ÖNCEL AKADEMİ: SOLID EARTH GEOPHYSICS
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The document discusses key concepts of plate tectonics including: 1) The lithosphere is divided into rigid tectonic plates that float on the asthenosphere and move relative to one another. 2) Oceanic crust is produced at mid-ocean ridges through sea floor spreading, while continental crust is not destroyed at convergent plate boundaries. 3) As plates move, their interactions at plate boundaries cause volcanic activity and earthquakes.
![Solid Earth Geophysics Ali Oncel [email_address] Department of Earth Sciences KFUPM Today’s class: Plate Motions Reading: Fowler Chapters 2-3 http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/plate_tectonics/plates.html](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lecture20-091219233947-phpapp02/85/ONCEL-AKADEMI-SOLID-EARTH-GEOPHYSICS-1-320.jpg)
![OVERVIEW: PLATE TECTONICS Basic concept: The outermost layer ( LITHOSPHERE ) is divided in a small number of “rigid” plates in relative motion one respect to the other. It FLOATS on the weak ASTHONOSPHERE . ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],From: Fowler, the solid Earth](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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ÖNCEL AKADEMİ: SOLID EARTH GEOPHYSICS
- 1. Solid Earth Geophysics Ali Oncel [email_address] Department of Earth Sciences KFUPM Today’s class: Plate Motions Reading: Fowler Chapters 2-3 http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/plate_tectonics/plates.html
- 3. How many plates? What is the largest plate and smallest plate?
- 8. Transform-Fault Boundaries Mid-Ocean Ridge Transform Fault Continental Transform
- 9. As plates move past each other... … creek beds are offset San Francisco Los Angeles San Andreas fault
- 11. Depth Cross-Sections South America Tonga
- 12. Depth Cross-Sections Japan Alaska
- 13. Basics
- 14. Plate Motions on a Flat Earth
Editor's Notes
- What is the largest plate and smallest plate?
- pp.10, Fowler: It is probable that if the thick, relatively low density continental material (the continental crustal density is approximately 2.8 10**3 kg m**-3) reaches a subduction zone, it may descend a short way, but, because the mantle density is so much greater (approximately 3.3 10**3 kg m**-3), the downwards motion does not continue. Instead, the subduction zone ceases to operate at that place and moves to a more favorable location.
- Pp 6, Fowler: Along divergent boundaries, which are called accreting or constructive, plates are moving from each other. At such boundaries new plate material, derived from the mantle, is added to the lithosphere. The divergent plate boundary is represented by the mid-ocean ridge system, along the axis of which new material is produced.
- Along convergent boundaries, which are also called consuming or destructive, plates approach each other. Most such boundaries are represented by the oceanic-trench, island-arc systems of subduction zones where one of the colliding plates descends into the mantle and is destroyed.
- pp.6. Fowler: Along conservative boundaries, lithosphere is neither created nor destroyed. The plates move laterally relative to each other. These boundaries are represented by transform faults, of which the San Andreas Fault in California, U.S.A. S a famous example. Transform faults can be grouped into six basic classes. By far the most common transform fault is the ridge-ridge fault, which can range from a few kilometers to hundreds of kilometers in length. Some very long ridge-ridge faults occur in the Pacific, equatorial Atlantic and southern oceans. Adjacent plate move relative to each other at rates up to about 15 cm yr-1.