Pleural effusion is an accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It is usually secondary to other conditions that interfere with fluid drainage or secretion in the pleural space. Common causes include infections like pneumonia, congestive heart failure, cancers, and autoimmune diseases. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, ultrasound, and thoracentesis to analyze pleural fluid characteristics. Management focuses on treating the underlying cause, relieving symptoms by removing fluid via thoracentesis or chest tube, and preventing further fluid buildup. Surgery may be needed for cases that do not improve with drainage or medication.
Pleural effusion is an accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It can impair breathing by limiting lung expansion. Common causes include infections, cancer, heart failure, or injuries. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain with breathing, and cough. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-ray, and thoracentesis to sample fluid. Treatment goals are to determine the underlying cause, prevent reaccumulation of fluid, and relieve symptoms. Procedures include thoracentesis, chest tube insertion, and chemical or surgical pleurodesis. The nurse's role is to assist with procedures, monitor drainage, and educate the patient.
The document discusses lung abscess, including its definition, classification, microbiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. A lung abscess is a microbial infection that causes necrosis of lung tissue, forming a cavity. It is usually caused by aspiration of oral anaerobic bacteria. Symptoms include cough, sputum production and fever. Diagnosis involves imaging showing a cavity with an air-fluid level. Treatment involves long-term antibiotics targeting the causative bacteria. Surgery is rarely needed except for failure of medical management or an underlying condition.
Pleural effusion is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
between the lining of the lungs and the thoracic cavity (i.e., the visceral
and parietal pleurae
).
This document provides an overview of pleural effusions, including:
1. Definitions of pleural effusion and normal pleural fluid composition.
2. Causes and characteristics of transudative and exudative effusions. Transudative effusions are caused by systemic processes while exudative effusions are caused by local processes like infection or cancer.
3. Diagnostic tools for pleural effusions including thoracentesis, imaging modalities like ultrasound, chest x-ray, and CT scan. Thoracentesis allows examination of pleural fluid.
Pleural effusion may be defined figuratively as the juice, oozing from the leaky lingerie of the lung. However the text book definition is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space due to disturbances in the forces that keep the pleural fluid economy in equilibrium...
Normally, the pleural space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), which acts as a lubricant that allows the pleural surfaces to move without friction.
But if fluid builds up from either increased production or inadequate removal pleural effusion results.
Pleural effusion B/L or unilateral (parapneumonic process)
Refers to any significant collection of fluid within pleural space.
Any imbalance in formation, absorption lead accumulation of pleural fluid. Common condition:
CHF
Bacterial pneumonia
Malignancy(chest tumor)
Pulmonary embolism
Pleura effusion is a condition refers to a collection of fluid in the pleural space. It is almost secondary to other conditions.
This document provides information on lung abscesses, including:
- Dr. David Smith postulated in the 1920s that aspiration of oral bacteria was the main mechanism of lung abscess infection.
- A lung abscess is a localized area of lung tissue destruction greater than 2cm in diameter caused by pyogenic bacterial infection.
- In the pre-antibiotic era, 1/3 of lung abscess patients died, another 1/3 recovered, and the remaining 1/3 developed chronic illnesses.
- Risk factors include dental/sinus infections, impaired swallowing, gastric issues, and pre-existing lung diseases. Common causative organisms are described.
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis and formation of cavities greater than 2cm in the lung tissue caused by microbial infection. It is often caused by aspiration during anesthesia, sedation, or unconsciousness. Risk factors include age, male sex, and conditions like periodontal disease or dysphagia. Symptoms include cough with foul sputum, chest pain, fever, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves imaging like x-ray or CT scan showing spherical areas of density and air-fluid levels. Treatment is generally broad spectrum antibiotics for 6-8 weeks along with drainage procedures in some cases.
Pleural effusion is an accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It can impair breathing by limiting lung expansion. Common causes include infections, cancer, heart failure, or injuries. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain with breathing, and cough. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-ray, and thoracentesis to sample fluid. Treatment goals are to determine the underlying cause, prevent reaccumulation of fluid, and relieve symptoms. Procedures include thoracentesis, chest tube insertion, and chemical or surgical pleurodesis. The nurse's role is to assist with procedures, monitor drainage, and educate the patient.
The document discusses lung abscess, including its definition, classification, microbiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. A lung abscess is a microbial infection that causes necrosis of lung tissue, forming a cavity. It is usually caused by aspiration of oral anaerobic bacteria. Symptoms include cough, sputum production and fever. Diagnosis involves imaging showing a cavity with an air-fluid level. Treatment involves long-term antibiotics targeting the causative bacteria. Surgery is rarely needed except for failure of medical management or an underlying condition.
Pleural effusion is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
between the lining of the lungs and the thoracic cavity (i.e., the visceral
and parietal pleurae
).
This document provides an overview of pleural effusions, including:
1. Definitions of pleural effusion and normal pleural fluid composition.
2. Causes and characteristics of transudative and exudative effusions. Transudative effusions are caused by systemic processes while exudative effusions are caused by local processes like infection or cancer.
3. Diagnostic tools for pleural effusions including thoracentesis, imaging modalities like ultrasound, chest x-ray, and CT scan. Thoracentesis allows examination of pleural fluid.
Pleural effusion may be defined figuratively as the juice, oozing from the leaky lingerie of the lung. However the text book definition is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space due to disturbances in the forces that keep the pleural fluid economy in equilibrium...
Normally, the pleural space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), which acts as a lubricant that allows the pleural surfaces to move without friction.
But if fluid builds up from either increased production or inadequate removal pleural effusion results.
Pleural effusion B/L or unilateral (parapneumonic process)
Refers to any significant collection of fluid within pleural space.
Any imbalance in formation, absorption lead accumulation of pleural fluid. Common condition:
CHF
Bacterial pneumonia
Malignancy(chest tumor)
Pulmonary embolism
Pleura effusion is a condition refers to a collection of fluid in the pleural space. It is almost secondary to other conditions.
This document provides information on lung abscesses, including:
- Dr. David Smith postulated in the 1920s that aspiration of oral bacteria was the main mechanism of lung abscess infection.
- A lung abscess is a localized area of lung tissue destruction greater than 2cm in diameter caused by pyogenic bacterial infection.
- In the pre-antibiotic era, 1/3 of lung abscess patients died, another 1/3 recovered, and the remaining 1/3 developed chronic illnesses.
- Risk factors include dental/sinus infections, impaired swallowing, gastric issues, and pre-existing lung diseases. Common causative organisms are described.
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis and formation of cavities greater than 2cm in the lung tissue caused by microbial infection. It is often caused by aspiration during anesthesia, sedation, or unconsciousness. Risk factors include age, male sex, and conditions like periodontal disease or dysphagia. Symptoms include cough with foul sputum, chest pain, fever, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves imaging like x-ray or CT scan showing spherical areas of density and air-fluid levels. Treatment is generally broad spectrum antibiotics for 6-8 weeks along with drainage procedures in some cases.
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, the thin membrane that surrounds the lungs. It is usually caused by a viral infection and causes sharp, stabbing chest pain that worsens with breathing or coughing. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and thoracentesis. Treatment focuses on relieving pain and includes antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, cough medication, and draining fluid via chest tube if needed.
This document discusses pleural effusions, pneumothorax, and their diagnosis and treatment. It defines a pleural effusion as excess fluid in the pleural space caused by increased fluid formation or decreased removal. Pleural effusions can be transudative or exudative based on their etiology. Symptoms include dyspnea and pleuritic pain. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, thoracentesis to analyze fluid characteristics, and sometimes biopsy. Treatment depends on the cause, with transudative effusions typically requiring treatment of the underlying condition and exudative effusions sometimes needing drainage or pleurodesis. Pneumothorax is also discussed as the accumulation of air in the pleural space
Lung abscess is a localized infection and necrosis of lung tissue that forms a cavity containing pus. It is usually caused by aspiration or infection traveling via the bloodstream. Common symptoms include fever, cough, sputum production, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray or CT scan to identify lung cavities. Treatment consists of antibiotics chosen based on suspected bacteria and may require hospitalization. Complications can include spread of infection to the pleural space or amyloidosis.
Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic lung disease that causes scarring and stiffening of lung tissues. It commonly occurs in people ages 50-70 and has no known cause in many cases. Diagnosis involves tests like chest X-rays, lung biopsies, and pulmonary function tests. Symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, and weight loss. While there is no cure, treatments aim to reduce inflammation and complications through medications, oxygen therapy, and possibly lung transplantation in severe cases. Research continues on new drugs that may slow scarring of the lungs.
This document discusses pneumothorax, beginning with the causes and types. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax is usually caused by a ruptured bleb and occurs more often in young, thin males who smoke. Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax has an underlying lung disease like emphysema. Traumatic pneumothorax results from blunt or penetrating chest trauma or medical procedures. Imaging findings and complications are also described, including recurrent pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax, and re-expansion pulmonary edema. Ultrasound is a sensitive test for pneumothorax diagnosis.
The pleura is a membrane that covers the lungs and lines the chest cavity. It normally contains a thin film of fluid to allow the lungs to move during breathing. Disorders occur when excess fluid or air collects in the pleural space. Common causes of pleural effusions include heart failure, pneumonia, cancer, and tuberculosis. The fluid is analyzed to determine the specific cause and guide treatment such as diuretics, chest tubes, or antibiotics. Pneumothorax is the collection of air in the pleural space, and can be spontaneous, traumatic, or tension-related requiring urgent treatment.
Pleural effusion is an excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall that can impair breathing. It is classified as a transudate or exudate, with transudates caused by conditions like heart or liver failure that increase hydrostatic pressure, and exudates caused by inflammation from infections or cancers. Fluid types include serous, bloody, chyle, or pus. Symptoms are shortness of breath, chest pain, and coughing. Diagnosis involves chest imaging and fluid analysis. Treatment focuses on treating the underlying cause, relieving symptoms through thoracentesis or chest tube drainage, and preventing reaccumulation of fluid.
The document discusses bronchitis and related respiratory conditions. It defines acute bronchitis as a self-limiting inflammation of the bronchial passages typically caused by bacterial or viral infection. Symptoms include productive cough, dyspnea, and possible fever. Chronic bronchitis is defined as the presence of cough and sputum production for at least three months in two consecutive years, often caused by smoke or environmental pollutants. Bronchiectasis is characterized by irreversible dilation of the bronchi due to destruction of supporting structures, resulting in reduced mucus clearance and airway obstruction.
Pleural effusion is an abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It can occur when fluid builds up faster than it drains away and common causes include congestive heart failure, pneumonia, and cancer. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, CT scans, or analyzing fluid drawn from the pleural space during a thoracentesis procedure. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include diuretics, antibiotics, drainage of fluid, or surgery in severe cases.
The document discusses various types of cystic lung lesions. It defines a cyst as a round circumscribed space surrounded by an epithelial or fibrous wall. Several types of cystic lung lesions are described in detail, including bronchogenic cysts, pulmonary sequestration, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM), and lymphangioleiomyomatosis. CCAM is further classified into 5 types based on appearance and characteristics. The document provides imaging findings, pathological features, complications, and clinical presentations for several common cystic lung lesions.
Pleural effusion occurs when fluid accumulates in the pleural space, usually due to other underlying diseases or conditions that cause an imbalance between fluid formation and absorption. Normally a small amount of fluid is present to reduce friction between the pleural layers. Pleural effusions can be transudative or exudative, with transudative caused by systemic factors altering hydrostatic or oncotic pressures and exudative caused by local lung or pleural pathology. Diagnosis involves chest imaging and thoracentesis to analyze pleural fluid. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause, with thoracentesis used to relieve symptoms but risks like pneumothorax needing to be managed.
The document discusses empyema thoracis, beginning with definitions and a brief history. It describes the stages of empyema development from parapneumonic effusion to organized empyema. Common causes include bacterial pneumonias. Diagnosis involves pleural fluid analysis and imaging. Management includes antibiotics, drainage, and surgery if drainage fails. Surgical options range from VATS to open procedures depending on severity.
This document provides information about pleural effusions. It defines a pleural effusion as excess fluid buildup between the pleural layers outside the lungs. Normally a small amount of fluid is present and circulated, but over 25mL is considered an effusion. Effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on their characteristics. Symptoms include chest pain and breathing difficulties. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like x-rays, and fluid analysis. Management depends on the underlying cause but may include drainage, medication, or surgery in severe cases.
1) Thoracentesis is a procedure to remove excess fluid from the pleural space and is used both diagnostically and therapeutically for various conditions including pleural effusions, pneumonias, and malignancies.
2) Specific etiologies of pleural effusions may determine whether thoracentesis is sufficient or if additional invasive procedures are needed, such as chest tube insertion, thoracoscopy, or decortication.
3) Diagnostic thoracentesis allows classification of effusions and collection of fluid for further analysis, while therapeutic thoracentesis can provide symptomatic relief for large effusions.
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses, bacteria, or other irritants. It is characterized by coughing and mucus production. Risk factors include smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, air pollution, and weakened immune systems. Treatment involves antibiotics for bacterial infections, bronchodilators, expectorants, and lifestyle changes like smoking cessation. Nursing care focuses on airway clearance, breathing exercises, hydration, and preventing exacerbations.
1. Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate gland that can be acute or chronic and is caused by bacterial or non-bacterial factors.
2. It is classified into four categories including acute bacterial, chronic bacterial, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, and asymptomatic inflammatory types.
3. Symptoms vary depending on the type but can include urinary issues, pain, and sexual dysfunction. Diagnosis involves urinalysis, urine culture, and examination of expressed prostatic secretions. Treatment focuses on antibiotics for bacterial infections and supportive care.
thrombophlebitis and phlebothrombosis.pptxSYED MASOOD
Phlebothrombosis refers to thrombosis occurring in deep leg veins without vein wall inflammation, while thrombophlebitis involves thrombosis with inflammatory reaction. Virchow identified three factors predisposing to phlebothrombosis - slowed blood flow, vessel wall changes, and blood changes. Those at higher risk include those with congestive heart failure, recent surgery or immobility, obesity, varicose veins, or contraceptive pill use. Thrombophlebitis can result from trauma, infections, cancers, tropical diseases, or conditions causing vein wall irritation. Clinical manifestations of phlebothrombosis include leg swelling and pain, while thrombophlebitis presents as a reddened, warm
This document provides an overview of pneumothorax, including its definition, classification, mechanisms, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Pneumothorax is defined as the presence of air in the pleural space, and can be spontaneous, traumatic, or iatrogenic. It presents with symptoms like dyspnea and chest pain. Diagnosis is typically made through chest x-ray or CT scan. Management depends on the type and severity, and may include oxygen therapy, needle aspiration, chest tube drainage, or surgery like pleurodesis for recurrent cases.
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic
The document discusses pleural disease and pleural effusions. It covers pleural anatomy, physiology of pleural fluid formation and drainage, diagnostic evaluation of pleural effusions including physical exam, imaging like chest x-ray and CT, and diagnostic thoracentesis. Pleural effusions are classified as transudative or exudative. Common causes of exudative pleural effusions include infections like tuberculosis, malignancy, heart failure, and pulmonary embolism.
This document provides an overview of pleural effusion, including:
- Pleural effusion is abnormal fluid accumulation in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. Fluid builds up due to changes in pressure or permeability.
- Effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on their mechanism and composition. Causes include infections, cancers, heart failure, and other conditions.
- Symptoms depend on the underlying cause but may include chest pain, difficulty breathing, and cough. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like x-rays, and analyzing pleural fluid obtained via thoracentesis.
- Management consists of treating the underlying condition medically or surgically with drainage
Pleural effusion occurs when there is an imbalance between the formation and absorption of fluid in the pleural space. This document outlines the classification, pathogenesis, etiologies, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of pleural effusions. Pleural effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on the composition of the pleural fluid and the mechanism causing it. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, ultrasound or CT scan followed by diagnostic thoracentesis of the pleural fluid. Management depends on the underlying cause but may include supportive care, antibiotics, diuretics, chest tube placement, or chemical pleurodesis.
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, the thin membrane that surrounds the lungs. It is usually caused by a viral infection and causes sharp, stabbing chest pain that worsens with breathing or coughing. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and thoracentesis. Treatment focuses on relieving pain and includes antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, cough medication, and draining fluid via chest tube if needed.
This document discusses pleural effusions, pneumothorax, and their diagnosis and treatment. It defines a pleural effusion as excess fluid in the pleural space caused by increased fluid formation or decreased removal. Pleural effusions can be transudative or exudative based on their etiology. Symptoms include dyspnea and pleuritic pain. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, thoracentesis to analyze fluid characteristics, and sometimes biopsy. Treatment depends on the cause, with transudative effusions typically requiring treatment of the underlying condition and exudative effusions sometimes needing drainage or pleurodesis. Pneumothorax is also discussed as the accumulation of air in the pleural space
Lung abscess is a localized infection and necrosis of lung tissue that forms a cavity containing pus. It is usually caused by aspiration or infection traveling via the bloodstream. Common symptoms include fever, cough, sputum production, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray or CT scan to identify lung cavities. Treatment consists of antibiotics chosen based on suspected bacteria and may require hospitalization. Complications can include spread of infection to the pleural space or amyloidosis.
Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic lung disease that causes scarring and stiffening of lung tissues. It commonly occurs in people ages 50-70 and has no known cause in many cases. Diagnosis involves tests like chest X-rays, lung biopsies, and pulmonary function tests. Symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, and weight loss. While there is no cure, treatments aim to reduce inflammation and complications through medications, oxygen therapy, and possibly lung transplantation in severe cases. Research continues on new drugs that may slow scarring of the lungs.
This document discusses pneumothorax, beginning with the causes and types. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax is usually caused by a ruptured bleb and occurs more often in young, thin males who smoke. Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax has an underlying lung disease like emphysema. Traumatic pneumothorax results from blunt or penetrating chest trauma or medical procedures. Imaging findings and complications are also described, including recurrent pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax, and re-expansion pulmonary edema. Ultrasound is a sensitive test for pneumothorax diagnosis.
The pleura is a membrane that covers the lungs and lines the chest cavity. It normally contains a thin film of fluid to allow the lungs to move during breathing. Disorders occur when excess fluid or air collects in the pleural space. Common causes of pleural effusions include heart failure, pneumonia, cancer, and tuberculosis. The fluid is analyzed to determine the specific cause and guide treatment such as diuretics, chest tubes, or antibiotics. Pneumothorax is the collection of air in the pleural space, and can be spontaneous, traumatic, or tension-related requiring urgent treatment.
Pleural effusion is an excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall that can impair breathing. It is classified as a transudate or exudate, with transudates caused by conditions like heart or liver failure that increase hydrostatic pressure, and exudates caused by inflammation from infections or cancers. Fluid types include serous, bloody, chyle, or pus. Symptoms are shortness of breath, chest pain, and coughing. Diagnosis involves chest imaging and fluid analysis. Treatment focuses on treating the underlying cause, relieving symptoms through thoracentesis or chest tube drainage, and preventing reaccumulation of fluid.
The document discusses bronchitis and related respiratory conditions. It defines acute bronchitis as a self-limiting inflammation of the bronchial passages typically caused by bacterial or viral infection. Symptoms include productive cough, dyspnea, and possible fever. Chronic bronchitis is defined as the presence of cough and sputum production for at least three months in two consecutive years, often caused by smoke or environmental pollutants. Bronchiectasis is characterized by irreversible dilation of the bronchi due to destruction of supporting structures, resulting in reduced mucus clearance and airway obstruction.
Pleural effusion is an abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It can occur when fluid builds up faster than it drains away and common causes include congestive heart failure, pneumonia, and cancer. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, CT scans, or analyzing fluid drawn from the pleural space during a thoracentesis procedure. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include diuretics, antibiotics, drainage of fluid, or surgery in severe cases.
The document discusses various types of cystic lung lesions. It defines a cyst as a round circumscribed space surrounded by an epithelial or fibrous wall. Several types of cystic lung lesions are described in detail, including bronchogenic cysts, pulmonary sequestration, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM), and lymphangioleiomyomatosis. CCAM is further classified into 5 types based on appearance and characteristics. The document provides imaging findings, pathological features, complications, and clinical presentations for several common cystic lung lesions.
Pleural effusion occurs when fluid accumulates in the pleural space, usually due to other underlying diseases or conditions that cause an imbalance between fluid formation and absorption. Normally a small amount of fluid is present to reduce friction between the pleural layers. Pleural effusions can be transudative or exudative, with transudative caused by systemic factors altering hydrostatic or oncotic pressures and exudative caused by local lung or pleural pathology. Diagnosis involves chest imaging and thoracentesis to analyze pleural fluid. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause, with thoracentesis used to relieve symptoms but risks like pneumothorax needing to be managed.
The document discusses empyema thoracis, beginning with definitions and a brief history. It describes the stages of empyema development from parapneumonic effusion to organized empyema. Common causes include bacterial pneumonias. Diagnosis involves pleural fluid analysis and imaging. Management includes antibiotics, drainage, and surgery if drainage fails. Surgical options range from VATS to open procedures depending on severity.
This document provides information about pleural effusions. It defines a pleural effusion as excess fluid buildup between the pleural layers outside the lungs. Normally a small amount of fluid is present and circulated, but over 25mL is considered an effusion. Effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on their characteristics. Symptoms include chest pain and breathing difficulties. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like x-rays, and fluid analysis. Management depends on the underlying cause but may include drainage, medication, or surgery in severe cases.
1) Thoracentesis is a procedure to remove excess fluid from the pleural space and is used both diagnostically and therapeutically for various conditions including pleural effusions, pneumonias, and malignancies.
2) Specific etiologies of pleural effusions may determine whether thoracentesis is sufficient or if additional invasive procedures are needed, such as chest tube insertion, thoracoscopy, or decortication.
3) Diagnostic thoracentesis allows classification of effusions and collection of fluid for further analysis, while therapeutic thoracentesis can provide symptomatic relief for large effusions.
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses, bacteria, or other irritants. It is characterized by coughing and mucus production. Risk factors include smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, air pollution, and weakened immune systems. Treatment involves antibiotics for bacterial infections, bronchodilators, expectorants, and lifestyle changes like smoking cessation. Nursing care focuses on airway clearance, breathing exercises, hydration, and preventing exacerbations.
1. Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate gland that can be acute or chronic and is caused by bacterial or non-bacterial factors.
2. It is classified into four categories including acute bacterial, chronic bacterial, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, and asymptomatic inflammatory types.
3. Symptoms vary depending on the type but can include urinary issues, pain, and sexual dysfunction. Diagnosis involves urinalysis, urine culture, and examination of expressed prostatic secretions. Treatment focuses on antibiotics for bacterial infections and supportive care.
thrombophlebitis and phlebothrombosis.pptxSYED MASOOD
Phlebothrombosis refers to thrombosis occurring in deep leg veins without vein wall inflammation, while thrombophlebitis involves thrombosis with inflammatory reaction. Virchow identified three factors predisposing to phlebothrombosis - slowed blood flow, vessel wall changes, and blood changes. Those at higher risk include those with congestive heart failure, recent surgery or immobility, obesity, varicose veins, or contraceptive pill use. Thrombophlebitis can result from trauma, infections, cancers, tropical diseases, or conditions causing vein wall irritation. Clinical manifestations of phlebothrombosis include leg swelling and pain, while thrombophlebitis presents as a reddened, warm
This document provides an overview of pneumothorax, including its definition, classification, mechanisms, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Pneumothorax is defined as the presence of air in the pleural space, and can be spontaneous, traumatic, or iatrogenic. It presents with symptoms like dyspnea and chest pain. Diagnosis is typically made through chest x-ray or CT scan. Management depends on the type and severity, and may include oxygen therapy, needle aspiration, chest tube drainage, or surgery like pleurodesis for recurrent cases.
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic
The document discusses pleural disease and pleural effusions. It covers pleural anatomy, physiology of pleural fluid formation and drainage, diagnostic evaluation of pleural effusions including physical exam, imaging like chest x-ray and CT, and diagnostic thoracentesis. Pleural effusions are classified as transudative or exudative. Common causes of exudative pleural effusions include infections like tuberculosis, malignancy, heart failure, and pulmonary embolism.
This document provides an overview of pleural effusion, including:
- Pleural effusion is abnormal fluid accumulation in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. Fluid builds up due to changes in pressure or permeability.
- Effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on their mechanism and composition. Causes include infections, cancers, heart failure, and other conditions.
- Symptoms depend on the underlying cause but may include chest pain, difficulty breathing, and cough. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like x-rays, and analyzing pleural fluid obtained via thoracentesis.
- Management consists of treating the underlying condition medically or surgically with drainage
Pleural effusion occurs when there is an imbalance between the formation and absorption of fluid in the pleural space. This document outlines the classification, pathogenesis, etiologies, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of pleural effusions. Pleural effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on the composition of the pleural fluid and the mechanism causing it. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, ultrasound or CT scan followed by diagnostic thoracentesis of the pleural fluid. Management depends on the underlying cause but may include supportive care, antibiotics, diuretics, chest tube placement, or chemical pleurodesis.
This document discusses pleural effusions, which occur when fluid accumulates in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. A small amount of fluid is normal but excess fluid can accumulate if the rate of fluid formation exceeds drainage by lymphatics. Effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on their protein content and cell characteristics. Common causes of transudative effusions include heart failure and cirrhosis, while exudative effusions have infectious or inflammatory causes like pneumonia or cancer. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like chest x-ray, and analyzing pleural fluid obtained via thoracentesis.
1) A pleural effusion is an abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It can impair breathing by limiting lung expansion.
2) Pleural effusions are usually caused by other underlying conditions and can be transudative or exudative depending on the fluid characteristics. Common causes include infections, heart failure, and cancer.
3) Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging tests, and thoracentesis to analyze pleural fluid. Management depends on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, diuretics, chest tube drainage, surgery, or pleurodesis to prevent further fluid buildup.
A pleural effusion is a collection of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It can be caused by conditions that increase hydrostatic pressure or decrease oncotic pressure, allowing fluid to accumulate. Diagnosis is typically made initially through chest x-ray or ultrasound imaging. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve thoracentesis to drain fluid if it is causing breathing difficulties or pleurodesis to fuse the lung layers together to prevent further effusions.
This document discusses pleural effusions, which are collections of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It covers the etiology, mechanisms, classification as transudates or exudates, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation including thoracentesis, and treatment approaches for pleural effusions. Common causes include congestive heart failure, pneumonia, malignancy, and pulmonary embolism. Diagnostic thoracentesis is performed to analyze pleural fluid characteristics and determine the underlying condition. Treatment depends on the cause but may involve drainage procedures, chemotherapy, or sclerosing agents.
Pleural effusion is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It can be caused by conditions that alter fluid pressure or permeability of the pleura. A pleural effusion is classified based on its location, mechanism, and fluid characteristics. Evaluation involves physical exam, chest x-ray, ultrasound, and thoracentesis to analyze the fluid. Management depends on treating the underlying cause, with antibiotics for infections, diuretics for heart failure, or drainage procedures for large or infected effusions.
The document discusses pleural effusion, including its normal physiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, aetiology, investigations, and medical management. Pleural effusion occurs when fluid formation in the pleural space increases or absorption decreases, causing fluid accumulation. Effusions can be transudative or exudative. Investigations include chest x-ray, ultrasound, and thoracentesis for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Management involves treating the underlying cause, therapeutic thoracentesis for symptom relief, and procedures for recurrent or complicated effusions.
Pleural effusions occur when there is an excess amount of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. Normally this space contains a small amount of fluid that is produced and reabsorbed continuously. Pleural effusions can be either transudative or exudative depending on the fluid characteristics and are usually caused by other underlying conditions that interfere with fluid balance. Common causes include heart failure, liver disease, and pneumonia. Diagnosis involves analyzing the pleural fluid for properties such as pH, glucose level, and cell count to classify it as transudate or exudate and determine the likely cause.
This document summarizes pleural effusions, which is an excess buildup of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. Pleural effusions are classified as transudative or exudative depending on their protein content. Common causes include heart failure, cancer, pneumonia, and kidney disease. Symptoms include chest pain, cough, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, CT scans, or ultrasounds. Treatment involves removing the fluid via thoracentesis and determining the cause, with diuretics used for heart failure or surgery for recurrent malignant effusions.
This document provides information on pleural effusion, including anatomy of the pleural space, physiology of pleural fluid movement, classification of pleural effusions, etiology, clinical features, investigations, and management. Key points include:
- The pleura is a thin membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the chest wall, with the pleural space normally containing a small amount of fluid.
- Pleural effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on fluid characteristics and cause increased hydrostatic pressure or inflammation/permeability.
- Common causes include congestive heart failure, pneumonia, malignancy, and liver/renal failure.
- Investigations include chest x-ray
A 65-year-old male smoker presented with left-sided chest pain and difficulty breathing for 2 weeks and was found to have a left pleural effusion secondary to tuberculosis based on symptoms, examination findings showing dullness and absent breath sounds on the left side, and imaging showing pleural effusion on the left.
Pleural effusion occurs when fluid accumulates in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall due to an imbalance of fluid filtration and reabsorption. It can be caused by conditions that increase hydrostatic pressure or permeability of pulmonary capillaries such as heart failure, or conditions involving the pleura like infections, malignancies, and trauma. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, CT, or ultrasound imaging to detect fluid levels, with thoracentesis of opaque or symptomatic effusions to analyze appearance, cell count, chemistries and cytology to determine if the effusion is an exudate or transudate and guide treatment of the underlying condition.
Pleural Effusion in Children-converted.pptxLadderGroup
1. Pleural effusion is fluid that accumulates in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It is usually caused by conditions that increase fluid production or decrease absorption such as bacterial pneumonia.
2. Evaluation of pleural effusion involves chest x-ray, ultrasound, and thoracentesis. Analysis of pleural fluid helps determine if it is a transudate or exudate. Chest tube insertion may be needed for large or loculated effusions.
3. Management of parapneumonic effusion involves antibiotics along with serial thoracentesis or chest tube drainage depending on the size and characteristics of the effusion. Chest tubes are indicated for frank pus, large effusions over half the
Pleural effusions occur when there is an imbalance between fluid formation and absorption in the pleural space, causing fluid accumulation. The four most common causes are pulmonary embolism, cardiac failure, malignant pleural infiltration, and pneumonia. Effusions are classified as transudates or exudates based on fluid characteristics. Imaging like chest x-rays and CT scans are used to detect and characterize effusions. Diagnostic thoracentesis is indicated for clinically significant effusions to analyze fluid appearance, chemistry, cell counts, and microbiology to determine the underlying cause and guide treatment.
This document provides an overview of pleural effusions including definition, composition of pleural fluid, etiology, classification, symptoms, clinical findings, investigations and diagnosis, and management. Key points include that pleural effusions occur when fluid formation exceeds absorption or absorption is reduced. Etiologies include conditions that increase fluid formation or decrease absorption. Investigations include chest x-ray, thoracentesis, and analysis of pleural fluid. Management depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, diuretics, chest tube placement, chemical pleurodesis, or VATS.
The document discusses pleural effusion and empyema in children. It covers pleural anatomy and pathophysiology of fluid accumulation. Common causes of pleural effusion in children are bacterial pneumonia. Evaluation involves chest X-ray, ultrasound, and thoracentesis. Pleural fluid is classified as transudate or exudate using Light's criteria. Parapneumonic effusions are further classified into uncomplicated and complicated categories depending on pH, glucose and LDH levels. Treatment involves antibiotics with chest tube drainage for complicated parapneumonic effusions or empyema. Fibrinolytics like streptokinase may be given for loculated collections.
Pleural effusion results from an imbalance between pleural fluid formation and absorption, causing fluid to accumulate in the pleural space. Fluid formation occurs through capillaries in the parietal pleura, and absorption occurs via lymphatic vessels. When the rate of formation exceeds absorption, effusion occurs. Effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on fluid characteristics. Diagnostic testing of pleural fluid aims to determine the cause of effusion. Radiography and ultrasound are used to identify and characterize pleural fluid.
The document discusses pleurisy and pleural effusions. It defines the pleura and pleural space, and describes different types of pleural syndromes including dry pleurisy, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and fibrothorax. Common causes, symptoms, signs, and investigation findings for pleural effusions are outlined. Pleural fluid analysis is described to differentiate exudates from transudates. Differentials are provided for lymphocytic and eosinophilic pleural effusions.
Pulmonary edema occurs when fluid accumulates in the lungs, filling the alveoli. It can be caused by increased hydrostatic pressure from conditions like heart failure (cardiogenic pulmonary edema) or increased permeability from issues such as pneumonia. Symptoms include dyspnea, cough, and crackles on lung exam. Diagnosis is made clinically and through chest x-ray findings like Kerley B lines or butterfly pattern opacities. Treatment focuses on supporting breathing and addressing the underlying cause through oxygen, diuretics, vasodilators, or mechanical ventilation depending on severity and cause of pulmonary edema.
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2. INTRODUCTION
Pleural effusion, a collection of fluid in the pleural space, is
rarely a primary disease process but is usually secondary to
other diseases
The pleural space normally contains only about 10-20 ml of
serous fluid
Pleural fluid normally seeps continually into the pleural
space from the capillaries lining the parietal pleura and is
reabsorbed by the visceral pleural capillaries and lymphatic
system
Any condition that interferes with either secretion or
drainage of this fluid leads to pleural effusion
3. What Is Pleural Effusion?
Pleural effusion, sometimes referred to as
“water on the lungs,” is the build-up of
excess fluid between the layers of
the pleura outside the lungs. The pleura are thin
membranes that line the lungs and the inside of
the chest cavity and act to lubricate and
facilitate breathing
4. DEFINITION
Pleural effusion is excess fluid that
accumulates between the two pleural layers,
the fluid-filled space that surrounds the
lungs. Excessive amounts of such fluid can
impair breathing by limiting the expansion of
the lungs during ventilation.
6. Classification
•Can be unilateral or bilateral and classified
A)Based on site
Apical
Interlobar
Sub-pulmonic
Mediastinal
B)Based on mechanism and type of pleural fluid
Transudative (alteration in hydrostatic and oncotic pressure)
Exudative (alteration in pleural permeability)
7. c) Based on mechanism and type of pleural fluid
formed
Pyogenic
Chylous
Haemothorax
Pseudochylous
Hydrothorax
8.
9.
10.
11.
12. Pathogenesis
• Increased vascular permeability allows migration of inflammatory
cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils) into the pleural
space.
• The process is mediated by a number of cytokines such as
interleukin IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and
platelet activating factor released by mesothelial cells lining the
pleural space. The result is the exudative stage of a pleural
effusion. This progresses to the fibro-purulent stage due to
increased fluid accumulation and bacterial invasion across the
damaged epithelium.
• Neutrophil migration occurs as well as activation of the
coagulation cascade leading to pro-coagulant activity and
decreased fibrinolysis. Deposition of fibrin in the pleural space
then leads to septation or loculation. The pleural fluid pH and
glucose level falls while LDH levels increase.
21. Clinical features
Many patients have no symptoms due to the effusion when
effusion is small.
Pleuritic chest pain is the usual symptom of pleural
inflammation.
Irritation of the pleural surfaces may also result in a dry,
nonproductive cough.
With larger effusions, dyspnea results from lung
compression.
22. Common symptoms
•chest pain
•dry cough
•fever
•difficulty breathing when lying down
•shortness of breath
•difficulty taking deep breaths
•persistent hiccups
•difficulty with physical activity
23. Physical examination
Inspection:
Absent or diminished movements of affected side
Fullness of chest with bulging intercostal spaces
Palpation:
Diminished breath sounds over the site of the effusion
Decreased or absent tactile fremitus
Percussion:
Stony dullness to percussion
Auscultation:
Absence of breath sounds over the effusion
Vocal resonance absent
Signs of pneumonia like bronchial breathing, crackles etc.
24. Investigations
Total and differential leucocyte counts
• Acute phase reactants-white cell count, total neutrophil
count, CRP, ESR, pro-calcitonin distinguish bacterial from
viral causes
Radiological examination
• X-ray chest PAview done in erect position-a total of
300mL of fluid is needed to diagnose pleural effusion
clinically and radiologically
• Even 50mL of fluid can be demonstrated radiologically in
lateral decubitus
25. Findings
• Obliteration of cardiophrenic and costophrenic angles
• Loculated effusions
• Subpulmonic effusion-collection of fluid below the
diaphragm will lead to elevation of diaphragm, confirmed
by X-ray in lateral decubitus
• Lateral decubitus on side of effusion will show a shift in
the fluid level
• Tracheal and mediastinal shifts are seen in massive
effusion
26.
27. Ultrasonogram
Useful in differentiating between loculated pleural effusion and tumour
CT Scan
Helpful if the effusion is minimal or loculated
Pleural fluid aspiration (Thoracocentesis)
Diagnostic: Helps to differentiate between exudates and transudates
Therapeutic: Massive collection or rapid collection of pleural fluid
Severe respiratory distress
Suspected empyema
Massive mediastinal shift
30. LIGHTS CRITERIA
An accurate diagnosis of the cause of the effusion,
transudate versus exudate, relies on a comparison
of the chemistries in the pleural fluid to those in the
blood, using Light's criteria.
According to Light's criteria (Light, et al. 1972), a
pleural effusion is likely exudative if at least one of
the following exists:
31. LIGHT’S CRITERIA:
• Atleast one of the following criteria should be
satisfied to identify exudates:
Pleural fluid to serum total protein ratio- more than
0.5
Pleural fluid to serum LDH ratio- more than 0.6
Pleural fluid LDH- more than two-third of serum LDH
None of these criteria should be satisfied in a
transudative effusion
32. Roth’s criteria
• If serum-pleural fluid albumin gradient
is more than 1.2 it is transudate, else
exudate.
33. Pleural Fluid Biochemistry
• pH
• Glucose
• Lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)
• Sodium, potassium and calcium conc
• Amylase
• Adenosine deaminase
• Ratio of protein in pleural fluid to serum
• Ratio of LDH values in pleural fluid to serum
34. PLEURAL FLUID CYTOLOGY
WBC Count
Predominant cell type(neutrophil, lymphocytes, eosinophils, red
blood cells)
Lymphocytosis- if >50% leucocytosis then suspect TB
Malignant cells
PLEURAL FLUID MICROBIOLOGY
Gram stain
Acid fast for AFB
Pleural fluid Culture
AFB Culture
PCR for TB
35. Pleural Biopsy
• Can be done at maximum dullness on percussion or
at a maximum thickening of pleura. Abram’s pleural
biopsy needle is used for biopsy
• Most helpful in evaluating for TB
• Limited utility for CA (40-50% positive)
Repeat cytology x 3
• Sarcoid, fungal: might be helpful
39. MANAGEMENT
GOAL of treatment is to:
1. Remove the fluid
2. Prevent fluid from building up again
3. Determine and treat the cause of the
fluid buildup
40. Management
SUPPORTIVE TREATMENT
• Oxygen is necessary if SpO2 <92%
• Fluid therapy if child dehydrated or unable/unwilling
in drinking water
• Initiate IV antibiotics
• Analgesics and antipyretics
• Chest radiography & U/S
41. REMOVAL OF FLUID
Removing the fluid (thoracentesis) may
be done if there is a lot of fluid and it is
causing chest pressure, shortness of
breath, or a low oxygen level.
Removing the fluid allows the lung to
expand, making breathing easier.
42. Medical
• Treat the cause
Pneumonia- initial blind antibiotic treatment
A) Following community acquired pneumonia
• Cefuroxime
• Co-amoxiclav
• Penicillin & flucloxacillin
• Amoxicillin & flucloxaxillin
• Clindamycin
B) Hospital acquired pneumonia
• Broader spectrum antibiotics that cover aerobic gram negative rods
43. • Tuberculosis- Category I treatment
2HRZE+4HRE
Prednisolone 1-2mg/kg orally 4-6weeks promotes
rapid absorption of the pleural fluid and prevents
fibrosis
• Congestive cardiac failure- treat with diuretics and
other anti-failure medications
44. Surgical
• Pleural fluid aspiration is done by using a wide bore
needle. If the fluid is thick and cannot be drained by a
needle, an intercostal drainage(under water seal) at the
most dependant part should be done.
• Indications
Empyema
Presence of causative organisms in the fluid
Pleural fluid glucose <50mg/dL
Pleural fluid pH <7.0
45. Pleural effusions that cannot be managed through drainage
or pleural sclerosis may require surgical treatment.
The two types of surgery include:
1.Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)
A minimally-invasive approach that is completed through 1
to 3 small (approximately ½ -inch) incisions in the chest.
Also known as thoracoscopic surgery, this procedure is
effective in managing pleural effusions that are difficult to
drain or recur due to malignancy. Sterile talc or an antibiotic
may be inserted at the time of surgery to prevent the
recurrence of fluid build-up.
46. 2.A thoracThoracotomy (Also referred to as traditional,
“open” thoracic surgery)
otomy is performed through a 6- to 8-inch incision in the
chest and is recommended for pleural effusions when
infection is present.
A thoracotomy is performed to remove all of the fibrous
tissue and aids in evacuating the infection from the pleural
space.
Patients will require chest tubes for 2 days to 2 weeks
after surgery to continue draining fluid.
47. • Complications
• Pleural shock
• Introduction of infection
• Pneumothorax
• Pulmonary embolism
• Air embolism
• Acute pulmonary edema
• Injury to neovascular bundles
• Hydropneumothorax