This document discusses coniferophyta, which are gymnosperms that bear their seeds in cones. It provides information on key families of conifers present in the Philippines, including Araucariaceae (Agathis), Pinaceae (Pinus), Podocarpaceae (Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium, Falcatifolium, Nageia, Phyllocladus, Podocarpus, Sundacarpus), and Taxaceae (Taxus). For each genus, 1-2 species found in the Philippines are highlighted with descriptions of their distributions and conservation statuses. The document emphasizes the ecological and economic importance of conifers.
This document provides terminology related to plant taxonomy. It defines and provides examples of various plant structures and their characteristics, including types of inflorescences (such as cymose and racemose), flower parts and their arrangements (bracts, sepals, petals, stamens, pistils), symmetry, number of parts, position and attachment of reproductive organs. It also describes terms for flower features like dehiscence, coherence, aestivation and more. The document aims to establish a standardized vocabulary for describing plant morphology.
Symbiotic association of lichen and micorrhiza and their significance.pptxSanketDnyanobaSingap
This document summarizes symbiotic associations between lichens, mycorrhizal fungi, and plants. It discusses the structure and morphology of lichen thalli composed of a fungal mycobiont and photosynthetic photobiont. Mycorrhizae form associations between fungi and roots of 90% of plant species. There are three main types of mycorrhizae - ectomycorrhizae, endomycorrhizae, and ectendomycorrhizae - which differ in how the fungal hyphae interact with the plant roots. Lichens and mycorrhizal fungi provide benefits to plants like nutrient exchange and are important ecologically and for human
India can be divided into nine main phytogeographic regions based on uniform climatic conditions and vegetation types. These include the Western Himalayas, Eastern Himalayas, Indus Plain, Gangetic Plain, Assam Valley, Central India, Malabar, Deccan, and the Andaman and Nicobar Bay Islands. Each region has distinct climate patterns such as rainfall and temperature, as well as characteristic plant species and vegetation zones ranging from alpine to tropical forests.
The document provides information about gymnosperms, including their characteristics, evolution, and representative groups. Some key points:
- Gymnosperms are seed plants with exposed ovules, in contrast to angiosperms which have enclosed seeds. They include conifers, cycads, gnetophytes, and ginkgo.
- They evolved from non-seed producing ancestors over 300 million years ago. Today there are over 1,000 living gymnosperm species in 14 families.
- Coniferophyta is one of the largest gymnosperm groups. It includes conifers which reproduce via pollen and cones. Representative families are Pinaceae, Araucariaceae, Podocarp
TAKHTAJAN SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTSHasnain Sarwar
The document discusses the Takhtajan system of classification for flowering plants developed by Armenian botanist Armen Leonovich Takhtajan. Some key points:
- Takhtajan published his initial classification scheme in 1940 based on phylogenetic relationships, revising it several times until 1997.
- His system recognizes a single division (Magnoliophyta) of two classes - Magnoliopsida (dicots) and Liliopsida (monocots).
- It has advantages of being based on evolutionary relationships and forming small homogeneous families, but disadvantages include narrow criteria splitting related groups and placing monocots after dicots.
Angiosperms are the flowering plants also known as Magnoliophyta. The botanical term "Angiosperm" meaning ‘bottle or vessel’ is derived from the ancient Greek. These are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants and the distinguished features of angiosperms over gymnosperms are angiosperms bear flowers, endosperm within the seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seed. According to the botanists the flowering plants diversified and widespread 120 million years ago. The classification of the flowering plants also has a long history.
In the past, classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group resulting large number of systems. Different systems and their updates were generally favored in different countries. Bentham and Hooker’s system was popular in the Britain and the Engler’s system was famous in the Europe etc. These systems were introduced before the availability of genetic evidences and angiosperms were classified using their morphology and biochemistry. After the 1980’s genetic evidences were available and phylogenetic methods came into the classification procedures.
In the late 1990s, an informal group of researchers from major institutions worldwide came together and they established the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). The objective was to provide a widely accepted and more stable point of reference for angiosperm classification. APG I was published in 1998 as their first attempt in Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. The initial 1998 paper by the APG made angiosperms the first large group of organisms to be systematically re-classified primarily on the basis of genetic characteristics. The group emphasized the need for a classification system for angiosperms at the level of families, orders and above. The existed systems are rejected is because they are not phylogenetically classified. The outline of a phylogenetic tree of all flowering plants became established and several well supported major clades involving many families of flowering plants were identified. The new knowledge of phylogeny revealed relationships in conflict with the then widely used modern classifications.
The principles of APG system are retaining the Linnean system of orders and families, Use of monophyletic groups (Consist of all descendants of a common ancestor), taking a broad approach to defining the limits of groups such as orders and families and use of term ‘clades’ above or parallel to the level of orders and families. A major outcome of the classification is the disappearance of the traditional division of the flowering plants into two groups, which are monocots and dicots.
Even though there are several controversies about APG the botanists worldwide are influenced by the concept and are currently practice the system.
This document discusses various types of taxonomic evidence that can be used to classify organisms, including morphology, anatomy, palynology, embryology, cytology, phytochemistry, ultrastructure, and genome analysis. It provides examples of specific morphological, anatomical, and other characteristics that taxonomists examine for each type of evidence. The document emphasizes that integrating data from multiple sources provides the strongest basis for classification and determining phylogenetic relationships between taxa.
This document discusses coniferophyta, which are gymnosperms that bear their seeds in cones. It provides information on key families of conifers present in the Philippines, including Araucariaceae (Agathis), Pinaceae (Pinus), Podocarpaceae (Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium, Falcatifolium, Nageia, Phyllocladus, Podocarpus, Sundacarpus), and Taxaceae (Taxus). For each genus, 1-2 species found in the Philippines are highlighted with descriptions of their distributions and conservation statuses. The document emphasizes the ecological and economic importance of conifers.
This document provides terminology related to plant taxonomy. It defines and provides examples of various plant structures and their characteristics, including types of inflorescences (such as cymose and racemose), flower parts and their arrangements (bracts, sepals, petals, stamens, pistils), symmetry, number of parts, position and attachment of reproductive organs. It also describes terms for flower features like dehiscence, coherence, aestivation and more. The document aims to establish a standardized vocabulary for describing plant morphology.
Symbiotic association of lichen and micorrhiza and their significance.pptxSanketDnyanobaSingap
This document summarizes symbiotic associations between lichens, mycorrhizal fungi, and plants. It discusses the structure and morphology of lichen thalli composed of a fungal mycobiont and photosynthetic photobiont. Mycorrhizae form associations between fungi and roots of 90% of plant species. There are three main types of mycorrhizae - ectomycorrhizae, endomycorrhizae, and ectendomycorrhizae - which differ in how the fungal hyphae interact with the plant roots. Lichens and mycorrhizal fungi provide benefits to plants like nutrient exchange and are important ecologically and for human
India can be divided into nine main phytogeographic regions based on uniform climatic conditions and vegetation types. These include the Western Himalayas, Eastern Himalayas, Indus Plain, Gangetic Plain, Assam Valley, Central India, Malabar, Deccan, and the Andaman and Nicobar Bay Islands. Each region has distinct climate patterns such as rainfall and temperature, as well as characteristic plant species and vegetation zones ranging from alpine to tropical forests.
The document provides information about gymnosperms, including their characteristics, evolution, and representative groups. Some key points:
- Gymnosperms are seed plants with exposed ovules, in contrast to angiosperms which have enclosed seeds. They include conifers, cycads, gnetophytes, and ginkgo.
- They evolved from non-seed producing ancestors over 300 million years ago. Today there are over 1,000 living gymnosperm species in 14 families.
- Coniferophyta is one of the largest gymnosperm groups. It includes conifers which reproduce via pollen and cones. Representative families are Pinaceae, Araucariaceae, Podocarp
TAKHTAJAN SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTSHasnain Sarwar
The document discusses the Takhtajan system of classification for flowering plants developed by Armenian botanist Armen Leonovich Takhtajan. Some key points:
- Takhtajan published his initial classification scheme in 1940 based on phylogenetic relationships, revising it several times until 1997.
- His system recognizes a single division (Magnoliophyta) of two classes - Magnoliopsida (dicots) and Liliopsida (monocots).
- It has advantages of being based on evolutionary relationships and forming small homogeneous families, but disadvantages include narrow criteria splitting related groups and placing monocots after dicots.
Angiosperms are the flowering plants also known as Magnoliophyta. The botanical term "Angiosperm" meaning ‘bottle or vessel’ is derived from the ancient Greek. These are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants and the distinguished features of angiosperms over gymnosperms are angiosperms bear flowers, endosperm within the seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seed. According to the botanists the flowering plants diversified and widespread 120 million years ago. The classification of the flowering plants also has a long history.
In the past, classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group resulting large number of systems. Different systems and their updates were generally favored in different countries. Bentham and Hooker’s system was popular in the Britain and the Engler’s system was famous in the Europe etc. These systems were introduced before the availability of genetic evidences and angiosperms were classified using their morphology and biochemistry. After the 1980’s genetic evidences were available and phylogenetic methods came into the classification procedures.
In the late 1990s, an informal group of researchers from major institutions worldwide came together and they established the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). The objective was to provide a widely accepted and more stable point of reference for angiosperm classification. APG I was published in 1998 as their first attempt in Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. The initial 1998 paper by the APG made angiosperms the first large group of organisms to be systematically re-classified primarily on the basis of genetic characteristics. The group emphasized the need for a classification system for angiosperms at the level of families, orders and above. The existed systems are rejected is because they are not phylogenetically classified. The outline of a phylogenetic tree of all flowering plants became established and several well supported major clades involving many families of flowering plants were identified. The new knowledge of phylogeny revealed relationships in conflict with the then widely used modern classifications.
The principles of APG system are retaining the Linnean system of orders and families, Use of monophyletic groups (Consist of all descendants of a common ancestor), taking a broad approach to defining the limits of groups such as orders and families and use of term ‘clades’ above or parallel to the level of orders and families. A major outcome of the classification is the disappearance of the traditional division of the flowering plants into two groups, which are monocots and dicots.
Even though there are several controversies about APG the botanists worldwide are influenced by the concept and are currently practice the system.
This document discusses various types of taxonomic evidence that can be used to classify organisms, including morphology, anatomy, palynology, embryology, cytology, phytochemistry, ultrastructure, and genome analysis. It provides examples of specific morphological, anatomical, and other characteristics that taxonomists examine for each type of evidence. The document emphasizes that integrating data from multiple sources provides the strongest basis for classification and determining phylogenetic relationships between taxa.
The document summarizes the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). It provides a brief history of botanical naming conventions beginning with Linnaeus' binomial system in 1753. It describes the subsequent meetings that have been held to refine the ICBN rules. The principles of the ICBN are to establish a stable and universal naming system through use of types, priority of publication, and Latin names. Key rules covered include ranks of taxa, typification, requirements for valid publication, author citation, and criteria for selecting correct names when taxa change ranks or are combined or divided. The overall aim of the ICBN is to provide consistency in botanical nomenclature.
1. The document discusses the origin and evolution of seeds from pre-ovules. It describes how seeds evolved from megasporangium through a series of steps including the formation of integument and micropyles.
2. Fossil structures from the Devonian and Carboniferous periods called pre-ovules provide evidence for the transition from naked megasporangium to ovules with fused integuments. These pre-ovules had unfused or partially fused integumentary lobes lacking a defined micropyle.
3. The degree of fusion of integumentary lobes in various fossil structures like Genomosperma, Physostoma and Stamnostoma demonstrate the progressive
This slide is about Bentham and Hooker's classification system.
in this Presentation it is outlined in a very easy manner to understand the concept
School, College and University students can understant the concept of classification proposed by Bentham and Hooker.
This document discusses the morphology and structure of pollen grains. It begins with an introduction to pollen grain development through microsporogenesis. Pollen grains are generally spherical and 25-50 micrometers in diameter, containing a resistant outer wall and inner cellular contents. The pollen wall consists of two layers - an outer exine layer made of sporopollenin that is highly resistant, and an inner intine layer made of cellulose and pectin. The exine layer provides sculpturing and pores for germination. Features of the pollen wall help with classification and allow pollen grains to be well-preserved as microfossils.
This document provides information about the Asclepiadaceae family and two crude drugs from plants in the family. It discusses the general characteristics of the family including its distribution, morphology, and economic importance. It then summarizes the botanical origin, uses, active constituents and other details of the crude drugs Gymnema sylvestre and Calotropis gigantea which are plants that belong to the Asclepiadaceae family.
This presentation was given by Dr. Avishek Bhattacharjee in Botanical Nomenclature Course held in Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong in November 2016. This may be helpful to the undergraduate and post graduate Botany students to understand different types of taxonomic literature, especially Flora, Revision and Monograph.
These slides the process of replication in myxomycota.
There are four types of spore produces that are sporangium, aethalium, psudoaethalium, plasmodiocarp.
Angiosperms are flowering plants that evolved around 125-100 million years ago. They are the largest group of plants, making up approximately 80% of all known living plant species. Angiosperms have flowers and fruits and characteristics like roots, stems, leaves, xylem, and phloem. They are divided into two classes - monocots which have one cotyledon, and dicots which have two. Angiosperms occupy nearly every habitat on Earth with some exceptions. They are economically important as sources of food, fibers, medicines and more.
1.plant systematic
levels of taxonomy
specie
specie concept
phases of taxonomy
components of taxonomy
2.palynological evidence
2. taxonomical evidence
3. chemotaxonomy
Teak morphology and economic importanceDrAnuprabha1
Teak is a large deciduous tree native to South and Southeast Asia. It can grow up to 40 meters tall with gray to brown branches. The leaves are entire with petioles 2-4 cm long. Fragrant white flowers appear from June to September in large clusters. The flowers are pollinated by insects or wind. Fruits are fleshy globose structures 1.2-1.8 cm in diameter that contain 1-4 seeds. Teak sheds its leaves from November to January.
1. The document discusses the Magnoliaceae plant family, describing its geographical distribution, habitat, morphology, and key characteristics.
2. Trees and shrubs in this family have alternate simple leaves with deciduous stipules leaving a circular scar. Their large, bisexual flowers are solitary with numerous spirally arranged floral parts on an elongated thalamus.
3. The family includes 7 genera and over 230 species of temperate to tropical rainforest trees and shrubs. Several species are cultivated for ornamental or medicinal purposes.
Community Ecology
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
This document provides an outline and objectives for a lesson on vascular plants from Botany 103. It will cover overview of vascular plants and their organs, plant growth and development, plant embryology, plant growing seasons, and the specific organs of roots, stems, and leaves. The lesson objectives are for learners to define key terms, identify plant organs, describe plant structures and embryonic development, and understand the general functions of roots, stems, and leaves. The document then provides details on each of these topics in the given lesson outline.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification
APG I
APG II
APG III
APG IV
Molecular Based system
features and organization
Merits and demerits
Difference in APG system.
The document summarizes the microscopic and submicroscopic structure of cell walls. It describes how cellulose molecules aggregate into micelles, which then bundle together to form microfibrils, macrofibrils and fibers. These structural elements form a porous micellar system interpenetrated by an intermicellar system containing other substances. Microfibril orientation varies between primary and secondary cell walls and between plant species and cell types. The major component is crystalline cellulose, though hemicellulose, pectin, proteins and phenolics are also present, making the overall structure complex.
Monocots And Dicots report on biology on how to distinguishhmikasalvo143
Monocots and dicots are the two major groups of flowering plants, traditionally divided based on whether their embryos have one cotyledon (monocot) or two cotyledons (dicot). Other distinguishing characteristics include the number of flower parts, the arrangement of veins in leaves, how roots develop, pollen structure, and the arrangement of vascular tissue in stems. However, some characteristics like venation and cotyledon number can be variable, and not all plants fall clearly into one group or the other.
Monocot and dicot seeds differ in the number of cotyledons. Monocot seeds have one cotyledon called a scutellum, while dicot seeds have two cotyledons. Examples of monocot seeds include wheat, corn, and bamboo. Examples of dicot seeds include bitter gourd, castor, and mango. When a monocot seed germinates it produces a single leaf, whereas when a dicot seed germinates it produces two seed leaves.
The document summarizes the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). It provides a brief history of botanical naming conventions beginning with Linnaeus' binomial system in 1753. It describes the subsequent meetings that have been held to refine the ICBN rules. The principles of the ICBN are to establish a stable and universal naming system through use of types, priority of publication, and Latin names. Key rules covered include ranks of taxa, typification, requirements for valid publication, author citation, and criteria for selecting correct names when taxa change ranks or are combined or divided. The overall aim of the ICBN is to provide consistency in botanical nomenclature.
1. The document discusses the origin and evolution of seeds from pre-ovules. It describes how seeds evolved from megasporangium through a series of steps including the formation of integument and micropyles.
2. Fossil structures from the Devonian and Carboniferous periods called pre-ovules provide evidence for the transition from naked megasporangium to ovules with fused integuments. These pre-ovules had unfused or partially fused integumentary lobes lacking a defined micropyle.
3. The degree of fusion of integumentary lobes in various fossil structures like Genomosperma, Physostoma and Stamnostoma demonstrate the progressive
This slide is about Bentham and Hooker's classification system.
in this Presentation it is outlined in a very easy manner to understand the concept
School, College and University students can understant the concept of classification proposed by Bentham and Hooker.
This document discusses the morphology and structure of pollen grains. It begins with an introduction to pollen grain development through microsporogenesis. Pollen grains are generally spherical and 25-50 micrometers in diameter, containing a resistant outer wall and inner cellular contents. The pollen wall consists of two layers - an outer exine layer made of sporopollenin that is highly resistant, and an inner intine layer made of cellulose and pectin. The exine layer provides sculpturing and pores for germination. Features of the pollen wall help with classification and allow pollen grains to be well-preserved as microfossils.
This document provides information about the Asclepiadaceae family and two crude drugs from plants in the family. It discusses the general characteristics of the family including its distribution, morphology, and economic importance. It then summarizes the botanical origin, uses, active constituents and other details of the crude drugs Gymnema sylvestre and Calotropis gigantea which are plants that belong to the Asclepiadaceae family.
This presentation was given by Dr. Avishek Bhattacharjee in Botanical Nomenclature Course held in Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong in November 2016. This may be helpful to the undergraduate and post graduate Botany students to understand different types of taxonomic literature, especially Flora, Revision and Monograph.
These slides the process of replication in myxomycota.
There are four types of spore produces that are sporangium, aethalium, psudoaethalium, plasmodiocarp.
Angiosperms are flowering plants that evolved around 125-100 million years ago. They are the largest group of plants, making up approximately 80% of all known living plant species. Angiosperms have flowers and fruits and characteristics like roots, stems, leaves, xylem, and phloem. They are divided into two classes - monocots which have one cotyledon, and dicots which have two. Angiosperms occupy nearly every habitat on Earth with some exceptions. They are economically important as sources of food, fibers, medicines and more.
1.plant systematic
levels of taxonomy
specie
specie concept
phases of taxonomy
components of taxonomy
2.palynological evidence
2. taxonomical evidence
3. chemotaxonomy
Teak morphology and economic importanceDrAnuprabha1
Teak is a large deciduous tree native to South and Southeast Asia. It can grow up to 40 meters tall with gray to brown branches. The leaves are entire with petioles 2-4 cm long. Fragrant white flowers appear from June to September in large clusters. The flowers are pollinated by insects or wind. Fruits are fleshy globose structures 1.2-1.8 cm in diameter that contain 1-4 seeds. Teak sheds its leaves from November to January.
1. The document discusses the Magnoliaceae plant family, describing its geographical distribution, habitat, morphology, and key characteristics.
2. Trees and shrubs in this family have alternate simple leaves with deciduous stipules leaving a circular scar. Their large, bisexual flowers are solitary with numerous spirally arranged floral parts on an elongated thalamus.
3. The family includes 7 genera and over 230 species of temperate to tropical rainforest trees and shrubs. Several species are cultivated for ornamental or medicinal purposes.
Community Ecology
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
This document provides an outline and objectives for a lesson on vascular plants from Botany 103. It will cover overview of vascular plants and their organs, plant growth and development, plant embryology, plant growing seasons, and the specific organs of roots, stems, and leaves. The lesson objectives are for learners to define key terms, identify plant organs, describe plant structures and embryonic development, and understand the general functions of roots, stems, and leaves. The document then provides details on each of these topics in the given lesson outline.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification
APG I
APG II
APG III
APG IV
Molecular Based system
features and organization
Merits and demerits
Difference in APG system.
The document summarizes the microscopic and submicroscopic structure of cell walls. It describes how cellulose molecules aggregate into micelles, which then bundle together to form microfibrils, macrofibrils and fibers. These structural elements form a porous micellar system interpenetrated by an intermicellar system containing other substances. Microfibril orientation varies between primary and secondary cell walls and between plant species and cell types. The major component is crystalline cellulose, though hemicellulose, pectin, proteins and phenolics are also present, making the overall structure complex.
Monocots And Dicots report on biology on how to distinguishhmikasalvo143
Monocots and dicots are the two major groups of flowering plants, traditionally divided based on whether their embryos have one cotyledon (monocot) or two cotyledons (dicot). Other distinguishing characteristics include the number of flower parts, the arrangement of veins in leaves, how roots develop, pollen structure, and the arrangement of vascular tissue in stems. However, some characteristics like venation and cotyledon number can be variable, and not all plants fall clearly into one group or the other.
Monocot and dicot seeds differ in the number of cotyledons. Monocot seeds have one cotyledon called a scutellum, while dicot seeds have two cotyledons. Examples of monocot seeds include wheat, corn, and bamboo. Examples of dicot seeds include bitter gourd, castor, and mango. When a monocot seed germinates it produces a single leaf, whereas when a dicot seed germinates it produces two seed leaves.
1. Monocots and dicots are the two major groups of flowering plants that are distinguished based on several anatomical features.
2. Monocots have one cotyledon, parallel leaf veins, scattered vascular bundles, and flower parts in multiples of three. Dicots have two cotyledons, net-like leaf veins, vascular bundles arranged in a ring, and flower parts in multiples of four or five.
3. The key differences between monocots and dicots include their cotyledon number, leaf vein structure, vascular bundle positioning, and number of floral parts.
Compare the growth of monocotyledons and dicotyledonsDanica I'Anson
Monocotyledons and dicotyledons are the two main types of flowering plants classified according to morphological differences. There are approximately 50,000-60,000 monocotyledon species including lilies, grains, and palms, whereas dicotyledons have 250,000-400,000 species such as daisies and mints. The main difference is the number of cotyledons or seed leaves, but there are also structural variations in their vascular systems, leaf veins, floral parts, pollen, and root development.
Differences of dicotyledonous plants and monocotyledonouscode_asyraaf
Monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants differ in several key anatomical features:
Monocotyledons have one cotyledon, parallel veins, complex vascular bundles, fibrous root systems, and floral parts usually in multiples of three.
Dicotyledons have two cotyledons, netlike veins, vascular bundles arranged in a ring, usually a taproot, and floral parts usually in multiples of four or five.
Unlike dicots, monocot stems grow from the inside and rarely have a cambium layer. Monocots are thought to have evolved from water lily-like dicots approximately 90 million years ago.
Dicots are a group of flowering plants that have two seed leaves, or cotyledons, in their seeds. They make up around 80% of angiosperm families. Key characteristics of dicots include having net-veined leaves, flowers with parts in fours or fives, taproots, and vascular bundles arranged in a ring. The document provides examples of dicot plant families and details differences in dicot root, stem, leaf, flower, and seed structures compared to monocots.
This document discusses plant structure and growth. It begins by outlining tasks to draw and label diagrams of tissues in dicotyledonous plant stems and leaves. It then lists three key differences between monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Next, it examines the relationship between leaf tissue distribution and functions like gas exchange and transport. It also identifies modifications like bulbs, tubers and tendrils. The document concludes by covering topics like apical and lateral meristems, their roles in growth, and the role of auxin in phototropism.
Coniferophyta is a division of cone-bearing plants with needle-shaped leaves. Their reproductive structures are cones, with male cones producing pollen and female cones bearing ovules. Angiospermophyta is a division of flowering plants whose reproductive structures are flowers. They are divided into monocotyledons like maize which have one cotyledon, and dicotyledons like beans which have two. Angiosperms show variety in forms and habitats but share structures like sepals, petals, stamens and carpels.
The document discusses key differences between monocots and dicots. It defines morphology and anatomy, and describes monocots and dicots having single and double cotyledons respectively. Roots, stems, and leaves are compared between the two classes, noting differences in vascular structure and venation patterns. Modified stems and leaves are also briefly mentioned.
The document discusses the main plant parts - roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits - and their functions. It provides details on the types of root and stem systems in different plant types. The key functions of roots are water and mineral absorption and anchoring the plant. Stems provide structure, support, transport, storage, and vegetative propagation. Leaves originate at nodes and their primary functions are photosynthesis and gas exchange. Flowers are the reproductive units that contain reproductive organs like stamens and carpels. Fruits develop from the fertilized ovary and contain seeds.
This document compares the key differences between monocots and dicots. It begins by explaining that flowering plants are divided into two classes: monocots and dicots. The main differences discussed are that monocots have vascular bundles that are scattered in the stem cross-section, while dicots have vascular bundles arranged in a ring. Examples of monocots include palms, grasses, orchids and onions, while dicots include oaks, roses, mustards, cacti and sunflowers. Images are also provided showing the different vascular bundle arrangements in a monocot and dicot plant.
The document discusses plant anatomy and physiology. It describes the hierarchy of plant structures from cells to tissues to organs. It also summarizes the key characteristics and functions of plant organs like roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. It discusses the three main tissue systems - dermal, vascular, and ground tissues - and the cell types that compose each system. The document also covers plant growth and development processes like cell division and expansion, and the role of meristematic zones and tissues.
This document provides an overview of plant classification, including the five major kingdoms: Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms. It describes key characteristics of each kingdom such as their structure, reproduction methods, and examples. Angiosperms are further divided into dicots and monocots, which are compared based on their seed and plant characteristics. The document serves as a reference for the major groups within the plant kingdom.
The document provides an overview of botany basics, including plant life cycles, internal and external plant parts, and key differences between monocots and dicots. It discusses the main internal parts of plants including cells, tissues, and meristems. For external parts, it describes roots, stems, leaves, and reproductive structures. Roots are described in more detail, covering their internal zones, epidermis, cortex, vascular tissue, root hairs, and mycorrhizal relationships. The chapter distinguishes between annual, biennial, and perennial plant life cycles.
Transfer of pollen grain from another to the stigma of the same flower or another flower of the same plant, is called self-pollination. e.g. Apricot, Fig, Plum, Rose, Tomato, Sweet Pea.
https://thegeneralscience.com/plant-life/
This document provides information about plant life and how to save plants. It contains 36 questions and answers about plant anatomy and physiology. Some key points covered include:
1. Bryophyllum and Begonia are examples of plants that can grow new plants from leaves.
2. A complete flower has all four whorls (calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium), while an unisexual flower has either the androecium or gynoecium.
3. The ovule develops into the seed and the ovary develops into the fruit.
4. Plants are classified according to stem structure into trees, shrubs, and herbs
- The document is about angiosperms and provides information over 3 paragraphs.
- It defines angiosperms as flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in fruits and have flowers, fruits, and seeds. They make up the majority of plant species.
- It describes the basic structures of angiosperms including their root systems of taproots and fibrous roots, and shoot systems of stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
- Key details are provided about the morphology and functions of roots, stems, leaves, and reproductive parts of flowers.
Parts of plants include roots, bark, trunk, branches, leaves, and flowers. There are flowering and non-flowering plants. Parts of a tree include its crown. Gymnosperms, mosses, and ferns are types of non-flowering plants. Parts of a seed include the hypocotyl, epicotyl, radicle, cotyledon, endosperm, embryo, and seed coat. The hypocotyl is below the cotyledons and above the radicle. The epicotyl develops into leaves. The radicle is the first part to emerge during germination. Cotyledons provide nutrition and can become the first leaves. The endosperm also provides nutrition. The embryo
Monocots and dicots differ in four key structural features: leaves, stems, roots, and flowers. Monocots have one cotyledon in the seed embryo whereas dicots have two. Monocot roots are fibrous and spread widely, while dicot roots have a main taproot and smaller branching roots. Monocot stems arrange vascular tissue sporadically, unlike dicots which organize it in a circular pattern. Finally, monocot leaves have parallel veins and dicot leaves have branching veins.
Similar to Plant Kingdom- Division Anthophyta (20)
Developmental Reading is a course wherein future teachers learn how to teach reading to their learners and how to track their development in reading and other significant macro skills.
Educational Technology- Basic Concepts and DefinitionsJoevi Jhun Idul
Educational Technology is a course wherein technology is integrated in education and learning for the purposes of improving the curriculum and the teaching-learning process.
The Teaching Profession- School and Community RelationsJoevi Jhun Idul
School and community relations is a chapter under the course The Teaching Profession. This talks about school linkages and involvement of the school in the community.
History and Philosophy of Sciences: ARISTOTLEJoevi Jhun Idul
This document outlines three types of knowledge - theoretical, practical, and productive. Theoretical knowledge involves contemplating permanent things through disciplines like metaphysics and logic. Practical knowledge concerns variable things that depend on human choice in areas like politics and ethics. Productive knowledge is about rational production and making things through skills and technologies. The document also categorizes forms of government based on whether rule serves the common good or private interests, distinguishing between kingship, aristocracy, democracy, tyranny and oligarchy.
Learning and innovation skills such as creativity, critical thinking, communication and collaboration are increasingly important for students to develop in order to prepare for more complex life and work environments in the 21st century. These skills include demonstrating originality, developing new ideas, being open to different perspectives, solving complex problems, asking meaningful questions, articulating ideas clearly, working with diverse teams, compromising to achieve group goals, and taking responsibility for collaborative work. A focus on creativity, critical thinking, communication and collaboration is essential to prepare students for the future.
Botulism is caused by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum and can enter the body through wounds, contaminated food, or inhalation. It causes paralysis by blocking nerve impulses and its signs include drooping eyelids, blurred vision, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, and muscle weakness. The incubation period ranges from 12-72 hours in adults but can be longer in infants from 3-30 days. Treatment requires antitoxin administration and supportive care like mechanical ventilation, while prevention focuses on proper food handling and storage to avoid bacterial growth.
Intramolecular forces hold atoms together within a molecule, such as covalent bonds. Intermolecular forces exist between separate molecules and include dipole-dipole interactions between polar molecules, hydrogen bonding, ion-dipole interactions, and dispersion forces between all molecules due to induced dipoles. The type of intermolecular force present influences physical properties like melting and boiling points, with ionic compounds having the highest melting points due to strong ion-ion interactions.
The document instructs students to form groups of four, choose representatives, and discuss language competencies. It defines several types of language competencies, including morphological, syntactic, semantic, and orthographic competencies, which concern mastery of verbal and non-verbal codes. It also defines textual competence as understanding different texts, and rhetorical competence as effectively contributing to conversations and expressing ideas. Strategic competence refers to techniques used to communicate clearly such as gestures and clarifications.
Science and Technology in the Philippines During Japanese RegimeJoevi Jhun Idul
During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines from 1942-1945:
1. The Japanese confiscated vehicles, horses, and other resources, and many farms and businesses were left idle. Medicine became scarce and expensive, and many Filipinos died from diseases like malaria.
2. The Japanese banned English publications and American cultural influences, instead implementing policies to promote Japanese language education and culture in schools.
3. Transportation was limited as the Japanese controlled oil and rubber supplies. Public vehicles disappeared and bicycles became the main mode of transport. Food shortages led to widespread hunger and deaths.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
9. This is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant.
Upon germination, the cotyledon may become the embryonic first leaves of a
seedling. The number of cotyledons present is one characteristic used by botanists
to classify the flowering plants.
10. The stem of a monocot has the primary vascular bundles scattered while the dicots
have its primary vascular bundles in a ring.
11. The monocot has a parallel-veined leaves while the dicot have net-veined leaves.
12. The pollen of a monocot has only one opening while the dicot has three.
13. The root of a monocot is adventitious while the root of dicot is primary and
adventitious.
14. The flowers of a monocot comes in 3’s while the dicot comes in 4’s or 5’s.
15. About fewer than 10% of
monocot species and about
50% of the dicot are
woody.
16. As an ovule develops into a seed, the ovary increases in size and forms the
fruit. Flowers and fruits are of many different kind.
Seeds and fruits may be variously modified, a factor that frequently
assists in seed dispersal. Wind, animals, humans, and water are the most
important agents of dispersal.
The enclosing of the seed within the fruit increases the possibility of
survival in diverse environments.
The flowering plants, in addition to their aesthetic values, are our most
important food and forage plants. Many fibers are obtained from the
Anthophyta; so as cork and rubber. Drugs, beverages, and other
commercial products of various sorts are also obtained.