This document discusses mediators of inflammation, which are substances that initiate and regulate the inflammatory reaction. There are several types of mediators, including vasoactive amines like histamine and serotonin, arachidonic acid metabolites called eicosanoids, and cytokines. Eicosanoids are potent mediators that are derived from arachidonic acid through either the cyclooxygenase pathway, producing prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and prostacyclin, or the lipoxygenase pathway, producing leukotrienes. These mediators have various effects like vasodilation, vasoconstriction, and bronchodilation or bronchonconstriction.
A lecture on Chemical Mediators of inflammation as a part of undergraduate pathology curriculum. The lecture is primarily based on Robbin's textbook of pathology
Vascular Changes , External manifestation of acute inflammation , CARDINAL SIGNS.
Chemotaxis , Steps of Mechanism, features of acute and chronic inflammation
Opsonization, Vascular and cellular events of acute inflammation , CHANGE IN VASCULAR FLOW AND CALIBER , OUTCOMES OF VASCULAR CHANGES ,
Phagocytosis , CHEMOTAXIS OF LEUKOCYTES ,OPSONINS , SEQUENTIAL STEPS of phagocytosis , Receptors, Engulfment, Killing and degeneration, Reactive Oxygen Species[ROS] , Reactive Nitrogen Species , Granules Enzymes & other proteins , Fate of Acute Inflammation
A Powerpoint presentation on the basics of Eicosanoids which includes Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes (LTs) ad Platelete Activating Factors (PAF) suitable for Undergraduate level Medical students.
Chemical Mediators Of InflammationInflammatory mediators are the substances t...Abhinav S
Inflammatory mediators are the substances that initiate and regulate inflammatory reactions.
Many mediators have been identified and targeted therapeutically to limit inflammation.
A lecture on Chemical Mediators of inflammation as a part of undergraduate pathology curriculum. The lecture is primarily based on Robbin's textbook of pathology
Vascular Changes , External manifestation of acute inflammation , CARDINAL SIGNS.
Chemotaxis , Steps of Mechanism, features of acute and chronic inflammation
Opsonization, Vascular and cellular events of acute inflammation , CHANGE IN VASCULAR FLOW AND CALIBER , OUTCOMES OF VASCULAR CHANGES ,
Phagocytosis , CHEMOTAXIS OF LEUKOCYTES ,OPSONINS , SEQUENTIAL STEPS of phagocytosis , Receptors, Engulfment, Killing and degeneration, Reactive Oxygen Species[ROS] , Reactive Nitrogen Species , Granules Enzymes & other proteins , Fate of Acute Inflammation
A Powerpoint presentation on the basics of Eicosanoids which includes Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes (LTs) ad Platelete Activating Factors (PAF) suitable for Undergraduate level Medical students.
Chemical Mediators Of InflammationInflammatory mediators are the substances t...Abhinav S
Inflammatory mediators are the substances that initiate and regulate inflammatory reactions.
Many mediators have been identified and targeted therapeutically to limit inflammation.
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Introduction
RBC
WBC
1. Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophil’s
Basophils
2. Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocyte
PLATELETS
Blood is a bright red, viscous, slightly alkaline fluid that accounts for approximately 7 % of total body weightThe average human has 5 litres of blood (Average Blood Volume is 4 to 6 liters).
It is a transporting fluid.
Red colour is due to the presence of oxyhaemoglobin.
Ph - 7.4 slightly alkaline.
Specific gravity - 1.060
Viscosity is 5 times greater then the water i.e thicker than water.
Blood is the only fluid tissue.
Blood is a complex connective tissue in which living cells, the formed elements, are suspended in fluid componenet called plasma.
RBC
WBC
1. Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophil’s
Basophils
2. Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocyte
PLATELETS
Blood is a bright red, viscous, slightly alkaline fluid that accounts for approximately 7 % of total body weightThe average human has 5 litres of blood (Average Blood Volume is 4 to 6 liters).
It is a transporting fluid.
Red colour is due to the presence of oxyhaemoglobin.
Ph - 7.4 slightly alkaline.
Specific gravity - 1.060
Viscosity is 5 times greater then the water i.e thicker than water.
Blood is the only fluid tissue.
Blood is a complex connective tissue in which living cells, the formed elements, are suspended in fluid componenet called plasma.
Functions of Blood
Transport of:
Gases, nutrients, waste products
Processed molecules
Regulatory molecules.
Regulation of pH and osmosis.
Maintenance of body temperature.
Protection against foreign substances.
Clot formation.
Blood composition
55% Plasma (fluid matrix of water, salts, proteins, etc.)
45% Cellular elements:
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) (Erythrocytes) : 5-6 million RBCs/ml of blood.
Contain hemoglobin which transport oxygen and CO2.
White Blood Cells (WBCs) (Leukocytes) : 5,000-10,000 WBCs/ml of blood.
Play an essential role in immunity and defense.
Include:
Granulocytes
Neutrophils 40-70%
Eosinophil's 0-1%
Basophils 1-5%
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes 25-40% T cells and B cells
Monocyte 2-8% (phagocytes)
Platelets (Thrombocytes) : Cellular fragments, 250,000- 400,000/ml of blood.
Important in blood clotting.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. Learning Objectives
1. What are Mediators of Inflammation?
2. What are the General Properties of
Mediators of Inflammation?
3. What are the Different Types of
Mediators?
4. General Properties of Mediators of
Inflammation.
1. Mediators can be:
CELL- DERIVED PLASMA DERIVED
PREFORMED/
READYMADE
(stored in the
Granules)
DE-NOVO
(FORMED NEWLY)
Synthesized if needed
5. 2. Produced only in response to agents that
stimulate inflammation.
3. Can stimulate the release of another mediator.
4. Short Life-Span- Rapidly removed from
circulation
5. Can act on Wide-variety of Cells.
6. Different Types Of Mediators.
CELL- DERIVED PLASMA DERIVED
PREFORMED/
READYMADE
(stored in the
Granules)
DE-NOVO
(FORMED NEWLY)
Synthesized if needed
VASOACTIVE
AMINES
•HISTAMINE
•SEROTONIN
•ARACHIDONIC ACID
METABOLITES
(EICOSANOIDS)
•LYSOSOMAL
COMPONENTS
•CHEMOKINES
•CYTOKINES
PRODUCTS OF:
1. THE KININ SYSTEM
2. THE CLOTTING
SYSTEM
3. THE FIBRINOLYTIC
SYSTEM
4. THE COMPLEMENT
SYSTEM
7. VASOACTIVE AMINES
• First mediators to be released during
inflammation.
• Derived from amino acid- HISTIDINE
• They are Histamine and Serotonin
10. Actions of Histamine:
• Increase in Vascular Permeability.
• Vasodilatation.
• Itching and Pain
• Responsible for Flare and Wheal reaction of
Skin.
12. Actions of Serotonin:
• The actions of 5-HT are similar to histamine
but it is a less potent mediator of increased
vascular permeability and vasodilatation than
histamine.
13. 2. ARACHIDONIC ACID METABOLITES
(EICOSANOIDS):
• Arachidonic acid metabolites or eicosanoids
are the most potent mediators of inflammation,
much more than oxygen free radicals.
Eicosanoids:
- Prostaglandins (D2, E2, F2-α, I2)
- Thromboxane
- Leukotrienes
- Lipoxins
14. Source: Tissue injury
Damage to Mast cells, Endothelial cells, Macrophages, Platelets
Ca++ Influx into cells
ACTIVATION OF PHOSPHOLIPASES
ARACHIDONIC ACID
(PRESENT IN CELL MEMBRANE)
FREE ARACHIDONIC ACID
ARACHIDONIC ACID METABOLITES
OR EICOSANOIDS
1. Cyclo-oxygenase
Pathway
2. Lipooxygenase
Pathway
