Primary and Secondary Hemostasis is Discussed
This is a copy of a lecture provided as an overview of platelet disorders for board preparation to the MercyOne Des Moines Internal Medicine Residency
This document discusses hypercoagulable states (thrombophilia). It presents two case studies of patients presenting with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). It then defines thrombophilia as a disorder associated with an increased tendency to form blood clots. The document reviews hemostasis and coagulation mechanisms, inherited and acquired risk factors for hypercoagulability, and recommends a stepwise approach to thrombophilia testing that considers the clinical scenario and implications of testing.
Bleeding disorders are caused by abnormalities in hemostasis and coagulation, characterized by spontaneous or trauma-induced skin or mucosal bleeding from capillaries. The process of hemostasis involves platelet plug formation and coagulation reactions resulting in fibrin formation to stop bleeding. Disorders can involve abnormalities of platelets, blood vessels, or coagulation factors, leading to excessive bleeding from sites like the skin, joints, muscles or body cavities. Diagnosis involves tests like aPTT, PT, and platelet counts to assess the coagulation pathways and pinpoint the cause of bleeding.
This document discusses polycythemia, which is an increase in red blood cells. It can be primary (polycythemia vera) or secondary to other causes like tissue hypoxia or abnormal erythropoietin production. Polycythemia vera is a clonal disorder associated with a JAK2 mutation and is typically managed through phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell mass and prevent complications like thrombosis. Symptoms can include splenomegaly, aquagenic pruritus, erythromelalgia, and hyperuricemia. Treatment may also include chemotherapy or splenectomy in severe cases.
Platelets are cell fragments that originate from megakaryocytes and play a key role in hemostasis. The normal platelet count is 150,000-450,000/L. Thrombopoietin regulates platelet production in the liver and spleen. When the endothelium is damaged, platelets adhere through von Willebrand factor and become activated, releasing granule contents that promote clot formation. Thrombocytopenia can result from decreased production, increased destruction, or sequestration and has various acquired and inherited causes. Disorders like immune thrombocytopenic purpura and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura involve autoimmune or inflammatory platelet destruction.
Anemia of chronic disease (ACD), also known as anemia of inflammation, is a common type of anemia associated with chronic infections, inflammatory disorders, and some cancers. It is characterized by inadequate red blood cell production, low serum iron levels, and low iron binding capacity. The anemia is usually mild to moderate in severity. Treatment involves addressing the underlying chronic condition causing the inflammation.
The document outlines an approach to evaluating and diagnosing bleeding disorders. It discusses:
1. Obtaining a clinical history and performing screening laboratory tests like PT, PTT, and platelet count to classify the bleeding as a platelet, coagulation factor, or other disorder.
2. Using specialized tests like mixing studies and inhibitor assays to identify specific factor deficiencies or inhibitors.
3. Considering rare causes if screening tests are normal, like defects in fibrinolysis or factor XIII.
4. Evaluating acquired bleeding in settings like liver disease and surgery.
A detailed approach with diagnostic algorithms is provided.
This document discusses normal hemostasis and bleeding disorders. It begins by describing the normal mechanisms of hemostasis, including the primary and secondary stages. It then discusses various bleeding disorders that can result from defects in blood vessels, platelets, or coagulation factors. Common laboratory tests for evaluation of hemostasis are also presented, including prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and fibrinogen levels. Interpretation of laboratory findings and secondary tests like mixing studies are outlined. Causes of abnormal bleeding including qualitative and quantitative platelet and coagulation factor disorders are explored.
This document discusses hypercoagulable states (thrombophilia). It presents two case studies of patients presenting with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). It then defines thrombophilia as a disorder associated with an increased tendency to form blood clots. The document reviews hemostasis and coagulation mechanisms, inherited and acquired risk factors for hypercoagulability, and recommends a stepwise approach to thrombophilia testing that considers the clinical scenario and implications of testing.
Bleeding disorders are caused by abnormalities in hemostasis and coagulation, characterized by spontaneous or trauma-induced skin or mucosal bleeding from capillaries. The process of hemostasis involves platelet plug formation and coagulation reactions resulting in fibrin formation to stop bleeding. Disorders can involve abnormalities of platelets, blood vessels, or coagulation factors, leading to excessive bleeding from sites like the skin, joints, muscles or body cavities. Diagnosis involves tests like aPTT, PT, and platelet counts to assess the coagulation pathways and pinpoint the cause of bleeding.
This document discusses polycythemia, which is an increase in red blood cells. It can be primary (polycythemia vera) or secondary to other causes like tissue hypoxia or abnormal erythropoietin production. Polycythemia vera is a clonal disorder associated with a JAK2 mutation and is typically managed through phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell mass and prevent complications like thrombosis. Symptoms can include splenomegaly, aquagenic pruritus, erythromelalgia, and hyperuricemia. Treatment may also include chemotherapy or splenectomy in severe cases.
Platelets are cell fragments that originate from megakaryocytes and play a key role in hemostasis. The normal platelet count is 150,000-450,000/L. Thrombopoietin regulates platelet production in the liver and spleen. When the endothelium is damaged, platelets adhere through von Willebrand factor and become activated, releasing granule contents that promote clot formation. Thrombocytopenia can result from decreased production, increased destruction, or sequestration and has various acquired and inherited causes. Disorders like immune thrombocytopenic purpura and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura involve autoimmune or inflammatory platelet destruction.
Anemia of chronic disease (ACD), also known as anemia of inflammation, is a common type of anemia associated with chronic infections, inflammatory disorders, and some cancers. It is characterized by inadequate red blood cell production, low serum iron levels, and low iron binding capacity. The anemia is usually mild to moderate in severity. Treatment involves addressing the underlying chronic condition causing the inflammation.
The document outlines an approach to evaluating and diagnosing bleeding disorders. It discusses:
1. Obtaining a clinical history and performing screening laboratory tests like PT, PTT, and platelet count to classify the bleeding as a platelet, coagulation factor, or other disorder.
2. Using specialized tests like mixing studies and inhibitor assays to identify specific factor deficiencies or inhibitors.
3. Considering rare causes if screening tests are normal, like defects in fibrinolysis or factor XIII.
4. Evaluating acquired bleeding in settings like liver disease and surgery.
A detailed approach with diagnostic algorithms is provided.
This document discusses normal hemostasis and bleeding disorders. It begins by describing the normal mechanisms of hemostasis, including the primary and secondary stages. It then discusses various bleeding disorders that can result from defects in blood vessels, platelets, or coagulation factors. Common laboratory tests for evaluation of hemostasis are also presented, including prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and fibrinogen levels. Interpretation of laboratory findings and secondary tests like mixing studies are outlined. Causes of abnormal bleeding including qualitative and quantitative platelet and coagulation factor disorders are explored.
This document provides definitions and information about thrombocytopenia (platelet count <150,000/ml). It discusses increased bleeding risk with very low platelet counts and common clinical presentations. Potential causes of thrombocytopenia include decreased platelet production, increased platelet destruction, dilutional effects, and pseudothrombocytopenia. Specific conditions covered in detail include immune thrombocytopenic purpura, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome. Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment approaches are outlined for the different conditions.
Thrombotic Microangiopathies are diverse group of disorders wherein thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia and organ dysfunction such as Kidney and brain occur . Major recent advances in this field have occurred which opens up oppurtunities to effectively manage its clinical challenges .
Bleeding disorders Causes, Types, and DiagnosisDr Medical
https://userupload.net/v3l4i8jsk7wq
Factor II, V, VII, X, or XII deficiencies are bleeding disorders related to blood clotting problems or abnormal bleeding problems. Von Willebrand's disease isthe most common inherited bleeding disorder. It develops when the blood lacks von Willebrand factor, which helps the blood to clot.
This document discusses coagulopathies and bleeding disorders that are common in critical care patients. It covers the basics of coagulation testing and the mechanisms, diagnosis, and management of various coagulation disorders including disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), liver disease, thrombocytopenia, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HITT), thrombotic microangiopathies, and renal disease. Key points include diagnostic criteria for DIC and HITT, treatment guidelines for major bleeding and invasive procedures, and transfusion thresholds for platelets in different clinical contexts.
Platelet and coagulation post graduate lecture Monkez M Yousif
This lecture is prepared for postgraduate students in Internal medicine. It presents a physiologic and basic background of the process of homeostasis followed by a practical approach to diagnosis and brief information of different causes of bleeding disorders
This document discusses the approach and management of thrombocytopenia and immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). It defines thrombocytopenia and its causes, provides diagnostic criteria for ITP, and outlines treatment approaches including corticosteroids, IVIG, anti-D, thrombopoietin receptor agonists, splenectomy, rituximab, and experimental therapies. It also addresses management of severe bleeding, pregnancy-associated thrombocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia in the settings of HIV and hepatitis C infection.
Polycythemia vera is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by an absolute increase in red blood cells, total blood volume, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, and splenomegaly. It is caused by a clonal proliferation of a hematopoietic stem cell. Symptoms include headaches, visual disturbances, thrombosis, pruritus, and splenomegaly. Diagnosis involves meeting certain criteria including elevated hematocrit. Treatment involves phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell mass and hydroxyurea or interferon-alpha to reduce platelet and white blood cell counts and reduce risk of thrombosis.
This document discusses leukocyte disorders and focuses on leukemia. It defines leukemia as a group of malignant stem cell neoplasms characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of blasts in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The document covers the classification, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, and pathogenesis of acute leukemias. It discusses the use of morphology, cytochemistry, immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, and molecular genetics to diagnose and characterize acute leukemias.
Polycythemia is a blood disorder characterized by an increased red blood cell count. There are two main types: primary polycythemia vera, which is a stem cell cancer caused by a JAK2 mutation; and secondary polycythemia, caused by inappropriate erythropoietin secretion in response to conditions like high altitudes or lung/heart diseases. Polycythemia vera symptoms include headache, itching, fatigue and bleeding risks. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing increased red blood cells, hematocrit, and hemoglobin levels along with a bone marrow biopsy. Treatment focuses on phlebotomy and medications to reduce red blood cell counts.
This document discusses autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). It begins by defining hemolytic anemia and classifying it as either congenital/hereditary or acquired. It then discusses the classification of hemolytic anemias as either intracorpuscular or extracorpuscular. The mechanisms, clinical features, laboratory findings, and treatments of warm AIHA and cold AIHA are described in detail. Warm AIHA is mediated by IgG antibodies and most commonly involves the Rh blood group antigen. Cold AIHA involves IgM antibodies reactive below 37°C and usually targets the I antigen. Corticosteroids are first-line treatment for warm AIHA while cold AIHA may be associated with underlying infections or malignancies.
This document provides an overview of thrombocytopenia and its causes and classification. It discusses the normal physiology of platelet production and defines thrombocytopenia. The four main causes of thrombocytopenia are outlined as artifactual, deficient platelet production, accelerated platelet destruction, and abnormal platelet distribution. Specific causes under each category are then examined in more detail over several paragraphs.
Approach to patients with bleeding disordersAYM NAZIM
This document provides an overview of haemostasis and bleeding disorders. It defines haemostasis and its normal mechanism, then discusses the haemostatic system components and their role in haemostasis and thrombosis prevention. It describes different types of haemorrhagic disorders including those due to vascular defects, platelet abnormalities, coagulation factor deficiencies, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Specific bleeding disorders like thrombocytopenia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, hemophilia, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura are also summarized.
This document summarizes various platelet disorders including their causes, characteristics, diagnosis and treatment. It discusses decreased platelet production from bone marrow issues as well as increased platelet destruction from immune or non-immune causes. Specific disorders covered include idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, sequestration, Kasabach-Merritt syndrome, and others. Diagnostic tests and treatment approaches are provided for each condition.
Dr. Nahar K discusses disorders of platelets, including thrombocytopenia and platelet function disorders. Platelets play a key role in hemostasis by adhering to injury sites, aggregating with other platelets to form plugs, and releasing compounds to stimulate clot formation. Disorders can be qualitative defects in platelet function or quantitative defects in platelet number. Thrombocytopenia can be caused by increased platelet destruction, disorders of platelet distribution or pooling, or decreased platelet production. A thorough history, physical exam, blood smear, and functional platelet tests are used to evaluate the cause and guide treatment if needed to prevent bleeding risks.
Bleeding disorders(Disorders of Platelets and vessel wall)Rajesh S
(1) Bleeding disorders refer to functional impairments in the normal hemostatic process that result in bleeding even without an anatomical cause.
(2) Common signs of bleeding disorders include petechiae, purpura, hemarthrosis, ecchymoses, and hematomas. Coagulation disorders particularly present with hemarthrosis.
(3) Causes of bleeding disorders include problems with the vascular, platelet, and coagulation phases of hemostasis. Qualitative and quantitative platelet disorders as well as inherited and acquired coagulation factor deficiencies can all result in a bleeding tendency.
Platelets play a key role in hemostasis. Disorders of platelets can be quantitative, involving too few or too many platelets, or qualitative, involving platelet function defects. Common causes of thrombocytopenia include decreased production, increased destruction, sequestration, or pseudothrombocytopenia. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura is an immune-mediated disorder treated with steroids, IVIG, or splenectomy. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura involves a deficiency in ADAMTS13 treated with plasma exchange. Von Willebrand disease involves defects in von Willebrand factor.
Thrombophilias are hypercoagulable conditions that can be acquired or inherited. Most important hypercoagulable conditions =, testing procedures, duration of anticoagulation will be discussed here. Useful for Internal Medicine Boards and Hematology boards. Some aspects on duration of anticoagulation, HIT are high-yield for USMLE exams.
This document discusses coagulopathy, which refers to medical disorders involving abnormal blood clotting due to deficiencies or issues with platelets, clotting factors, or the fibrinolytic system. It defines various bleeding disorders and coagulation tests. Specific conditions covered include immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), von Willebrand disease, hemophilia A/B, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Treatment involves replacing the deficient clotting factor, managing underlying causes, or administering medications depending on the condition causing the coagulopathy. Complications can include excessive bleeding, joint damage, and transmission of infections.
This document provides an overview of platelet function and dysfunction. It discusses platelet production, structure, activation pathways, assessment of function, and inherited and acquired disorders. Key points include: platelets are produced from megakaryocytes at a rate of 1 trillion per day; contain granules storing factors like ADP and serotonin; activate via receptors for collagen, thrombin, ADP; aggregation is mediated by integrin GP IIb/IIIa; testing includes aggregometry and PFA-100; inherited disorders impact receptors like Glanzmann thrombasthenia or Bernard-Soulier syndrome; and acquired causes include medications like aspirin or clopidogrel that inhibit platelet activation pathways.
This document provides definitions and information about thrombocytopenia (platelet count <150,000/ml). It discusses increased bleeding risk with very low platelet counts and common clinical presentations. Potential causes of thrombocytopenia include decreased platelet production, increased platelet destruction, dilutional effects, and pseudothrombocytopenia. Specific conditions covered in detail include immune thrombocytopenic purpura, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome. Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment approaches are outlined for the different conditions.
Thrombotic Microangiopathies are diverse group of disorders wherein thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia and organ dysfunction such as Kidney and brain occur . Major recent advances in this field have occurred which opens up oppurtunities to effectively manage its clinical challenges .
Bleeding disorders Causes, Types, and DiagnosisDr Medical
https://userupload.net/v3l4i8jsk7wq
Factor II, V, VII, X, or XII deficiencies are bleeding disorders related to blood clotting problems or abnormal bleeding problems. Von Willebrand's disease isthe most common inherited bleeding disorder. It develops when the blood lacks von Willebrand factor, which helps the blood to clot.
This document discusses coagulopathies and bleeding disorders that are common in critical care patients. It covers the basics of coagulation testing and the mechanisms, diagnosis, and management of various coagulation disorders including disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), liver disease, thrombocytopenia, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HITT), thrombotic microangiopathies, and renal disease. Key points include diagnostic criteria for DIC and HITT, treatment guidelines for major bleeding and invasive procedures, and transfusion thresholds for platelets in different clinical contexts.
Platelet and coagulation post graduate lecture Monkez M Yousif
This lecture is prepared for postgraduate students in Internal medicine. It presents a physiologic and basic background of the process of homeostasis followed by a practical approach to diagnosis and brief information of different causes of bleeding disorders
This document discusses the approach and management of thrombocytopenia and immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). It defines thrombocytopenia and its causes, provides diagnostic criteria for ITP, and outlines treatment approaches including corticosteroids, IVIG, anti-D, thrombopoietin receptor agonists, splenectomy, rituximab, and experimental therapies. It also addresses management of severe bleeding, pregnancy-associated thrombocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia in the settings of HIV and hepatitis C infection.
Polycythemia vera is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by an absolute increase in red blood cells, total blood volume, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, and splenomegaly. It is caused by a clonal proliferation of a hematopoietic stem cell. Symptoms include headaches, visual disturbances, thrombosis, pruritus, and splenomegaly. Diagnosis involves meeting certain criteria including elevated hematocrit. Treatment involves phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell mass and hydroxyurea or interferon-alpha to reduce platelet and white blood cell counts and reduce risk of thrombosis.
This document discusses leukocyte disorders and focuses on leukemia. It defines leukemia as a group of malignant stem cell neoplasms characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of blasts in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The document covers the classification, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, and pathogenesis of acute leukemias. It discusses the use of morphology, cytochemistry, immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, and molecular genetics to diagnose and characterize acute leukemias.
Polycythemia is a blood disorder characterized by an increased red blood cell count. There are two main types: primary polycythemia vera, which is a stem cell cancer caused by a JAK2 mutation; and secondary polycythemia, caused by inappropriate erythropoietin secretion in response to conditions like high altitudes or lung/heart diseases. Polycythemia vera symptoms include headache, itching, fatigue and bleeding risks. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing increased red blood cells, hematocrit, and hemoglobin levels along with a bone marrow biopsy. Treatment focuses on phlebotomy and medications to reduce red blood cell counts.
This document discusses autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). It begins by defining hemolytic anemia and classifying it as either congenital/hereditary or acquired. It then discusses the classification of hemolytic anemias as either intracorpuscular or extracorpuscular. The mechanisms, clinical features, laboratory findings, and treatments of warm AIHA and cold AIHA are described in detail. Warm AIHA is mediated by IgG antibodies and most commonly involves the Rh blood group antigen. Cold AIHA involves IgM antibodies reactive below 37°C and usually targets the I antigen. Corticosteroids are first-line treatment for warm AIHA while cold AIHA may be associated with underlying infections or malignancies.
This document provides an overview of thrombocytopenia and its causes and classification. It discusses the normal physiology of platelet production and defines thrombocytopenia. The four main causes of thrombocytopenia are outlined as artifactual, deficient platelet production, accelerated platelet destruction, and abnormal platelet distribution. Specific causes under each category are then examined in more detail over several paragraphs.
Approach to patients with bleeding disordersAYM NAZIM
This document provides an overview of haemostasis and bleeding disorders. It defines haemostasis and its normal mechanism, then discusses the haemostatic system components and their role in haemostasis and thrombosis prevention. It describes different types of haemorrhagic disorders including those due to vascular defects, platelet abnormalities, coagulation factor deficiencies, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Specific bleeding disorders like thrombocytopenia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, hemophilia, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura are also summarized.
This document summarizes various platelet disorders including their causes, characteristics, diagnosis and treatment. It discusses decreased platelet production from bone marrow issues as well as increased platelet destruction from immune or non-immune causes. Specific disorders covered include idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, sequestration, Kasabach-Merritt syndrome, and others. Diagnostic tests and treatment approaches are provided for each condition.
Dr. Nahar K discusses disorders of platelets, including thrombocytopenia and platelet function disorders. Platelets play a key role in hemostasis by adhering to injury sites, aggregating with other platelets to form plugs, and releasing compounds to stimulate clot formation. Disorders can be qualitative defects in platelet function or quantitative defects in platelet number. Thrombocytopenia can be caused by increased platelet destruction, disorders of platelet distribution or pooling, or decreased platelet production. A thorough history, physical exam, blood smear, and functional platelet tests are used to evaluate the cause and guide treatment if needed to prevent bleeding risks.
Bleeding disorders(Disorders of Platelets and vessel wall)Rajesh S
(1) Bleeding disorders refer to functional impairments in the normal hemostatic process that result in bleeding even without an anatomical cause.
(2) Common signs of bleeding disorders include petechiae, purpura, hemarthrosis, ecchymoses, and hematomas. Coagulation disorders particularly present with hemarthrosis.
(3) Causes of bleeding disorders include problems with the vascular, platelet, and coagulation phases of hemostasis. Qualitative and quantitative platelet disorders as well as inherited and acquired coagulation factor deficiencies can all result in a bleeding tendency.
Platelets play a key role in hemostasis. Disorders of platelets can be quantitative, involving too few or too many platelets, or qualitative, involving platelet function defects. Common causes of thrombocytopenia include decreased production, increased destruction, sequestration, or pseudothrombocytopenia. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura is an immune-mediated disorder treated with steroids, IVIG, or splenectomy. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura involves a deficiency in ADAMTS13 treated with plasma exchange. Von Willebrand disease involves defects in von Willebrand factor.
Thrombophilias are hypercoagulable conditions that can be acquired or inherited. Most important hypercoagulable conditions =, testing procedures, duration of anticoagulation will be discussed here. Useful for Internal Medicine Boards and Hematology boards. Some aspects on duration of anticoagulation, HIT are high-yield for USMLE exams.
This document discusses coagulopathy, which refers to medical disorders involving abnormal blood clotting due to deficiencies or issues with platelets, clotting factors, or the fibrinolytic system. It defines various bleeding disorders and coagulation tests. Specific conditions covered include immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), von Willebrand disease, hemophilia A/B, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Treatment involves replacing the deficient clotting factor, managing underlying causes, or administering medications depending on the condition causing the coagulopathy. Complications can include excessive bleeding, joint damage, and transmission of infections.
This document provides an overview of platelet function and dysfunction. It discusses platelet production, structure, activation pathways, assessment of function, and inherited and acquired disorders. Key points include: platelets are produced from megakaryocytes at a rate of 1 trillion per day; contain granules storing factors like ADP and serotonin; activate via receptors for collagen, thrombin, ADP; aggregation is mediated by integrin GP IIb/IIIa; testing includes aggregometry and PFA-100; inherited disorders impact receptors like Glanzmann thrombasthenia or Bernard-Soulier syndrome; and acquired causes include medications like aspirin or clopidogrel that inhibit platelet activation pathways.
This document discusses platelet function and disorders. It begins by describing platelet production, structure, and the key roles of platelets in hemostasis and thrombosis. It then examines the processes of platelet activation and aggregation. The document reviews methods to assess platelet function including bleeding time, aggregometry, and thromboelastography. It details several inherited disorders of platelet function like Bernard-Soulier syndrome and Glanzmann thrombasthenia. Finally, it covers acquired platelet dysfunctions from medications and treatments for platelet disorders.
This document discusses anemia, blood transfusions, and transfusion reactions. It defines anemia as a decrease in oxygen-carrying capacity of blood and notes normal hemoglobin ranges. It also describes different types of blood products including packed red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, and cryoprecipitate. The document outlines indications for transfusing each product and notes storage requirements. It discusses potential transfusion complications such as hemolytic, febrile, allergic, and circulatory overload reactions. The document also covers massive transfusion protocols.
This document discusses a clinical case of acquired bleeding disorder in a 74-year-old man presenting with bruising. Testing revealed von Willebrand disease type 2 and angiodysplasias. The key considerations for this patient include potential medication and liver disease contributions to bleeding, as well as the diagnosis of acquired von Willebrand disease. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying cause of the acquired bleeding disorder.
This document discusses a clinical case of a man with advanced liver disease and sepsis who is experiencing worsening coagulopathy. It then reviews several potential causes of acquired bleeding disorders including liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), massive transfusion, uremia, acquired hemophilia, and acquired von Willebrand disease. For this patient, the likely contributing factors are coagulopathy of liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, DIC, and the effects of his low-dose aspirin. The management outlined is vitamin K supplementation, holding blood products unless bleeding occurs, and discontinuing aspirin if possible.
This document provides an overview of blood components therapy, including their indications and guidelines for use. It discusses the various components that can be derived from whole blood, such as packed red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and granulocytes. Storage conditions, shelf lives, and therapeutic doses are provided. The main reasons for transfusion in Africa are described as childhood malaria, hemoglobinopathies, obstetric bleeding, trauma, and certain surgical procedures. Contraindications and risks of transfusion-transmitted infections are also covered. The document emphasizes considering alternatives to transfusion and whether benefits outweigh risks in each clinical situation.
This document provides an overview of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). It discusses the history, pathogenesis, frequency, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of both type 1 and type 2 HIT. Type 2 HIT is an immune-mediated reaction, where antibodies form against the platelet factor 4-heparin complex, leading to platelet activation and thrombosis. The document outlines various laboratory tests used to diagnose HIT, including functional assays measuring platelet activation and immunoassays detecting antibodies.
Blood transfusion involves introducing donor blood into a recipient's bloodstream. It is used to increase oxygen-carrying capacity, reverse tissue hypoxia, restore circulating volume, and provide clotting factors. Blood products include whole blood, packed red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, and cryoprecipitate. Transfusions aim to treat anemia and coagulation disorders while minimizing complications like reactions, infections, or electrolyte abnormalities through careful screening, storage, and monitoring during the procedure.
This document discusses the management of coagulopathy and bleeding risk in a patient with chronic liver disease undergoing surgery. It notes that the patient has mildly abnormal coagulation tests including an INR of 2.2, but that such tests do not reliably predict bleeding risk. It emphasizes that prophylactic transfusions are not recommended and that bleeding is best managed by addressing its underlying cause rather than by correcting coagulation parameters. Active bleeding should be treated with vasoconstrictors, endoscopic therapies, and restrictive transfusions as needed while avoiding volume overload.
Antiplatelet agents such as aspirin and clopidogrel work by preventing platelet activation and aggregation to reduce clot formation. Anticoagulants like heparin and warfarin slow down the clotting process by inhibiting coagulation factors. These drugs are used to prevent conditions caused by clots such as heart attacks, strokes, and deep vein thrombosis. Common side effects include bleeding and gastrointestinal issues. The choice of antiplatelet or anticoagulant depends on the medical condition being treated.
The document discusses several platelet disorders including immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). It provides details on the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of ITP and TTP. For ITP, it describes the Harrington-Hollingsworth experiment which helped establish the autoimmune nature of the disease. For TTP, it discusses the role of ADAMTS13 deficiency in causing microthrombi and the importance of plasma exchange in treatment. The document is aimed at providing an overview of these platelet disorders for medical residents.
This document provides an overview of newer oral anticoagulants compared to traditional anticoagulants like warfarin. It discusses the mechanisms of action, indications, monitoring, side effects and management of bleeding for direct thrombin inhibitors like dabigatran and direct factor Xa inhibitors like rivaroxaban. It also covers considerations for using each drug depending on factors like kidney function and risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. The newer oral anticoagulants offer advantages over warfarin in terms of predictable dosing without monitoring, but also have some limitations and drug interactions that require careful management.
This document provides an overview of newer oral anticoagulants compared to traditional anticoagulants like warfarin. It discusses the mechanisms of action and indications for direct thrombin inhibitors like dabigatran and direct factor Xa inhibitors like rivaroxaban. These newer oral anticoagulants have predictable dosing without monitoring, fewer drug interactions than warfarin, and may cause less intracranial bleeding than warfarin. However, they increase risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. Guidance is provided on managing bleeding events and specific considerations for using each drug based on factors like kidney function and risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.
Management of Bleeding Disorders by Dr Ashok pptxAishiDas6
This document summarizes various platelet disorders, coagulation disorders, and vascular abnormalities. It discusses conditions that cause decreased or increased platelet destruction such as immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Treatment approaches for these conditions including corticosteroids, IVIG, plasma exchange, and monoclonal antibodies are outlined. Inherited bleeding disorders such as hemophilia A, hemophilia B, and von Willebrand disease are also summarized, along with their diagnostic evaluation and management.
Immune &; non immune hemolytic states- kananura keneth Kananura Keneth
Hemolytic anemias (Immune & non-immune causes).
Presented in during Heme-onco course unit for Mmed year 2 at Makerere University, Department of Medicine 2021.
Anticoagulants work by interfering with the body's normal clotting mechanisms. There are several classes of anticoagulants that work at different stages of hemostasis - the process of forming blood clots. Antiplatelet drugs like aspirin and clopidogrel inhibit platelet activation and aggregation during primary hemostasis. Heparin and low molecular weight heparins like enoxaparin affect secondary hemostasis by inhibiting thrombin. Warfarin prevents the synthesis of clotting factors and affects secondary hemostasis. Fibrinolytics like tPA work during tertiary hemostasis by dissolving already formed clots. Patients on anticoagulants require regular monitoring of
When Back Pain Leads to Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndromemfabzak
Publication date: Mar 5, 2020
Publication description: Utah ACP Chapter
Presentation of an individual with a pathologic lumbar fracture who developed PRES in the setting of hypercalcemia, a known rare risk factor for PRES. Symptoms resolved with the correction of hypercalcemia. Multiple myeloma was ultimately diagnosed. Understanding the risk factors for PRES allows for appropriate treatment and resolution in symptoms.
Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy and Severe Hypocalcemia in Type 1A Pseudohypoparat...mfabzak
This document presents the case of a 28-year-old male who presented with dyspnea, cough, and lower extremity edema. He was found to have nonischemic cardiomyopathy, severe hypocalcemia, short stature, and other physical features. Genetic testing revealed a loss of function mutation in GNAS1, consistent with pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a (PHP 1a). PHP 1a causes parathyroid hormone resistance and hypocalcemia due to imprinting of the GNAS1 gene. Hypocalcemia can cause heart failure by impairing cardiac contractility. The patient's hypothyroidism and alcohol use also contributed to his cardiomyopathy. He was treated with calcium supplementation
Hypokalemic and Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysismfabzak
Poster presentation prepared with medical students, Sarah Goaslind, and Matthew Koller.
Presentation of an individual with acute onset weakness of upper and lower extremities. Found to have significant hypokalemia and hyperthyroidism. The discussion emphasized the importance of assessment of thyroid function in individuals presenting with hypokalemic paralysis as well as possible mutations in potassium channels that increase susceptibility to thyrotoxic periodic paralysis.
This case report describes a rare case of Histoplasma endocarditis, an infection of the heart valves caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. The patient presented with confusion and was found to have a large vegetation on his prosthetic aortic valve as well as pancytopenia. Further testing revealed disseminated histoplasmosis. Histopathology unexpectedly showed both fungal hyphae and yeast forms of Histoplasma on the heart valve, a very unusual finding. The patient underwent valve replacement and antifungal therapy. Histoplasma endocarditis is challenging to diagnose and has poor outcomes, requiring a team-based inpatient approach and prolonged antifungal treatment.
This document summarizes calciphylaxis, a rare and life-threatening condition where calcium deposits in small blood vessels of subcutaneous tissue and skin. It predominantly affects those with end-stage renal disease or kidney failure and can cause painful skin lesions. Risk factors include obesity, diabetes, long-term dialysis, and high calcium or phosphate levels. While prognosis is generally poor with most patients surviving less than a year, sodium thiosulfate may help resolve or improve lesions in some cases, though more research is still needed on effective treatments.
This document discusses fever in post-transplant patients. It identifies the main causes of post-transplant fever as infection, rejection of the transplant, drug-induced fever, and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD). It notes that the risk and types of infection change over time after transplantation. PTLD is a lymphoid or plasmacytic proliferation that can occur after transplantation due to immunosuppression and is sometimes associated with Epstein-Barr virus. PTLD can present as early lesions, polymorphic PTLD, or monomorphic PTLD meeting criteria for lymphoma.
An updated review on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment modalities and current clinical trials are reviewed.
New England Journal of Medicine review article from November 2017 entitled "Cause, Pathogenesis, and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis" was extensively cited, please see references on the last slide (DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1503519).
This is purely for educational purposes; I do not diagnose, treat, or offer patient-specific advice by sharing these slides.
The Antyodaya Saral Haryana Portal is a pioneering initiative by the Government of Haryana aimed at providing citizens with seamless access to a wide range of government services
Food safety, prepare for the unexpected - So what can be done in order to be ready to address food safety, food Consumers, food producers and manufacturers, food transporters, food businesses, food retailers can ...
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Indira awas yojana housing scheme renamed as PMAYnarinav14
Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) played a significant role in addressing rural housing needs in India. It emerged as a comprehensive program for affordable housing solutions in rural areas, predating the government’s broader focus on mass housing initiatives.
RFP for Reno's Community Assistance CenterThis Is Reno
Property appraisals completed in May for downtown Reno’s Community Assistance and Triage Centers (CAC) reveal that repairing the buildings to bring them back into service would cost an estimated $10.1 million—nearly four times the amount previously reported by city staff.
United Nations World Oceans Day 2024; June 8th " Awaken new dephts".Christina Parmionova
The program will expand our perspectives and appreciation for our blue planet, build new foundations for our relationship to the ocean, and ignite a wave of action toward necessary change.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
AHMR is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed online journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects (socio-economic, political, legislative and developmental) of Human Mobility in Africa. Through the publication of original research, policy discussions and evidence research papers AHMR provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of contemporaneous trends, migration patterns and some of the most important migration-related issues.
karnataka housing board schemes . all schemesnarinav14
The Karnataka government, along with the central government’s Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), offers various housing schemes to cater to the diverse needs of citizens across the state. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the major housing schemes available in the Karnataka housing board for both urban and rural areas in 2024.
14. Definition
• Thrombocytopenia is defined as platelets < 150,000 microL
– Mild 100,000 – 150,000/microL
– Moderate 50,000 – 100,000/microL
– Severe < 50,000/microL
15.
16.
17. True thrombocytopenia?
• Recheck platelet count, check peripheral smear for clumping
– EDTA decreases calcium content platelet clumping
– Use Sodium citrate (blue top) or Heparin (green top) tube instead
• If truly thrombocytopenic, assessment of:
– Hep C, HIV, and TSH are helpful
• Both hyper and hypothyroidism can cause thrombocytopenia
18. Partial list of medications known to cause
thrombocytopenia
• Abciximab
• Beta-Lactams
• Carbamazipine
• Eptifibatide
• Gold compounds
• Heparin
• Linozolid
• MMR vaccine
• Phenytoin
• Pipercillin
• Quinidine
• Quinine
• Rifampin
• Sulfonamides
• Tirofiban
• Bactrim
• Valproic acid
• Vancomycin
https://www.cfhi-fcass.ca/sf-images/default-source/cartoons-copyright/DrugSafe-EN.jpg?sfvrsn=0
19.
20. Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura
Pathology:
• IgG against platelet antigens (i.e. GPIIb/IIIa)
• Splenic macrophages consume antibody bound
platelets
– Association with CLL and non Hodgkins lymphoma
Presentation:
• Typically female
• Purpura and thrombocytopenia.
– Usually isolated thrombocytopenia without other causes
• Diagnosis of exclusion
Diagnosis:
• Lab tests show low platelets usually <50,000K
• Normal PT/PTT, smear normal
Treatment:
• Steroids +/- IVIG
• Rhogam for Rh+
• Rituximab
• Splenectomy
23. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Pathology:
• ADAMSTS-13 deficiency
accumulation of clumps of large vWF
multimers bind to masses of
platelets microvascular occlusion
and thrombocytopenia
Presentation:
• Febrile
• Anemia
• Thrombocytopenia
• Renal dysfunction
• Neurological findings
Diagnosis:
• MAHA on peripheral smear
• Normal fibrinogen, d-dimer, and factor
levels
• ADAMSTS-13 has poor sensitivity –
Treat when you have high suspicion
Treatment:
• Plasmapheresis
24. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Atypical HUS
• Antibodies to Complement Factor H
– Atypical HUS is complement mediated and
usually NOT proceeded by diarrhea.
• Eculizumab is treatment of choice
Secondary
• Infection related
– Classical version associated with diarrheal
illness elaborating Shiga Toxin (Escherichia
Coli O157:H7 in the USA)
– O118:H2, O111:H or O104:H4 in Europe
and other regions around the world
– Strep Pneumo
– HIV in children
• Drug toxicity particularly those with cancer or
solid organ transplants
• Treat with plasmapheresis
25. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Pathology:
• Severe underlying disease
– Pancreatitis, sepsis, malignancy (especially
APML), cirrhosis, TRALI, obstetrical
complications like preeclampsia or
retained dead fetus
Presentation:
• Bleeding/oozing
Diagnosis:
• MAHA on peripheral smear and low
platelets
• Low fibrinogen, increased d-dimer,
increased PT/PTT, INR
Treatment:
• Treat the underlying condition
• Transfuse
– Thrombocytopenia
– Low fibrinogen (Cryoprecipitate)
– Prolonged PT/PTT (FFP)
– Anemic
26.
27.
28.
29. Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia
Pathology:
• Drug-induced thrombocytopenia in which
the antigen is a complex between platelet
factor 4 (PF4) and heparin
• Antibodies directed against the
heparin/PF4 complex can activate platelets
via Fc receptors on platelets, leading to
thrombocytopenia and, paradoxically in
some patients, thrombosis
Presentation:
• Drop in platelets 5-10 days after heparin
initiation
• Thrombosis
Diagnosis:
• 4Ts Score
• Elisa for anti-PF4 antibodies (Sensitive – in house – high
number of False Positives). Checking for optical density
<0.4 or >2.0
• Serotonin Release Assay (Specific – send out test)
Treatment:
• Stop heparin
• Agatroban for renal dysfunction and normal hepatic
function
• Fondaparinux for hepatic dysfunction and normal renal
function
• Agatroban or Bivalirudin at reduced dosage if both
renal and hepatic dysfunction
• Warfarin should not be started until platlet count
normalizes due to risk of warfarin skin necrosis
Adhesion: at sites of endovascular injury vWF adheres to subendothial collagen. Platelets bind vWF using GP1b receptor
Degranulation: adhesion changes shape of platelets leading to degranulation of ADP and ThromboxaneA2 which promote aggregation
Aggregation: Aggregation via GP2b/3a receptor via fibrinogen bridge forms weak platelet plug
Endothelin – vasoconstriction
Nitric oxide and prostaglandins – vasodilation and inhibition of GP1b function
Adhesion: at sites of endovascular injury vWF adheres to subendothial collagen. Platelets bind vWF using GP1b receptor
Degranulation: adhesion changes shape of platelets leading to degranulation of ADP and ThromboxaneA2 which promote aggregation
Aggregation: Aggregation via GP2b/3a receptor via fibrinogen bridge forms weak platelet plug
Adhesion: at sites of endovascular injury vWF adheres to subendothial collagen. Platelets bind vWF using GP1b receptor
Degranulation: adhesion changes shape of platelets leading to degranulation of ADP and ThromboxaneA2 which promote aggregation
Aggregation: Aggregation via GP2b/3a receptor via fibrinogen bridge forms weak platelet plug
Adhesion: at sites of endovascular injury vWF adheres to subendothial collagen. Platelets bind vWF using GP1b receptor
Degranulation: adhesion changes shape of platelets leading to degranulation of ADP and ThromboxaneA2 which promote aggregation
Aggregation: Aggregation via GP2b/3a receptor via fibrinogen bridge forms weak platelet plug
Platelet clumping signifies pseudothrombocytopenia, which will resolve if blood is redrawn using a citrated or heparinized tube. EDTA issues – decreased calcium.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a clinical diagnosis that requires the presence of thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, which is confirmed by schistocytes on the peripheral blood smear.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a clinical diagnosis that requires the presence of thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, which is confirmed by schistocytes on the peripheral blood smear.
Cryo – made from FFP which is frozen and repeatedly thawed to produce a concentrated source of clotting factors including Factor VIII, vWF, Fibrinogen (Factor I)
FFP – Just plain old plasma
Assessing the pretest probability of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia by using a risk scoring system, such as the 4T score, is helpful in guiding therapy in patients at low risk for it.
This patient gets 0 points. <30% drop, <4 days, no thrombosis
Heparin cessation and immediate treatment with a nonheparin alternative anticoagulant (lepirudin, argatroban, danaparoid) are mandatory when a high pretest probability of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is present.
≤3 points: low probability for HIT (≤5% in original study, <1% in meta-analysis).
4-5 points: intermediate probability (~14% probability of HIT).
6-8 points: high probability (~64% probability of HIT).