the world are working to drastically reduce CO2
emissions as well as other harmful environmental pollutants.
9

11. Two environmental impact elements were accounted for in the:
a. Air pollution (AP):
 At present, all vehicles rely on the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels to derive the energy
necessary for their propulsion. Combustion is a reaction between the fuel and the air
that releases heat and combustion products.
 The heat is converted to mechanical power by an engine and the combustion products
are released into the atmosphere. A hydrocarbon is a chemical compound with
molecules made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
10
Social and Environmental Importance

12. B)GLOBAL WARMING:
 Global warming is a result of the “greenhouse effect” induced by the presence of carbon
dioxide and other gases, such as methane, in the atmosphere.
 These gases trap the Sun’s infrared radiation reflected by the ground, thus retaining the
energy in the atmosphere and increasing the temperature. An increased Earth
temperature results in major ecological damages to its ecosystems and in many natural
disasters that affect human populations.
11
Social and Environmental Importance

13. 12
Social and Environmental Importance

14. In terms of overall energy efficiency, the conceptual advantages of a hybrid over a
conventional vehicle are:
Regenerative braking:
 A hybrid can capture some of the energy normally lost as heat to the mechanical brakes by
using its electric drive motor(s) in generator mode to break the vehicle
More efficient operation of the ICE, including reduction of idle:
 A hybrid can avoid some of the energy losses associated with engine operation at speed and
load combinations where the engine is inefficient by using the energy storage device to either
absorb part of the ICE's output or augment it or even substitute for it.
Smaller ICE:
 Since the storage device can take up a part of the load, the HEV's ICE can be down sized. The
ICE may be sized for the continuous load and not for the very high short term acceleration
load.
 This enables the ICE to operate at a higher fraction of its rated power, generally at higher fuel
efficiency, during most of the driving.
13
Impact of Modern Drive-Trains on Energy supplies

15. There are counter balancing factors reducing hybrids energy advantage, including:
Potential for higher weight.
 Although the fuel-driven energy source on a hybrid generally will be of lower power and
weight than the engine in a conventional vehicle of similar performance, total hybrid weight is
likely to be higher than the conventional vehicle it replaces because of the added weight of the
storage device, electric motor(s), and other components.
Electrical losses.
 Although individual electric drive train components tend to be quite efficient for one-
way energy flows, in many hybrid configurations, electricity flows back and forth
through components in a way that leads to cascading losses.
14
Impact of Modern Drive-Trains on Energy supplies

16. Types of EVs
1. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
2. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
3. Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
4. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)
5. Solar Electric Vehicles (SEVs)

17. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs):
Battery electric vehicles - often referred to as ‘fully-electric’ or ‘all-electric’ vehicles - are
vehicles fitted with a rechargeable battery as the sole power source. They have no gasoline
engine at all. BEVs store electricity onboard with high-capacity (usually lithium-ion) battery
packs. Their battery power is then used to run the electric motor and onboard electronics. Due to
the absence of an ICE, BEVs do not emit any harmful emissions at all. BEVs are charged by
electricity from an external power source, with their chargers classified according to the speed at
which they recharge a battery. Examples of BEVs include the Tesla Model 3, BMW i3,
Volkswagen e-Golf, and the Hyundai Ioniq.

19. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs):
The plug-in-hybrid electric vehicle combines a battery and electric motor with an economical
petrol or diesel engine. PHEVs can be recharged by plugging into an external electricity source.
In addition, PHEVs can also be powered by their onboard engines and generators, and they’re
able to substitute electricity from the grid for gasoline. In a PHEV, the onboard battery will
usually be much smaller and have a lower capacity than those found in all-electric cars. This
means that PHEVs can’t drive very far on electricity alone, requiring the combustion engine to
eventually kick in. Examples of PHEVs include the BMW i8, Toyota Prius, Ford C-Max
Energi, and the Mini Cooper SE Countryman.

21. Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs):
Hybrid electric vehicles are powered by both fossil fuels and electricity. In a HEV, electricity is
generated by the car’s braking system and this is used to recharge the battery. This is known as
‘regenerative braking’, a process whereby the electric motor helps to slow and bring the vehicle
used to a stop using some of the energy normally converted to heat by the brakes. HEVs start off
their journeys using the electric motor, then the ICE engine steps in as load or speed rises. HEVs
are very similar to PHEVs except that they can’t be plugged in; electricity can only be generated
via regenerative braking. Examples of HEVs include the Toyota Rav 4 Hybrid, the Honda Civic
Hybrid, and the Toyota Camry Hybrid.

23. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs):
Some electric cars get their electricity from a hydrogen fuel cell instead of a battery. As such,
these vehicles are referred to as ‘fuel cell vehicles.’ While there are many different types of
hydrogen fuel cell at the moment, most of them have the same working principle: they combine
hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity (to propel the vehicle) and water (by-product). As
hydrogen fuel cell cars are powered by this chemical process, they do not need to be recharged
and can be driven so long as they are fueled by a supply of hydrogen. Filling up the car can take
less than five minutes, with the average range of hydrogen fuel cell cars sitting around 300-350
miles. Two examples of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are the Toyota Mirai and the Hyundai Nexo.

25. Solar Electric Vehicles (SEVs):
• The solar vehicle also referred to as the solar electric vehicle uses solar energy to power and is
driven by electricity. Solar panels are fitted to the roof surface of electric vehicles. The solar
panels’ photovoltaic cells transform light energy from the sun’s beams into electrical energy by
absorbing it.
• The solar cells on the car’s body are intended to store the light energy that has been transformed
into storage batteries. A storage battery is used to store the electrical energy created when light
energy is converted to it. Free electrons may be converted by the batteries into energy that can be
used to drive a solar car. Solar energy is used to replenish the battery.
• India’s first ‘solar car’ Eva developed by the Pune-based EV startup, Vayve Mobility, Eva targets
urban commuters with a 2+1 (2 adults, 1 child) seating capacity. The electric car is under testing
and will be ready by early 2024 for the commercial launch. Eva features a 6 kW liquid-cooled
electric motor that can produce 16HP power and 40Nm of peak Torque.

26. SEV mainly comprises:
o Solar Arrays: Solar Cells together contribute towards the building up of modules. Additionally,
modules bunched together make up solar arrays. These many PV cells convert sunlight into
electricity.
o Electrical Motor: Converts one form of energy to another and generates up to 3 horsepower which
means can attain speed up to 160 km/h.
o Handling system: A steering wheel that allows the vehicle to move in the desired way.
o Batteries: The energy is saved in storage capacities also referred to as batteries which run the
electrical motor and navigational system.

28. Advantages
o No Fuel Required
o More Convenient
o Savings
o No Emissions
o Popularity
o Safe to Drive
o Cost-Effective
o Low Maintenance
o Reduced Noise Pollution
o Battery Life & Cost
o Easy Driving
Disadvantages
o Less availability of Recharge Points
o The Initial Investment is Steep
o Electricity isn’t Free
o Short Driving Range and Speed
o Longer Recharge Time
o Silence (Some times lead to accidents)
o Battery Replacement
Advantages and Disadvantages of Electric Vehicles

29. Advantages:
o Environmentally Friendly
o Financial Benefits from Government
o Less Dependence on Fossil Fuels
o Regenerative Braking System
o Built From Light Materials
o Assistance From Electric Motor
o Smaller Engines
o Automatic Start and Stop
o Higher Resale Value
Disadvantages:
o Less Power
o Can be Expensive
o Poorer Handling
o Higher Maintenance Costs
o Batteries can be dangerous incase of Accident
o Battery replacement
o Battery Disposal and Recycling
o Hydrogen Fuel Cell Issues
Advantages and Disadvantages of Electric Hybrid
Vehicles