This document discusses several plant sweeteners including liquorice, honey, stevia, date palm, and sugar cane. Liquorice root contains glycyrrhizin which is 50 times sweeter than sugar. Honey is a sugar secretion from bees containing glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Stevia is extracted from Stevia rebaudiana leaves and contains rebaudioside A, which is 300 times sweeter than sugar. Dates are the sweet edible fruits of the date palm tree Phoenix dactylifera. Sugar cane consists of stems from Saccharum officinarum that vary in color and can reach 5 meters in height.

1. PLANT SWEETENERS
BY: SHUBHI SAXENA
B.PHARM
3rd SEM 2nd YEAR

2. CONTENTS
1) LIQUORICE
2) HONEY
3) STEVIA
4) DATE PALM
5) SUGAR CANE

3. LIQUORICE
SYNONYM: Glycyrrhiza,
liquorice root, mulethi.
B.S: It consists of dried
peeled or unpeeled roots and
stolons of Glycyrrhiza glabra
FAMILY: Leguminosae
MACROSCOPY:
 COLOUR: yellowish to dark
brown
 ODOUR: faint and
characteristic
 TASTE: sweet

4. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: It
consists of triterpenoid saponin
known as "glycyrrhizin"
(glycyrrhizic acid)
GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID
CARBENOXOLONE

5. CHEMICAL TEST:
1) FOAM TEST:
Take 1 ml of saponin extract add 9 ml of water to it.
Shake well. 1cm of foam is formed.
2) RBC HAEMOLYSIS:
RBC+Saponin extract---->Haemolysis.
3)80% Sulphuric acid + powder ---> deep yellow colour.

6. Uses:
1)Expectorant
2) Demulcent
3) In treatment of peptic ulcers and healing
purposes
4) In treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

7. HONEY
SYNONYM: Madhu, mel
B.S: It is a sugar secretion
deposited in honey comb by
bees Apis mellifera, A.dorsata,
A.indica of family... Apidae
DESCRIPTION:
 Colour: Pale yellow to
yellowish brown
 Odour: Pleasant
 Taste: sweet
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
Glucose = 35%
fructose = 45%
sucrose = 2%

9. CHEMICAL TEST:
BENEDICT'S TEST:-
1) A liquid food sample diluted and taken in a test tube
2) Added 2-3 cm of the sample solution to a test tube.
3) Added an equal volume of Benedict's solution to the test tube and
swirled the mixture.
4) Left the test tube in a boiling water bath for about 5 minutes, or
until the colour of the mixture does not change.
5) Observed the colour changes during that time as well as the final
colour.
6) Red ppt or green ppt or yellow ppt confirms the presence of
reducing sugar.

10. uses:
1) Demulcent
2) Sweetening agent
3) Antiseptic
4) Common ingredient of cough mixtures, cough drops

11. STEVIA
SYNONYM: Meethi patti,
sweet leaf, sugar leaf
B.S: Stevia is a sweetener
and sugar substitute
extracted from the leaves of
Stevia rebaudiana
FAMILY: Asteraceae
MACROSCOPY:
 Colour: leaves are green
in colour
 Taste: sweet
 Odour: characteristic

12. EXTRACTION
To produce rebaudioside A commercially, stevia plants
are dried and subjected to a water extraction process.
This crude extract contains about 50% rebaudioside A.
The various glycosides are separated and purified via
crystallization techniques, typically using ethanol or
methanol as solvent.

13. MECHANISM OF ACTION
• Glycosides are molecules that contain glucose and other
non-sugar substances called aglycones (molecules with
other sugars are polysaccharides). The tongue's taste
receptors react to the glucose in the glycosides: those
with more glucose (rebaudioside) taste sweeter than
those with less (stevioside). Some of the tongue's bitter
receptors react to the aglycones.
• In the digestive tract, rebaudiosides are metabolised into
stevioside. Then stevioside is broken down into glucose
and steviol. The glucose released in this process is used
by bacteria in the colon and not absorbed into the
bloodstream. Steviol cannot be further digested and is
excreted.

14. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT
Rebaudioside A

15. Stevioside

16. Health Benefits and Therapeutic Uses:
1) No Harmful Side Effects - Stevia does not have any
of the negative side effects that have been
associated with artificial sweeteners such as
aspartame.
2) Diabetes - Stevia is nurturing to the pancreas. It
can be used by diabetics as a sweetener and also as a
method for controlling blood sugar levels. Studies
have shown that Stevia actually helps to regulate
blood glucose levels in people with diabetes and
hypoglycemia.
3) Hypertension - Studies have shown that Stevia
lowers high blood pressure and does not affect
regular blood pressure.

17. 4) Teeth and Gums - Stevia will not cause cavities and actually
helps to prevent them. It has antibacterial properties,
inhibiting the growth of bacteria and other infectious
organisms.
5) Skin Care - Stevia can be applied to the skin to treat acne
and other skin ailments. It has also been shown to protect
against premature aging.
6) Digestion - Stevia has been shown to aid with digestion
and soothe upset stomach.
7) Weight Loss - Stevia does not have any calories nor
carbohydrates which makes it excellent as a weight-loss aid.

18. DATE PALM
SYNONYMS: Khajur, dates
B.S: It consists of sweet edible fruits of the
plant Phoenix dactylifera
FAMILY: Arecaceae
ABOUT:
Phoenix dactylifera grows 70–75 feet (21–23
m) in height. The leaves are 4–6 metres (13–
20 ft) long.
Colour: Brown
Taste: Sweet

20. SUGAR CANE
SYNONYM: Ganna
B.S: It consists of stems of
Saccharum officinarum
FAMILY: Poaceae
ABOUT:
A perennial plant, grows in clumps
consisting of a number of strong
unbranched stems. The stems vary
in colour, being green, pinkish, or
purple and can reach 5 m (16 ft) in
height.