This document discusses electric vehicles from an engineering perspective. It begins with a brief history of electric vehicles dating back to the 1850s. It then covers reasons for adopting electric vehicles like reduced pollution and fuel dependence. The document compares costs and efficiencies of electric vehicles versus internal combustion engine vehicles. It also discusses different electric vehicle types like all-electric, hybrid, and plug-in hybrid vehicles. The document outlines various charging methods and levels as well as the interaction of electric vehicles with the power grid, including vehicle-to-grid technologies. It concludes by considering the possibility of an all-electric vehicle fleet by 2030.

1. Electric Vehicle: A Power
Engineer’s Perspective
Krishnakumar R V
Research Associate
Universiti Tenaga Nasional
Malaysia
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2. EV: A Jargon?
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• Traction of wheels by Electric Motors
• Portable Energy source

3. EV: The First Inception
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Robert Anderson
1850s
(Britain)
William
Morrison
1890
(Iowa, U.S)
1900
1/3rd of Vehicle
population
In USA

4. EV: The Saga
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Industrial
Revolution
1780s
(Steam
Engines)
Post Industrial
Revolution
1800s
(IC Engines)
Post
1850s
Battery
Vehicles
Early 1900s
Ford Model T
And Invention of
Electric starter

5. Why EV?
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1.Pollution:
According to DOE (USA)
• Transportation accounts for one third of all energy usage.
• Use of 10% of ZEV cuts 1 million tons/year of air pollutants
• With 100% EV - CO2 emission would be cut by half
2.Availability of Fuel
Fast depletion of fossil fuel and dependence on middle east
countries for fuel.

6. Why EV?
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3.Capital Cost and Maintenance Cost:
• EV has a more capital cost
• But life cycle cost of EV is lesser than ICEV
4.Well to Wheel Efficiency
The EV is found to have a better WTW efficiency than ICEV

7. Does It Make Sense???
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8. Does It Make Sense Now???
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9. EV Vs ICEV
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EV (Mahindra E- Verito)
Price- Rs. 10.5 lakhs
Battery- 18.55 kWh
Range- 140 km
Cost (Per Charge)- 18.55*4.75= Rs. 88
ICEV ( Petrol- Honda Amaze)
Price- Rs.9.5 lakhs
Mileage- 17 kmpl
Petrol -
140
17
= 8.23 litres
Cost (140 km)= 8.23*83 = Rs. 683

10. Payback Analysis
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• Difference in Price between EV and ICEV – Rs. 1 lakh
• Volume of Petrol for Rs. 1 lakh- 1250 litres
• Mileage with 1250 litres of petrol- 21250km
• Average distance driven per year- 11000km
• Payback- 1.9 yrs

11. Regenerative Braking
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• A significant amount of energy is consumed in braking.
• Braking a 1000 kg vehicle from 100 km/h to zero speed consumes
about 0.16 kWh of energy.
• The energy lost in brake shoes as heat.
• It can be utilized to charge the battery.
• It makes sense in “Stop and Go Traffic”, “Downhill”

12. Alternate Vehicles: A broad
spectrum
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• All Electric Vehicle
• Hybrid Electric Vehicle
• Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle

13. All Electric Vehicle
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14. Commercially Available EV
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• Tesla Model S - 417 km, 507 km or 539 km
• Tesla Model X - 381 km, 465km or 475 km
• Jaguar I Pace - 480 km
• Tesla Model 3 - 354 km or 499 km
• Chevy Bolt - 383 km
• Renault ZOE (Only Europe) - 300 km
• Nissan LEAF - 240 km
• Volkswagen e-Golf - 201 km
• Hyundai IONIQ Electric - 200 km
• Kia Soul EV - 179 km
• Mahindra e2o - 120 km
• Mahindra e-Verito - 110 km

15. Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
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16. Commercially Available HEV
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• Maruti Suzuki Ertiga SHVS
• Honda Accord Hybrid
• Toyota Camry Hybrid
• Mahindra Scorpio S10 Intelli-Hybrid
• Maruti Suzuki Ciaz SHVS

17. Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle
(PHEV):Range Extender
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18. Commercially Available PHEV
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• BMW i8
• Toyota Yaris Hybrid
• Mercedes C-Class C300h
• Toyota Prius
• Volkswagen Golf GTI
• BMW i3
• Porsche Cayenne E-Hybrid
• Mercedes S500e

19. HEV Vs PHEV
HEV
• IC Engine is the primary
source
• Electric Motor is used to
complement the IC engine
• Electricity is generated on-
board
• Energy/Cost saving is doesn’t
payback the cost of vehicle
soon
PHEV
• Electric Motor powered by
battery is the primary source
• IC Engine supports the electric
motor and extends the range
• Battery is charged by Plugging
it into the socket
• Energy/Cost saving is
substantial
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20. Classification of HEV
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1.Based On Architecture
• Series
• Parallel
• Series – Parallel
2.Degree Of Hybridization
• Mild
• Power
• Energy

21. Series Hybrid Drivetrain
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Engine
Generator
&
Converter
Battery
Motor
&
Converter
Transmission D
Wheel
Wheel

22. Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain
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Engine
Drive
Shaft
Battery
Motor
&
Converter
Transmission D
Wheel
Wheel
Clutch

23. Series-Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain
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Engine
Drive
Shaft
Battery Motor
Transmission D
Wheel
Wheel
Clutch
Generator
Power
Converter
Power
Splitter

24. Degree of Hybridization
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I. Degree of downsizing the engine and upsizing the electric
motor.
II. That is the traction power provided by the IC engine is reduced
and that of the electric motor is increased by varying the
capacity of the prime movers respectively.

25. Types of Charging
Systems
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26. Conductive Charging
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• Conductive charging scheme transfers power through direct
contact.
• This scheme uses a conductor to connect the electronic devices to
the extent of energy transfer.
• Conductive charging is simple and highly efficient. It can be a
non-board or off-board method.
• An on-board charger is mainly utilized for slow charging.
• An off-board charger is installed at fixed locations to offer rapid
charging service.

27. Conductive Charging
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28. Inductive Charging
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• Also known as wireless charging,
• Uses an electromagnetic field to transfer electricity to an EV
battery.
• The benefit of inductive charger is that it provides electrical safety
under all-weather conditions.
• The drawbacks of state-of-the-art inductive chargers are low
efficiency and high power loss

29. Inductive Charging
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30. Battery Swapping
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• Users can swap their empty battery with a fully charged one from a
battery swapping station.
• Batteries are not owned by the car owners so the cost is reduced by
15% approx.,.
• The peak demand on the grid is also reduced.
• Tesla proved to swap the batteries of two Tesla Model S with in the
time taken to fill the tank of a ICEV.

31. Charging Power Levels
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32. Level 1 Charging
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• Uses a standard 120 VAC, 15 A or 20 A
• Charging equipment is typically installed on the vehicle
• Time 8 to 16 hrs
• Power rating 1.4-1.9 kW (depends on Amp rating)

33. Level 2 Charging
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• Preferred method for a battery electric vehicle charger for both
private and public facilities.
• Private: 240 V AC, Single Phase, 40 A.
• Public: 400 V AC, Three Phase, 80 A.
• Power Rating 7.7 kW to 25.6 kW.
• Time 4-8 hrs.
• The conversion from AC to DC takes place on board.

34. Level 3 DC Fast Charging
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• To provide an experience similar to a oil-based fuel station to the
consumers with performing a DC fast charge.
• AC to DC conversion occurs in an off-board charger.
• Three phase circuit, 208–600 V AC, up to 200 A.
• Charged to 80 % SoC within 10-15 min.

35. Interaction of EV with
Power Grid
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36. Conventional Grid
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37. Smart Grid
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38. Vehicle to Grid (V2G)
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39. Vehicle to Grid (V2G)
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40. Impacts of EV on the Power Grid
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41. Ancillary Services of V2G
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• Peak Load Shaving
• Voltage Regulation
• Spinning Reserve
• Load Levelling (Valley Filling)

42. Peak Shaving and Valley Filling
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43. All Electric Fleet by 2030: Can It
Happen???
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• EV penetration in to the electric power grid poses a threat to power
quality and reliability,
• The backbone network has to be strengthened before integrating the
EVs to the grid. The current distribution system has to be upgraded to
a whole new level to facilitate the rapid growth of EVs on the
distribution network.
• The other issue is the charging time or refueling time required by an
EV which varies from 6-8 hours, is significantly higher than the ICEV.
There is a DC fast charging and battery swapping method which is an
answer to it.

44. References
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1. Hussain Shareef et al.: “A review of the stage-of-the-art
charging technologies, placement methodologies, and impacts of
electric vehicles”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.
2. Robert C. Green II et al.: “The impact of plug-in hybrid electric
vehicles on distribution networks: A review and outlook”,
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.
3. N. Shaukat et al.: “A survey on electric vehicle transportation
within smart grid system”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews.
4. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Design Fundamentals 2nd edition
by Iqbal Husain.
5. Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles by
Mehrdad Ehsani et al.

45. Contact
•Linkedin: Krishnakumar Vasudevan
•Email: vasudevkrishna.ceg@gmail.com
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46. Thank You
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