The document summarizes the interaction of four interlinked physiological systems - the kinin system, clotting system, fibrinolytic system, and complement system. These systems are activated by factor XII and their end products further activate each other, resulting in increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, and other inflammatory responses. The kinin system generates bradykinin, the clotting system forms fibrin, the fibrinolytic system produces plasmin and fibrin split products, and the complement system yields anaphylatoxins and activates phagocytosis.

2. THESE INCLUDE VARIOUS PRODUCTS DERIVED FROM
ACTIVATION AND INTERACTION OF 4 INTERLINKED
SYSTEMS
1)Kinin
2)Clotting
3)Fibrinolytic and Complement
EACH OF THESE SYSTEMS HAS ITS INHIBITORS AND ACCELERATORS
IN PLASMA WITH NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE FEEDBACK
MECHANISMS.....

3. INTRODUCTION
 HAGEMAN FACTORS(FACTOR xii) OF CLOTTING SYSTEM
PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN INTERACTIONS OF FOUR
SYSTEMS.ACTIVATION OF FACTOR XII IN VIVO BY
CONTACT WITH BASEMENT MAMBRRANEAND BACTERIAL
ENDOTOXINS AND IN VITRO WITH GLASS OR KAOLIN
LEADS TO ACTIVATION OF CLOYYING,FIBRINOLYTIC AND
KININ SYSTEMS. IN INLAMMATION ACTIVATION OF
FACTORXII IS BROUGHT ABOUT BY CONTACT OF THE
FACTOR LEAKING THROUGH THE ENDOTHELIAL
GAPS.THE END PRODUCTS OF THE
CLOTTING,FIBRINOLYTIC AND KININ SYSTEM ACTIVATE
THE COMPLEMEMTSYSTEM THAT GENETRATE
PERMEABILITY FACTORS,IN TURN,FURTHER ACTIVATES
CLOTTING SYSTEM.

4. FACTOR XII
FACTOR XIIa
FIBRIONOLYTIC CLOTTING KININ SYSTEM
SYSTEM SYSTEM
PLASMIN FIBRIN BRADYKININ
FIBRIN SPLIT
PRODUCTS
COMPLEMENTARY SYSTEM PERMEABILITY
FACTORS

5. I)THE KININ SYSTEM
THIS SYSTEM ON ACTIVATION BY FACTOR XIIa
GENETRATES BRADYKININ ,SO NAMED BECAUSE
OF SMOTH MUSCLE IT INDUCES.FIRST
KALLIKREIN IS FORMED FROM PREKALLILREIN BY
THEACTION OF PREKALLIKREIN WHICH IS A
FRAGMENT OF FACTOR XIIa KALLIKREIN THEN
ACTS ON HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT KININOGEN
TO FORM BRADYKININ.BRADYKININ ACTS IN THE
EARLY STAGE AND ITS EFFECTS INCLUDE:
1. SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTACTION
2. VASODIALATION
3. INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY
4. PAIN

6. II)THE CLOTTING SYSTEM
FACTOR XIIa initiates the clotting cascade of the
clotting system resulting in formation of
fibrionogenwhich is acted upon by thrombin to form
fibrin and fibrinopeptides the actions of
fibrionopeptides in inflammtion are:
1. Increased vascular permeability
2. Chemotaxis for leucocyte
3. And anti coagulant activity

7. III)THE FIBRINOLYTIC SYSTEM
THIS SYSTEM IS ACTIVATED BY PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR THE SOURCE OF
WHICH INCLUDEKALLIKREIN OF THE KININ SYSTEM,ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
AND LEUCOCYTES.PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR ACTS ON PLASMINOGEN
PRRESNT AS COMPONENT OF PLASMA PROTEINS TO FORM PLASMIN.
FURTHER BREAKDOWN OF FIBRIN BY PLASMA FORMS FIBRINOPEPTIDES OR
FIBRIN SPLIT PRODUCTS
THE ACTIONS OF PLASMIN IN INFLAMMTION ARE-
1. ACTIVATION OF FACTOR XII TO FORM PREKALLIKREIN ACTIVATOR THAT
STIMULATES THE KININ SYSTEM TO GENERATE BRADYKININ;
2. SPLITS OFF COMPLEMENT C3 TO FORM C3a WHICH IS A PERMEABILITY
FACTOR;
3. DEGRADES FIBRIN TO FORM FIBRIN SPLIT PRODUCTS WHICH INCREASE
VASCULAR PERMEABILITY AND ARE CHEMOTACTIC TO LEUCOCYTES.

8. IV)THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
THE ACTIVATION OF COMPLEMENT SYSTEM CAN OCCUR
EITHER;
1)BY CLASSIC PATHWAY THROUGH ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX
2) BY ALTERNATE PATHWAY VIA NON-IMMUNOLOGIC AGENTS SUCH
AS BACTERIAL TOXINS,COBRA VENOMS AND IgA.
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM ON ACTIVATION BY EITHER OF THESE
TWO PATHWAYS YIELDS ANAPHYLATOXINS C3a,C4a AND C5a AND
MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX(MAC).
THE RELATIVE POTANCIES OF ANAPHYLATOXINS ARE IN
DESCENDING SEQUENCE OF C3a,c5a AND C4a

9. THE ACTION OF ANAPHYLATOXINS IN INFLAMMATAION ARE;
1. RELEASE OF HISTAMINE FROM MAST CELLS AND BASOPHILLS;
2. INCRESEAD VASCULAR PERMEABILITY CAUSING OEDEMA IN TISSUES
3. C3b AUGMENTS PHAGOCYTOSIS AND
4. C5a IS CHEMOTACTIC FOR LEUCOCYTES
THE ACTION OF MAC IS TO CAUSE PORES IN THE CELL MEMBRANE OF
THE INVADING MICROORGANISM

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