The document discusses various plant-based high-potency sweeteners. It provides details on the source plant, chemical structure, sensory properties, and applications of several sweeteners including stevia (Stevia rebaudiana), thaumatin (Thaumatococcus daniellii), lo han guo (morgroside from Siraitia grosvenorii), and others. For each sweetener, the document outlines where the plant is found, how it is used, its sensory properties like sweetness intensity and taste profile, stability, safety studies and regulatory approvals.
This document discusses various natural sweeteners, including their source, characteristics, and uses. It categorizes sweeteners as nutritive or non-nutritive and outlines various naturally derived sweeteners such as stevia, glycyrrhizin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, thaumatin, monellins, honey, agave nectar, and xylitol. It provides details on their extraction sources and chemical properties and compares their sweetness and health effects to traditional sugars.
This document discusses several plant sweeteners including liquorice, honey, stevia, date palm, and sugar cane. Liquorice root contains glycyrrhizin which is 50 times sweeter than sugar. Honey is a sugar secretion from bees containing glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Stevia is extracted from Stevia rebaudiana leaves and contains rebaudioside A, which is 300 times sweeter than sugar. Dates are the sweet edible fruits of the date palm tree Phoenix dactylifera. Sugar cane consists of stems from Saccharum officinarum that vary in color and can reach 5 meters in height.
Sweetners,natural and artificial sweetners hashem1001
This document discusses several natural and artificial sweeteners, including their properties and uses. Sucrose is the prototypical sweet substance, while fructose is sweeter. Honey, maple syrup, and molasses are bulk sweeteners derived from plants. Artificial sweeteners like aspartame, saccharin, and sucralose are much sweeter than sugar but provide few or no calories. Polyols provide bulk and texture like sugar but are only partially absorbed. High intensity sweeteners allow reduced sugar content in foods.
This document discusses different types of sweeteners that can be used in pharmaceutical formulations. It categorizes sweeteners as natural or artificial, and nutritive or non-nutritive. Sugar is the most commonly used natural sweetener but it has disadvantages like causing dental caries and affecting blood sugar levels. Alternative nutritive sweeteners discussed include sugar alcohols like sorbitol and mannitol which have less calories than sugar. Non-nutritive artificial sweeteners discussed include aspartame, saccharin, and cyclamate. Several high intensity natural sweeteners derived from plants are also summarized, including stevioside, glycyrrhizin, neohersper
This document discusses three non-nutritive sweeteners: stevioside, glycyrrhizin, and thaumatin. It describes their sources, preparation methods, properties, and evaluation tests. Stevioside is extracted from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana and is 160-170 times sweeter than sucrose. Glycyrrhizin is obtained from licorice root and has a liquorice taste. Thaumatin is a protein extracted from the fruit of Thaumatococcus danielli and is 750-1600 times sweeter than sucrose. All three are high intensity sweeteners that are used as sugar substitutes and flavor enhancers in foods and beverages.
This document discusses natural and artificial sweeteners. It defines sweeteners as substances used to sweeten food or drink other than sugar. Natural sweeteners exist in nature without added chemicals, and include honey, maple syrup, and molasses. Artificial sweeteners are sugar substitutes that are either nutritive, adding calories, or non-nutritive. The document goes on to discuss various types of natural and artificial sweeteners in more detail.
Artificial sweeteners are used as sugar substitutes that provide sweetness with fewer calories than sugar. Some are produced naturally while others like aspartame, saccharin, acesulfame-K, sucralose, and neotame are synthesized. They are used by those watching their sugar intake, managing diabetes, or concerned with weight gain. While safe for most in moderation, artificial sweeteners come with restrictions for those with rare conditions like phenylketonuria. They are many times sweeter than sugar but provide no calories, making them a popular sugar substitute.
This document discusses various natural sweetening agents. It begins by explaining that sugar is the most widely used natural sweetening agent due to its quick and short-lived sweet taste. It then categorizes sweeteners as nutritive (such as sugar alcohols) or non-nutritive (such as artificial sweeteners). The document provides details on numerous natural sweeteners including their source, properties, uses, and methods of extraction. It focuses on sweeteners derived from plants such as stevia, licorice, citrus fruits, and others.
This document discusses various natural sweeteners, including their source, characteristics, and uses. It categorizes sweeteners as nutritive or non-nutritive and outlines various naturally derived sweeteners such as stevia, glycyrrhizin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, thaumatin, monellins, honey, agave nectar, and xylitol. It provides details on their extraction sources and chemical properties and compares their sweetness and health effects to traditional sugars.
This document discusses several plant sweeteners including liquorice, honey, stevia, date palm, and sugar cane. Liquorice root contains glycyrrhizin which is 50 times sweeter than sugar. Honey is a sugar secretion from bees containing glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Stevia is extracted from Stevia rebaudiana leaves and contains rebaudioside A, which is 300 times sweeter than sugar. Dates are the sweet edible fruits of the date palm tree Phoenix dactylifera. Sugar cane consists of stems from Saccharum officinarum that vary in color and can reach 5 meters in height.
Sweetners,natural and artificial sweetners hashem1001
This document discusses several natural and artificial sweeteners, including their properties and uses. Sucrose is the prototypical sweet substance, while fructose is sweeter. Honey, maple syrup, and molasses are bulk sweeteners derived from plants. Artificial sweeteners like aspartame, saccharin, and sucralose are much sweeter than sugar but provide few or no calories. Polyols provide bulk and texture like sugar but are only partially absorbed. High intensity sweeteners allow reduced sugar content in foods.
This document discusses different types of sweeteners that can be used in pharmaceutical formulations. It categorizes sweeteners as natural or artificial, and nutritive or non-nutritive. Sugar is the most commonly used natural sweetener but it has disadvantages like causing dental caries and affecting blood sugar levels. Alternative nutritive sweeteners discussed include sugar alcohols like sorbitol and mannitol which have less calories than sugar. Non-nutritive artificial sweeteners discussed include aspartame, saccharin, and cyclamate. Several high intensity natural sweeteners derived from plants are also summarized, including stevioside, glycyrrhizin, neohersper
This document discusses three non-nutritive sweeteners: stevioside, glycyrrhizin, and thaumatin. It describes their sources, preparation methods, properties, and evaluation tests. Stevioside is extracted from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana and is 160-170 times sweeter than sucrose. Glycyrrhizin is obtained from licorice root and has a liquorice taste. Thaumatin is a protein extracted from the fruit of Thaumatococcus danielli and is 750-1600 times sweeter than sucrose. All three are high intensity sweeteners that are used as sugar substitutes and flavor enhancers in foods and beverages.
This document discusses natural and artificial sweeteners. It defines sweeteners as substances used to sweeten food or drink other than sugar. Natural sweeteners exist in nature without added chemicals, and include honey, maple syrup, and molasses. Artificial sweeteners are sugar substitutes that are either nutritive, adding calories, or non-nutritive. The document goes on to discuss various types of natural and artificial sweeteners in more detail.
Artificial sweeteners are used as sugar substitutes that provide sweetness with fewer calories than sugar. Some are produced naturally while others like aspartame, saccharin, acesulfame-K, sucralose, and neotame are synthesized. They are used by those watching their sugar intake, managing diabetes, or concerned with weight gain. While safe for most in moderation, artificial sweeteners come with restrictions for those with rare conditions like phenylketonuria. They are many times sweeter than sugar but provide no calories, making them a popular sugar substitute.
This document discusses various natural sweetening agents. It begins by explaining that sugar is the most widely used natural sweetening agent due to its quick and short-lived sweet taste. It then categorizes sweeteners as nutritive (such as sugar alcohols) or non-nutritive (such as artificial sweeteners). The document provides details on numerous natural sweeteners including their source, properties, uses, and methods of extraction. It focuses on sweeteners derived from plants such as stevia, licorice, citrus fruits, and others.
Introduction to saponin glycosides, Saponin glycosides, Properties of saponin glycosides, Types of saponin glycosides, chemical tests of saponin glycosides
This document discusses nutraceuticals and functional foods for diabetes. It defines nutraceuticals as foods or dietary constituents that provide health or medical benefits, including preventing and treating disease. Nutraceuticals for diabetes include nutrients, herbals, and dietary supplements. Functional foods discussed include high fiber foods like oats, whole grains, fruits and vegetables containing antioxidants like flavonoids and anthocyanins. These foods may help regulate blood sugar levels, enhance beta cell function, reduce inflammation and oxidative stress to help manage diabetes.
Erythritol is a natural, low-calorie sweetener that is 60-70% as sweet as sucrose. It is produced through a fermentation process using Moniliella yeast and a dextrose or sucrose solution. Erythritol has many advantages as a sweetener including being non-caloric, having a high digestive tolerance, and exhibiting antioxidant properties. It has physical and chemical properties such as low viscosity, low hygroscopicity, and high heat and acid stability that make it suitable for use in foods and beverages. The document discusses the history, properties, manufacturing process, uses, and regulatory status of erythritol.
The document defines nutraceuticals as foods or food components that provide health benefits for preventing or treating disease. It classifies nutraceuticals based on their natural source, pharmacological activity, or chemical composition. Some examples of nutraceutical classes described include probiotics, prebiotics, antioxidants, phytochemicals, and herbs used as functional foods. Specific nutraceuticals discussed in more detail include flax seeds, ginkgo biloba, spirulina, karela, turmeric, soy, garlic, and tomato lycopene. The document also lists some marketed nutraceutical supplements and provides references.
This document discusses different types of plant-based sweeteners that can be used as alternatives to sugar. It categorizes sweeteners as nutritive or non-nutritive and describes various natural sweeteners such as stevioside, glycyrrhizin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, thaumatin, and monellins. These sweeteners are derived from plants like Stevia rebaudiana, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Citrus aurantium, Thaumatococcus danielli, and Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii. While many have advantages like being less caloric or more sweet than sugar, some also have disadvantages like bitter
Carbohydrates can be classified as simple sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides) or polysaccharides. Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharide units and include sucrose, maltose, and lactose. Polysaccharides yield many monosaccharide units and include starch, cellulose, and glycogen. Some important carbohydrates discussed include acacia gum, honey, tragacanth, and agar. Acacia gum is obtained from acacia trees and is used as a thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent. Honey is the natural sweetener produced by bees from flower nectar. T
This document discusses artificial sweeteners, including both high intensity and low calorie sweeteners. It provides information on key artificial sweeteners such as Acesulfame K, Aspartame, Neotame, Saccharin, Sucralose, Erythritol, Isomalt, and Xylitol. For each sweetener, details are given on their chemical composition, sweetness relative to sucrose, uses, and safety. The objectives of the presentation are also listed as focusing on several of the main artificial sweeteners.
This document discusses several bitter plant extracts used in Ayurvedic medicine:
- Gentian contains bitter glycosides like gentiopicrin and is used as a stomachic to treat indigestion and enhance menstrual flow. It can also treat wounds, arthritis, and sore throat.
- Kalmegh contains andrographolide and is used as a bitter tonic, stomachic, and to treat liver issues and jaundice. It is also used as a blood purifier.
- Chirata contains bitter glycosides and is used as a bitter tonic, stomachic, and historically as an antimalarial.
- Picrorhiza contains picrosides and is used as a bitter
Saponins are plant constituents that cause foaming in aqueous solutions. They are glycosides that can be toxic if injected in the bloodstream but are harmless when taken orally. There are two main types of saponins - pentacyclic triterpenoid and steroidal. Saponins are hydrolyzed into aglycones and sugars. Aglycones determine the saponin type. Many plants contain medicinally active saponins such as diosgenin from Dioscorea villosa wild yam. Saponins have expectorant, anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties and are used to treat various conditions.
This document provides information about natural coloring and sweetening agents. It discusses various natural dyes derived from plants and insects that can be used as coloring agents, including turmeric, annatto, saffron, paprika, tomato, tagetus, safflower, henna, beet root, blood root, and cochineal. It also discusses the physiological properties and uses of these natural dyes. Additionally, it covers various natural sweeteners like stevioside, glycyrrhizin, neohesperidine dihydrochalcone, thaumatin, monellins, honey, and maple syrup.
This document discusses plant-based sweeteners as an alternative to sugar. It begins with an introduction to sweet taste and the search for a sucrose substitute. It then discusses the health risks of sugar and ongoing research. The document categorizes sweeteners as natural or artificial, and zero-calorie. It provides details on stevia, including its origin, cultivation, extraction process, properties, applications, and regulatory status. It also briefly mentions thaumatin, a natural sweetener from Thaumatococcus daniellii.
Liquorice : chemical constituents, therapeutic uses and usesSonia Singh
This document discusses liquorice, including its chemical constituents, therapeutic uses, and commercial products. The key chemical constituents of liquorice are glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetic acid, glycyrrhizinic acid, isoliquiritin, and various flavonoids. Liquorice is used therapeutically to treat coughs, bronchitis, tuberculosis, fevers, arthritis, skin conditions, and stress. Commercially, liquorice is used as a sweetener and in cough drops, lozenges, and chewing gum.
This document discusses various types of artificial sweeteners, including saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame-K, sucralose, and neotame. It describes their chemistry, metabolism, commercial uses, and health effects. Studies on artificial sweeteners and weight gain found they did not cause weight increase unlike sucrose. However, other studies linked lifetime exposure to low doses of aspartame beginning prenatally to increased cancer risks in rats. Artificial sweeteners may also cause gastrointestinal issues and potential brain damage.
This document discusses hydrocolloids, which are gums that are added to foods to control functional properties like thickening and gelling. It defines hydrocolloids as able to form viscous solutions when mixed with water. It then discusses various types of hydrocolloids like xanthan gum, guar gum, and locust bean gum; their sources and uses in food for thickening, stabilizing, and gelling. Specific uses mentioned are in salad dressings, sauces, ice cream, and dairy products to improve texture.
Food additives are used to preserve foods and improve qualities like taste, but some can be harmful to health. Common harmful additives include sodium nitrite and nitrate used in processed meats which are linked to cancer, and artificial sweeteners aspartame and acesulfame K that may cause neurological and behavioral issues. Flavor enhancers like monosodium glutamate and preservatives like BHA/BHT have also been linked to conditions like headaches, hyperactivity, and cancer.
Phyto pharmaceutical - TOCOPHEROLS AND TOCOTRIENOLS (Vitamin E )SudhindraKini
Vitamin E (tocopherol) is a naturally occurring antioxidant. Biochemical functions of vitamin E. applications of vitamin E. symptoms of vitamin E deficiency. Global scenario of production and consumption of natural vitamin E and mixed tocopherols
This presentation is about the emerging field of nutraceuticals, its relation with the food, health and pharmaceuticals. How the food we daily intake plays a major role in providing stability and treating or preventing ailments. It also has information about the top 3 chronic diseases as listed by WHO and how the nutraceuticals associated with them.
The document discusses caramelization, the process by which sugars are heated and undergo chemical reactions to produce caramel. There are two methods for making caramel - wet, by heating sugar and water, and dry, by heating sugar alone. As the sugar is heated to temperatures between 110-160C, it undergoes reactions that produce aromas and colors while removing water. Polymerization reactions result in large molecules that contribute to caramel's dark brown color and sticky texture. Caramel has various uses including as a candy, in desserts like crème brûlée and flan, and for coating fruits and nuts.
Kashif Ali presented on Stevia as a novel food. Stevia is a plant derived sweetener that is 30-320 times sweeter than sugar. It has no calories and no effect on blood sugar levels, making it useful for diabetes and weight control. Stevia was traditionally used by indigenous people in South America and its extracts have been approved as safe in many countries. It has various applications in foods, beverages, medicines and more. The global stevia market is growing due to increasing demand for its high intensity sweetness and low calorie content. Stevia has a promising future scope as a sugar substitute.
Stevia rebaudiana , and effect some elicitors .Arkan Alsafawi
Effect some elicitors on stevia rebaudiana like Salicylic acid (SA) , methyl jasmonate (me Ja) , sperimidine (spd) , and overview on stevia rebaudiana and the aim from this seminar.
Introduction to saponin glycosides, Saponin glycosides, Properties of saponin glycosides, Types of saponin glycosides, chemical tests of saponin glycosides
This document discusses nutraceuticals and functional foods for diabetes. It defines nutraceuticals as foods or dietary constituents that provide health or medical benefits, including preventing and treating disease. Nutraceuticals for diabetes include nutrients, herbals, and dietary supplements. Functional foods discussed include high fiber foods like oats, whole grains, fruits and vegetables containing antioxidants like flavonoids and anthocyanins. These foods may help regulate blood sugar levels, enhance beta cell function, reduce inflammation and oxidative stress to help manage diabetes.
Erythritol is a natural, low-calorie sweetener that is 60-70% as sweet as sucrose. It is produced through a fermentation process using Moniliella yeast and a dextrose or sucrose solution. Erythritol has many advantages as a sweetener including being non-caloric, having a high digestive tolerance, and exhibiting antioxidant properties. It has physical and chemical properties such as low viscosity, low hygroscopicity, and high heat and acid stability that make it suitable for use in foods and beverages. The document discusses the history, properties, manufacturing process, uses, and regulatory status of erythritol.
The document defines nutraceuticals as foods or food components that provide health benefits for preventing or treating disease. It classifies nutraceuticals based on their natural source, pharmacological activity, or chemical composition. Some examples of nutraceutical classes described include probiotics, prebiotics, antioxidants, phytochemicals, and herbs used as functional foods. Specific nutraceuticals discussed in more detail include flax seeds, ginkgo biloba, spirulina, karela, turmeric, soy, garlic, and tomato lycopene. The document also lists some marketed nutraceutical supplements and provides references.
This document discusses different types of plant-based sweeteners that can be used as alternatives to sugar. It categorizes sweeteners as nutritive or non-nutritive and describes various natural sweeteners such as stevioside, glycyrrhizin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, thaumatin, and monellins. These sweeteners are derived from plants like Stevia rebaudiana, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Citrus aurantium, Thaumatococcus danielli, and Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii. While many have advantages like being less caloric or more sweet than sugar, some also have disadvantages like bitter
Carbohydrates can be classified as simple sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides) or polysaccharides. Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharide units and include sucrose, maltose, and lactose. Polysaccharides yield many monosaccharide units and include starch, cellulose, and glycogen. Some important carbohydrates discussed include acacia gum, honey, tragacanth, and agar. Acacia gum is obtained from acacia trees and is used as a thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent. Honey is the natural sweetener produced by bees from flower nectar. T
This document discusses artificial sweeteners, including both high intensity and low calorie sweeteners. It provides information on key artificial sweeteners such as Acesulfame K, Aspartame, Neotame, Saccharin, Sucralose, Erythritol, Isomalt, and Xylitol. For each sweetener, details are given on their chemical composition, sweetness relative to sucrose, uses, and safety. The objectives of the presentation are also listed as focusing on several of the main artificial sweeteners.
This document discusses several bitter plant extracts used in Ayurvedic medicine:
- Gentian contains bitter glycosides like gentiopicrin and is used as a stomachic to treat indigestion and enhance menstrual flow. It can also treat wounds, arthritis, and sore throat.
- Kalmegh contains andrographolide and is used as a bitter tonic, stomachic, and to treat liver issues and jaundice. It is also used as a blood purifier.
- Chirata contains bitter glycosides and is used as a bitter tonic, stomachic, and historically as an antimalarial.
- Picrorhiza contains picrosides and is used as a bitter
Saponins are plant constituents that cause foaming in aqueous solutions. They are glycosides that can be toxic if injected in the bloodstream but are harmless when taken orally. There are two main types of saponins - pentacyclic triterpenoid and steroidal. Saponins are hydrolyzed into aglycones and sugars. Aglycones determine the saponin type. Many plants contain medicinally active saponins such as diosgenin from Dioscorea villosa wild yam. Saponins have expectorant, anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties and are used to treat various conditions.
This document provides information about natural coloring and sweetening agents. It discusses various natural dyes derived from plants and insects that can be used as coloring agents, including turmeric, annatto, saffron, paprika, tomato, tagetus, safflower, henna, beet root, blood root, and cochineal. It also discusses the physiological properties and uses of these natural dyes. Additionally, it covers various natural sweeteners like stevioside, glycyrrhizin, neohesperidine dihydrochalcone, thaumatin, monellins, honey, and maple syrup.
This document discusses plant-based sweeteners as an alternative to sugar. It begins with an introduction to sweet taste and the search for a sucrose substitute. It then discusses the health risks of sugar and ongoing research. The document categorizes sweeteners as natural or artificial, and zero-calorie. It provides details on stevia, including its origin, cultivation, extraction process, properties, applications, and regulatory status. It also briefly mentions thaumatin, a natural sweetener from Thaumatococcus daniellii.
Liquorice : chemical constituents, therapeutic uses and usesSonia Singh
This document discusses liquorice, including its chemical constituents, therapeutic uses, and commercial products. The key chemical constituents of liquorice are glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetic acid, glycyrrhizinic acid, isoliquiritin, and various flavonoids. Liquorice is used therapeutically to treat coughs, bronchitis, tuberculosis, fevers, arthritis, skin conditions, and stress. Commercially, liquorice is used as a sweetener and in cough drops, lozenges, and chewing gum.
This document discusses various types of artificial sweeteners, including saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame-K, sucralose, and neotame. It describes their chemistry, metabolism, commercial uses, and health effects. Studies on artificial sweeteners and weight gain found they did not cause weight increase unlike sucrose. However, other studies linked lifetime exposure to low doses of aspartame beginning prenatally to increased cancer risks in rats. Artificial sweeteners may also cause gastrointestinal issues and potential brain damage.
This document discusses hydrocolloids, which are gums that are added to foods to control functional properties like thickening and gelling. It defines hydrocolloids as able to form viscous solutions when mixed with water. It then discusses various types of hydrocolloids like xanthan gum, guar gum, and locust bean gum; their sources and uses in food for thickening, stabilizing, and gelling. Specific uses mentioned are in salad dressings, sauces, ice cream, and dairy products to improve texture.
Food additives are used to preserve foods and improve qualities like taste, but some can be harmful to health. Common harmful additives include sodium nitrite and nitrate used in processed meats which are linked to cancer, and artificial sweeteners aspartame and acesulfame K that may cause neurological and behavioral issues. Flavor enhancers like monosodium glutamate and preservatives like BHA/BHT have also been linked to conditions like headaches, hyperactivity, and cancer.
Phyto pharmaceutical - TOCOPHEROLS AND TOCOTRIENOLS (Vitamin E )SudhindraKini
Vitamin E (tocopherol) is a naturally occurring antioxidant. Biochemical functions of vitamin E. applications of vitamin E. symptoms of vitamin E deficiency. Global scenario of production and consumption of natural vitamin E and mixed tocopherols
This presentation is about the emerging field of nutraceuticals, its relation with the food, health and pharmaceuticals. How the food we daily intake plays a major role in providing stability and treating or preventing ailments. It also has information about the top 3 chronic diseases as listed by WHO and how the nutraceuticals associated with them.
The document discusses caramelization, the process by which sugars are heated and undergo chemical reactions to produce caramel. There are two methods for making caramel - wet, by heating sugar and water, and dry, by heating sugar alone. As the sugar is heated to temperatures between 110-160C, it undergoes reactions that produce aromas and colors while removing water. Polymerization reactions result in large molecules that contribute to caramel's dark brown color and sticky texture. Caramel has various uses including as a candy, in desserts like crème brûlée and flan, and for coating fruits and nuts.
Kashif Ali presented on Stevia as a novel food. Stevia is a plant derived sweetener that is 30-320 times sweeter than sugar. It has no calories and no effect on blood sugar levels, making it useful for diabetes and weight control. Stevia was traditionally used by indigenous people in South America and its extracts have been approved as safe in many countries. It has various applications in foods, beverages, medicines and more. The global stevia market is growing due to increasing demand for its high intensity sweetness and low calorie content. Stevia has a promising future scope as a sugar substitute.
Stevia rebaudiana , and effect some elicitors .Arkan Alsafawi
Effect some elicitors on stevia rebaudiana like Salicylic acid (SA) , methyl jasmonate (me Ja) , sperimidine (spd) , and overview on stevia rebaudiana and the aim from this seminar.
This document provides information about various flavoring substances and food additives. It discusses agar, alginic acid, BHA, BHT, calcium disodium EDTA, diacetyl tartatic esters, disodium EDTA, furcelleran, gelatin, and carrageenan. For each item, it describes what it is, what it is made of, what it does, and sometimes provides additional details on uses, benefits, health effects or dosing. The document also lists the members of a group, with Glenfidich Pasagdan as the group leader.
This document discusses microbial secondary metabolites and methods for strain improvement. It also discusses various types of food additives, including their purposes and common examples. Food additives can be used to improve storage properties, increase healthfulness, make food more appealing through colors, flavors and sweeteners, and improve processing and preparation by acting as stabilizers, antioxidants and more. However, some additives like nitrites have raised health concerns.
Natural sugar substitute: STEVIA, no calorie sweetenerKevin KF Ng
Artificial and natural sweetener; how sweetness is measured commercially;bioacative steviol glycosides properties besides sweetness; stevia has been shown to reduce body weight, lower blood sugar, lipids, blood pressure and alter gut microbiome
This document discusses Stevia, a perennial shrub native to South America. For hundreds of years, indigenous peoples in Brazil and Paraguay have used Stevia leaves as a natural sweetener. In 1931, scientists isolated glycosides from Stevia leaves that are 250-300 times sweeter than sugar but contain no calories. Today, Stevia is commercially cultivated and used as a natural sweetener in foods and beverages worldwide. Major companies like Coca-Cola and PepsiCo use Stevia-based sweeteners in some of their products. The document also discusses the potential for Stevia cultivation and production in Bhutan.
The document characterizes dragon fruit and provides information on its nutritional composition and health benefits. It discusses the different varieties of dragon fruit, including their physical and chemical properties. It also describes the antioxidant and fiber content of dragon fruit and their functional roles in reducing risks of chronic diseases. The document summarizes research analyzing the antioxidant activity, nutritional profile, and fatty acid composition of red pitaya fruit from Brazil. It finds that the peel has higher antioxidant levels than the pulp and concludes that the peel should not be discarded due to its nutritional and bioactive compound content.
This document discusses proteases and their role in digestion in poultry. It begins by explaining that animals must obtain some amino acids from their diet as they lack the necessary enzymes to synthesize them. It then describes how ingested proteins are broken down through digestion involving acid and protease enzymes. The document provides classifications and examples of different types of proteases. It discusses how proteases break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates at different pH levels along the gastrointestinal tract. The document also notes some anti-nutritional factors found in various feed ingredients and how proteases can help degrade them to improve digestibility.
This document discusses high intensity low calorie sweeteners, including nutritive sweeteners like polyols and non-nutritive sweeteners approved by the FDA like aspartame, acesulfame potassium, saccharin, sucralose, and neotame. It provides details on the chemical structure and properties of each sweetener. While nutritive sweeteners provide calories, non-nutritive sweeteners allow for sweetness without adding calories. The document also discusses research on the relationship between sweetener consumption and health issues like obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia.
effect of sugar replacement with stevia on physical and sensory characteristi...Goutham Matta
The document discusses using stevia as a sugar substitute in ice cream. It provides background on stevia, including that rebaudioside A is the sweetest extract and can be 250-300 times sweeter than sugar. The objective is to determine the suitability of stevia in ice cream by evaluating physical and sensory properties of ice cream with different concentrations of stevia compared to a control. The hypothesis is that sugar replacement with stevia will not affect characteristics. The study involves preparing ice cream formulations with 0%, 0.6%, 1.1%, and 1.7% stevia and evaluating properties like melt rate, texture, and sensory acceptance.
This document provides an overview of various high-intensity artificial sweeteners, including their chemical structures, manufacturing processes, benefits, applications, and regulatory status. It discusses both peptide-based sweeteners like aspartame and neotame, as well natural extracts from plants such as stevia and monk fruit. The global market for artificial sweeteners was estimated to be $9.2 billion in 2010 and is projected to reach $9.9 billion by 2016, with the US market accounting for around $6 billion. Aspartame faces competition from newer high-intensity sweeteners, while stevia usage may replace 20-30% of dietary sweeteners, and saccharine consumption is in decline
This document provides an overview of high-intensity artificial sweeteners (HIS) used to reduce calories. It discusses various HIS including peptides (aspartame, neotame, alitame), natural extracts (stevia, monk fruit, thaumatin, brazzein), and synthetics (sucralose, acesulfame-K, saccharine). Each sweetener is described in terms of its chemical structure, manufacturing process, benefits, safety, applications, and regulatory status. The document aims to inform readers about known artificial sweeteners and their use in food and beverages to provide sweetness with little to no calories.
This document discusses food safety and spoilage of fermented foods. It begins by defining food safety and the properties of fermented foods, noting they are generally safer than unfermented foods due to inhibition of pathogenic bacteria and toxins. However, some hazards like E. coli and viruses may survive fermentation. It emphasizes using good practices like hygiene and a Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system to ensure safety. The document then discusses causes of spoilage in fermented products like beer, wine, vegetables and cheeses by various microorganisms. It concludes by outlining advances in fermentation including engineering microorganisms and metabolic pathways.
Fabrication and Characterization of Edible Jelly Formulation of Stevioside: A...Debarshi123456789
Based on the fact that stevioside, a glycoside obtained from Stevia rebaudiana Bert has the chief characteristic of
regulating hyperglycemic episodes. The present nutraceutical research describes an innovation that stevia product containing
jelly based formulations have not yet designed as hypoglycemic aids for over-the-counter (OTC) prospective. The main
objectives of this study involved the development of edible jelly formulations containing stevioside which will impart glucose
lowering as well as artificial sweetening characteristics, just like edible jelly brand products such as Juzt Jelly®, Jelly Belly®,
Boleto®, Jolly Candy®, FrutBite® in India. Therefore, the diabetic patients will get a better hypoglycemic control, non-calorific
product, will also enjoy the sweetness, patient-friendly, convenient, without specific dose and frequency and will be much
cheaper than existing market products. The formulation was prepared by the heating method which comprises of stevioside,
HPMC K100, HPMC K15, sodium metabisulphite, ascorbic acid, glycerine, propylene glycol, triethanolamine along with essence
and colors. The organoleptic properties and physicochemical parameters (like stickiness, texture, grittiness, viscosity, drug
content and pH) of the formulations were determined. Techniques like FT-IR analysis, differential scanning calorimetry analysis,
X-Ray diffraction, etc were studied exhaustively to determine the characteristics of the optimized formulation (F9). In-vitro
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Plant based sweeteners
1. Plant-Based Sweeteners
Ph. D. Student
Atheer Jasim Mohammed
Master of Dairy Science and Technology/Iraq
Mobile: 05352409136
May, 2015
2.
3. Facts
Most of high-potency sweeteners of diverse chemical structures are
known to occur naturally.
Consumer interest in natural high-potency sweeteners has grown
dramatically in last decade, fuelled by concerns about the use of
artificial additives in foods.
The level of development activity is high, as is the activity involved in a
continuing search for other natural sweeteners through the use of
various screening techniques.
Natural sweeteners show many similarities to their synthetic
counterparts in terms of their overall taste properties.
4. Examples of high-potency sweeteners of plant origin
Sweetener Structural class Plant source Country of origin
Brazzein Protein Pentadiplandra brazzeana West Africa
Curculin Protein Curculigo latifolia Malaysia
Mabinlin Protein Capparis masakai China
Monellin Protein Discoreophyllum cumminsii West Africa
Pentadin Protein Pentadiplandra brazzeana West Africa
Thaumatin Protein Thaumatococcus daniellii West Africa
Monatin Amino acid Schlerochiton ilicifolius South Africa
Abrusoside Glycoside Abrus precatorius Thailand
Albiziasaponins Glycoside Albizia myriophylla Thailand
Baiyunoside Glycoside Phlomis betonicoides China
Bryoside Glycoside Bryonia dioica Italy
Cussoracosides Glycoside Cussonia racemosa Madagascar
Cyclocarioside Glycoside Cyclocarya paliurus China
Glycyrrhizin Glycoside Glycyrrhiza glabra China
Lo han guo Glycoside Siratia grosvenorii China
Mukurozioside Glycoside Sapindus mukurossi China
Osladin Glycoside Polypodium vulgare USA, Eur.
Periandrin Glycoside Periandra dulcis Brazil
Phlomisoside Glycoside Phlomis younghusbandii China
Polypodoside Glycoside Polypodium glycyrrhiza USA
Pterocaryoside Glycoside Pterocarya paliurus China
Rubusoside Glycoside Rubus suavissimus China
Steviol Glycoside Stevia rebaudiana Paraguay
Telosmosides Glycoside Telosma procumbens Philippines
Selligueain A Proanthocyanidin Selliguea feei Indonesia
Hernandulcin Bisabolane sesquiterpene Lippia dulcis Mexico
Phlorizin Dihydrochalcone Lithocarpus litseifolius China
Trilobatin Dihydrochalcone Lithocarpus litseifolius China
Phyllodulcin Flavonoid Hydrangea macrophylla Japan
Adapted from (Helen Mitchell, 2006)
5. It is origin of Paraguay and Brazil. Stevia is cultivated primarily in
USA, Canada, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, china, and United Kingdom.
In September 1995 the USA FDA allowed Stevia and it is extracted to be
imported as a food supplement but not as a sweetener. Major food
companies like coca cola and beatrice foods used Stevia extracts to
sweeten the foods for sale in Japan, Brazil and other countries.
The plant grows up to range 65-180 centimeters when cultivated or
growing naturally in fertile soil. It is a short day plant and flowering from
January to March in the southern hemisphere. The suitable natural climate
is semi humid subtropical with temperature extremes from 21 to 43°C.
The steviol glycoside sweeteners share a common aglycone, steviol.
Linked to steviol are carbohydrate moieties and it is the number and
linkages of these that differentiate the steviol glycoside sweeteners
Stevioside (Stevia rebaudiana)
6. leafs considered the most parts of plant which is rich with stevia
rebaudiana A, and can be used these techniques to preparation of
sweetener from the leaves typically involves some or all of the
following unit operations: aqueous extraction reached by selective
extraction into a polar organic solvent, decolourisation, removal of
impurities through flocculation and filtration, ion exchange and
finally crystallization.
Stevioside (Stevia rebaudiana)
7. A research report suggests rebaudioside A is less sweet than stevioside
that may be a significant of the methodologies employed or due to the
actual materials evaluated being mixtures of steviol glycosides rather than
the pure glycoside.
Sweetness potencies of
steviol glycosides.
Sensory properties
Compound Relative sweetnessa
Stevioside 300
Rebaudioside A 250-450
Rebaudioside B 300-350
Rebaudioside C 50-120
Rebaudioside D 250-450
Rebaudioside E 150-300
Dulcoside A 50-120
Steviolbioside 100-125
aSweetness potency measured relative to 0.4% (w/v) sucrose.
* Adapted from (Kim and DuBois, 1991)
8. Both stevioside and rebaudioside A appear to be stable sweeteners.
One study was observed in carbonated beverages buffered with either
phosphoric acid or citric acid. After 2 months storage at 37◦C, some
degradation was reported, but no significant changes were seen when
formulated beverage products were stored at room temperature and below
for 5 months. Some shakiness (20% loss) of rebaudioside A on exposure to UV
light was mentioned following 1 week of exposure to sunshine, but stevioside
be completely stable under the same conditions.
The authors conclude that these sweeteners are viable as commercial products
in that they show adequate hydrolytic stability. The solubility of stevioside in
water has been measured and found to be just less than 1% (w/v).
Physical and chemical properties
Physiological properties
rebaudiana A leaves contain ent-kaurene diterpene glycosides (stevioside and
the rebaudiosides) 300 times sweeter than sucrose with superior solubility in
water and a positive taste profile that are safely metabolized by the body
without any side effect.
Rebaudioside A in the digestive tract is first metabolized by microbes in the
colon to stevioside which is further converted into glucose molecule and
steviol. The released glucose molecule is used by the bacteria in the colon and
is not absorbed into the blood stream.
9. Steviol glycosides are not readily absorbed from the upper small intestine
of the rat or human following oral administration. As human digestive
enzymes do not hydrolyse β-glycosidic linkages, digestion in the small
intestine is limited. Microbial fermentation occurs in the large intestine of
both rat and human, releasing the aglycone steviol. Steviol is then absorbed,
conjugated with glucuronic acid and excreted as steviol glucuronide, the
primary route being in feces for the rat and urine for humans.
The study also showed that the majority of steviol glycosides are absorbed and
glucuronidated in the liver. The newly bonded glucuronidate is released in the
blood and filtered by the kidneys into the urine. Small amounts of glucuronide
that remain in the colon are excreted through fecal matter.
Applications
In Korea, stevioside is an accepted sweetener in baked products, table-top
sweeteners, beverages and seasonings.
steviol glycoside sweeteners have acceptance across the range of food and
beverage applications normally associated with the use of high-potency
sweeteners.
10. particularly in Japan where it is considered a 'food’ because of its natural
origin.
It is now accepted that whenever safety studies have been carried out using
purified and fully characterised steviol glycosides, the reproductive safety
of these sweetener materials has been fully demonstrated.
A number of sub-chronic (13-week) toxicity studies have been completed in
recent years, these studies have all reported no statistically significant effects
in the great majority of cases; although some impact on body-weight gains for
groups receiving the highest doses tested .
Matsui(1996). examined the genetic toxicity of stevioside and steviol in a
range of mutagenicity tests with metabolic activation. Stevioside was not
found to be mutagenic in any of the assays examined. Steviol, however,
produced dose-related positive responses in some mutagenicity tests.
Other workers reported no compound-related alterations of blood, clinical
chemistry or urinalysis parameters. Although stevioside is not mutagenic, its
aglycone, steviol (13-hydroxy-ent-kaurenoic acid) has been shown to be
mutagenic in some tests with S. typhimurium strains.
Safety
11. In July 2008, JECFA found steviol glycosides safe for use in food and
beverages.
Also, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced in December
2008 that it had no objection to the use of rebiana in food and beverages in
the United States.
In 2009, the French government was the first in the EU to approve the use of
rebausioside A in food and beverages in France.
In 2010, the European Food Safety Authority published a Scientific Opinion
confirming that steviol glycosides are safe for use in foods and beverages.
Approval throughout the EU is anticipated, although the precise timing is
currently uncertain.
Regulatory status
12. Thaumatin is normally described as being approx. 2000 times the sweetness
of sucrose.
The temporal taste profile of Thaumatin is characterised by a delay in
perceiving sweetness, a lengthy sweetness growth phase until maximum
sweetness is perceived, followed by a lingering sweet/liquorice after taste.
Thaumatin (Thaumatococcus daniellii)
Sensory properties
Thaumatin is the common name for a mixture of potently sweet proteins
that can be extracted from the West African plant Thaumatococcus
daniellii (Bennett), known locally as the katemfe berry.
The plant divided in two kinds, Thaumatins I and II being the major
constituents, each with almost identical molecular weight of 22,000 Daltons.
Thaumatins I and II have very similar amino acid sequences, differing only in
five residues.
The protein is stabilized by eight disulphide bridges, thus conferring a greater
stability to heat and pH denaturation to the molecule than might be expected
for a protein.
Thaumatin was used as a tool in early studies that sought to understand the
structure of the mammalian receptor for sweetness .
13. Physical and chemical properties
Thaumatin is stabilized by the eight disulphide bridges that result in a cross-
linked network of amino acid chains. This confers a measure of stability to
heat and extremes of pH.
These disulphide bridges are also responsible for holding the protein chain in
the correct conformation to elicit sweetness, as has been confirmed by
demonstrating that cleavage of a single disulphide bridge results in loss of
sweetness.
Physiological properties
Thaumatin is a natural plant protein of known structure containing normal amino
acids.
Applications
The main commercial applications for Thaumatin its claimed flavor modifying
and enhancing functionalities.
Thaumatin has found application in liquid medicines.
The oral care products and in the nutraceutical/fortified foods industries.
increasing concentrations of Thaumatin appear to have increasing effects on the
bitterness associated with vitamin B complex preparations, caffeine and soybean
peptides.
14. Thaumatin was studied for its sub-acute toxicity in rats and dogs and its
ability to produce anaphylactic antibodies following oral administration to
rats and normal human subjects. It was found to be readily digested prior to
absorption in rats and no adverse effects resulted from its continuous
administration to rats and dogs at dietary concentrations of 0%, 0.3%, 1.0%
and 3.0% for 13 weeks.
Also, it was shown to be non-teratogenic when administered orally to rats at
0, 200, 600 and 2000 mg/kg body weight/day from day 6 to 15 of gestation
and was without effect on the incidence of dominant lethal mutations when
administered on five consecutive days to male mice at 200 and 2000 mg/kg
per day.
The results indicate that Thaumatin when used as a flavor modifier and
extender, and partial sweetener, is unlikely to be hazardous at the expected
level of consumption.
Safety
15. Thaumatin was originally permitted as a natural food additive in Japan in
1979.
It was approved as a sweetener in the United Kingdom and Australia.
In the United States, Thaumatin was accorded GRAS status as a flavor
adjunct for chewing gum in 1984 and this has since been extended by FEMA
to general use across all food categories.
Regulatory status
Sweetener Product category Maximum usable dose
Thaumatin (E957) Confectionery
Confectionery with no added sugar
Cocoa or dried fruit based
Confectionery; energy reduced or with no
added sugar
Chewing gum with no added sugar
Food supplements
Edible ices, energy reduced or with no added
sugar
50 mg/kg
50 mg/kg
50 mg/kg
400 mg/kg
50 mg/kg
Table shows regulatory approval of Thaumatin in the EU
16. The Chinese plant Siraitia grosvenorii family that grows mainly in Guangxi
Province, with most of the product from the mountains of Guilin. Siraitia
fruits are used both inside and outside the People’s Republic of China as a
food, beverage, and traditional medicine.
The sweet constituents of the plant are triterpene glycosides, known as mogrosides.
Common names for the plant include: lo han guo, lo han kuo, Arhat fruit, Monk
Fruit, Fructus momordicae and Momordicae grosvenori fructus.
Subsequent isolation of two sweet components (named mogrosides IV and V) was
completed successfully and their sensory properties described. Mogroside V is the
most abundant component, occurring at around 1% in the dried fruits.
Lo Han Guo (morgroside)
Structure of morgroside V
17. In study was described the sweetness of mogroside as being 150 times as
potent as sucrose. In other report estimated the potency of mogroside V
as approximately 250 times as sweet as sucrose at a 5% sucrose equivalent
concentration.
the sweetener is known to deliver a taste profile that contains taste
elements commonly seen in natural potent sweeteners, such as a slight
delay to reaching maximum sweetness intensity and an aftertaste that
contains liquorice and cooling elements.
Sensory properties
Physical and chemical properties
There are no study reports detailing the stability of mogroside.
In addition, the indigenous use of the lo han guo fruit involves drying the
fruit and then preparing an aqueous decoction that also indicates that the
sweet principle is likely to be a relatively stable molecule.
Aqueous solutions containing mogroside V are reported to be stable, even
under boiling conditions.
the β-linkages of the carbohydrate moieties are intrinsically resistant to
hydrolysis.
18. Extracts of lo han guo fruit have long been used indigenously to treat
colds, sore throats and minor stomach and intestinal complaints.
Recent studies suggest that the mogrosides may exhibit anti-cancer
properties, possibly based on their researches anti-oxidant characteristics.
Physiological properties
Applications
The traditional use of the lo han guo fruit has been to prepare an aqueous extract
that is then consumed as a tea or tonic drink.
There have been some minor beverage products on the market in USA that have
contained (lo han fruit extract) as a part of the overall sweetening system.
In addition, can be used as table-top sweeteners will be a target.
19. In safety studies that have been completed, it has been shown to be non-
mutagenic in short-term predictive tests and to produce no mortalities
when administered to mice at doses up to 2 g/kg body weight.
Safety
Regulatory status
Lo han guo fruits and extracts are considered to be foods in China.
A GRAS petition has been reviewed by FDA which issued a ‘no
objection’ letter, thus confirming its GRAS status within the US market.