Plant health emergencies in the face of a changing environment
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Sophien Kamoun's talk at the Wellcome public event “Improving plants: Achieving food sustainability in a changing environment.” @ACSCevents #plantsci
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This document summarizes research on advances in plant breeding systems. It discusses how biotechnology tools can help overcome limitations in crop production by improving quantity, quality, and stress tolerance. Molecular markers, marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, and new statistical tools are supporting conventional breeding. Other technologies discussed include standardized field sites, high-throughput phenotyping, DH lines, and various analytical techniques. The document also discusses using tools like CRISPR/Cas9 and RNAi for genetic engineering to introduce beneficial genes. Specific research on okra and rice breeding is summarized, including studies on tissue culture, induced mutations, and marker-assisted selection.
Dr. Jack Dekkers - Using genetic selection and genomics to combat infectious ...
Using genetic selection and genomics to combat infectious disease - Dr. Jack Dekkers, Iowa State University, from the 2017 North American PRRS/National Swine Improvement Federation Joint Meeting, December 1‐3, 2017, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-north-american-prrs-nsif-joint-meeting
Chp%3 a10.1007%2f978 81-322-2283-5-31
This document summarizes the potential of RNA interference (RNAi) technology for crop improvement. It discusses how RNAi was discovered through early experiments in plants in the 1990s. The mechanism of RNAi involves long double-stranded RNA being cleaved by an enzyme called Dicer into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that are incorporated into a protein complex called RISC that targets and degrades complementary mRNAs, preventing gene expression. The document outlines several successful applications of RNAi technology for increasing biotic stress tolerance in crops against viruses, bacteria, fungi and insects by silencing key pathogen genes. It also discusses using RNAi to modify other crop traits like nutritional quality and abiotic stress resistance.
From Lab to Plate: Harnessing Plant Genetic Engineering for Resilient and Sus...
With the ongoing expansion of the global population, the issues around food security, environmental sustainability, and resource scarcity are becoming progressively more urgent, and genetic engineering emerges as a powerful tool for sustainable agriculture. Breeders have been able to produce improved varieties, like improvement of different yield and yield attributing traits of many crops by conventional breeding methods; however, numerous obstacles persist, and the advent of new technologies holds promise for tackling these hurdles. The area of crop improvement has been transformed by developments in genetic engineering technology, which have opened up previously unimaginable prospects to increase agricultural productivity, sustainability, and resilience.
This presentation seeks to provide a comprehensive study of the key concepts and methodologies associated with genetic engineering, including prominent tools such as zinc finger nucleases CRISPR-Cas9 and TALENs. It also explores the several approaches used to manipulate crop genomes, including agrobacterium-assisted gene transfer and particle bombardment techniques, emphasizing their advantages. The use of advanced genetic engineering technology has helped identify new features and emerged as a crucial factor in ensuring food security. In addition, this chapter also examines the specific use of genetic engineering in improving agricultural crops. We explore the potential for accurate and focused modifications to impart desirable traits, such as tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, enhanced nutritional value, and increased yield. Additionally, we emphasise the distinct genes and proteins involved in conferring these traits. This chapter discusses the potential implications of CRISPR-Cas9 technology for enhancing various qualities. In this context, we further examine the capacity of genetic engineering to bring about significant changes in relation to worldwide issues such as climate change, food security, and sustainability.
Roleoffunctionalgenomicsincropimprovement ashishgautam
Functional genomics is a general approach toward understanding how the genes of an organism work together by assigning new functions to unknown genes. Information about the hypothesized function of an unknown gene may be deduced from its sequence structure using already known functions of similar genes as the basis for comparison. Gene function analysis therefore necessitates the analysis of temporal and spatial gene expression patterns (Yunbi Xu et al , Plant Molecular Biology (2005) ).
Similar to Plant health emergencies in the face of a changing environment (20)
Genome to pangenome : A doorway into crops genome exploration
Genome to pangenome : A doorway into crops genome exploration
Marker assisted selection of male sterility in rice --vipin
Marker assisted selection of male sterility in rice --vipin
Applying agricultural biotechnology tools and capabilities to enhance food se...
Applying agricultural biotechnology tools and capabilities to enhance food se...
Plant disease resistance genes: current status and future directions.
Plant disease resistance genes: current status and future directions.
Dr. Jack Dekkers - Using genetic selection and genomics to combat infectious ...
Dr. Jack Dekkers - Using genetic selection and genomics to combat infectious ...
From Lab to Plate: Harnessing Plant Genetic Engineering for Resilient and Sus...
From Lab to Plate: Harnessing Plant Genetic Engineering for Resilient and Sus...
Roleoffunctionalgenomicsincropimprovement ashishgautam
Roleoffunctionalgenomicsincropimprovement ashishgautam
More from Sophien Kamoun
CRISPR Crops--a talk by Sophien Kamoun at Science Portal BD
Sophien Kamoun's talk at Science Portal BD. Shaping the Future Virtual Seminar on CRISPR/Cas9. October 26, 2020.
Don’t perish! A step by step guide to writing a scientific paper
Sophien Kamoun's presentation to the Norwich research Park PhD student. A step by step guide to writing scientific papers. April 1, 2020.
This presentation is part of a workshop about writing scientific papers. It describes a 10 step guide for writing papers.
1. Create a folder
2. Write a story line
3. Make list of Figures
4. Finalize Figures
5. Write the Results
6. Write the Intro
7. Write the Discussion
8. Assemble the Abstract
9. Write the Title
10. Post it on bioRxiv
Faites de la Science: Mes aventures de Biologiste
Science Festival in Tunis “Fête de la science Tunisie” at the cité des Sciences de Tunis with my presentation “Faites de la Science: Mes aventures de Biologiste.”
Everything you wanted to know about research integrity but never dared to ask
Everything you wanted to know about research integrity but never dared to ask discusses research misconduct, standards of professional conduct, and principles of good research practice. It defines research misconduct as misrepresentation, falsification, or fabrication of data. While honest errors are not misconduct, failure to address errors could be. The importance of admitting when one is wrong and making timely corrections is emphasized. Research integrity is supported by high professional standards, good practices, appropriate oversight systems, and a culture of open discussion.
Hello kids, I'm a biologist!
My presentation to the 9-10 year old children of the British International School of Tunis. March 21, 2019.
Intro to the Kamoun Lab @ TSL 2018
The document discusses the research interests and vision of the Kamoun Lab, which aims to integrate evolutionary and mechanistic approaches to studying plant-microbe interactions. Specifically, the lab seeks to understand how pathogens evolve and adapt following host jumps, and how plants evolve immune responses and disease resistance. The lab uses various plant and pathogen systems combined with skills such as protein analysis, genome sequencing, CRISPR, and microscopy to answer questions about how pathogens traffic effectors into cells and how plants recognize effectors with NLR sensors.
The Edge of Tomorrow — Plant Health in the 21st Century
Presented at the ICPP2018 International Congress of Plant Pathology Plenary Session - Plant Health is Earth’s Wealth, Monday, July 30, 2018. See notes and acknowledgments at http://kamounlab.tumblr.com/post/176385835530/the-edge-of-tomorrow-plant-health-in-the-21st
From sequence to phenotype: Functional genomics of the oomycete Phytophthora
Sophien Kamoun's talk at the 2002 Gordon Research Conference "Cellular and Molecular Mycology", June 16-21, Holderness School, New Hampshire, USA. https://www.grc.org/cellular-and-molecular-mycology-conference/2002/
Pathogenomics of emerging plant pathogens: too little, too late
This document discusses the threat posed by emerging plant pathogens to global food security. It notes how the potato late blight pathogen caused the Irish potato famine and continues to cause devastating crop losses. The emergence and spread of new, aggressive lineages of plant pathogens like the "blue 13" lineage of Phytophthora infestans can outcompete other lineages and overcome plant resistance. Genomic analysis of the invasive "blue 13" lineage revealed genetic changes in effector genes that enhance its virulence and allow it to infect potato cultivars. However, this lineage possesses effectors that are targets of plant immune receptors, indicating potential strategies for deploying genetic resistance. The document stresses the importance of rapidly sequencing pathogen genomes to inform management of
"Keeping up with the plant destroyers." My talk at The Royal Society, 7 March...
Tackling emerging threats to animal health, food security and ecosystem resilience, The Royal Society, Monday 7 – Tuesday 8 March 2016. https://royalsociety.org/events/2016/03/emerging-fungal-threats/
Sophien's lectures on Oomycetes, UEA BIO 6007B, January 2016
This document discusses the genome of the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato late blight. It finds that the P. infestans genome is large, containing many repetitive elements. It has expanded protein families related to pathogenesis, including hundreds of effector proteins similar to known avirulence genes. Comparison to the P. ramorum genome showed the two species genomes have diverged, with rapid expansion and diversification of gene families for plant infection mechanisms. This supports an evolutionary history of these oomycete pathogens adapting through genomic changes to infect different host plants.
Everything you wanted to know about research integrity...
...but never dared to ask
Presented at the Norwich Research Park, October 2, 2015.
Notes about this talk are at http://kamounlab.tumblr.com/post/130328881710/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-research
Plant pathology in the post-genomics era
This document summarizes key findings from the genome sequencing of the oomycete plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea, which causes rice blast disease. Some key points:
- The draft genome sequence was 38.8 megabases in length and contained a large number of genes encoding secreted proteins and carbohydrate-binding domains that help the pathogen infect plants.
- The genome also contained an expanded family of G-protein coupled receptors and many genes involved in secondary metabolism, both of which are important for fungal pathogenesis.
- Expression of several of these genes increased during early infection, suggesting they play a role in M. grisea's ability to infect rice plants and cause disease.
What are world class scientific outputs?
My talk to the PhD students NRP at the Doctoral Training Programme Summer Conference 2015, The Assembly House, Norwich, Thursday 18th June.
Notes and acknowledgments at http://kamounlab.tumblr.com/post/121748816600/what-are-world-class-science-outputs
More from Sophien Kamoun (14)
CRISPR Crops--a talk by Sophien Kamoun at Science Portal BD
CRISPR Crops--a talk by Sophien Kamoun at Science Portal BD
Don’t perish! A step by step guide to writing a scientific paper
Don’t perish! A step by step guide to writing a scientific paper
Everything you wanted to know about research integrity but never dared to ask
Everything you wanted to know about research integrity but never dared to ask
The Edge of Tomorrow — Plant Health in the 21st Century
The Edge of Tomorrow — Plant Health in the 21st Century
From sequence to phenotype: Functional genomics of the oomycete Phytophthora
From sequence to phenotype: Functional genomics of the oomycete Phytophthora
Pathogenomics of emerging plant pathogens: too little, too late
Pathogenomics of emerging plant pathogens: too little, too late
"Keeping up with the plant destroyers." My talk at The Royal Society, 7 March...
"Keeping up with the plant destroyers." My talk at The Royal Society, 7 March...
Sophien's lectures on Oomycetes, UEA BIO 6007B, January 2016
Sophien's lectures on Oomycetes, UEA BIO 6007B, January 2016
Everything you wanted to know about research integrity...
Everything you wanted to know about research integrity...
Recently uploaded
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
This ppt contains the production of a fermented food name - sauerkraut
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Class 10 human eye notes physics
Handwritten best quality
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Recently uploaded (20)
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Plant health emergencies in the face of a changing environment
- 2. ~40%
- 7. Hybridization Introgression Mutagenesis Transgenics etc. Ever since Mendel—Crop genetic improvement
- 8. Genomics accelerates plant breeding
- 10. Wheat genome IWGSC et al 2018 Science Cirstobal Uauy (John Innes Centre)
- 11. EMS-mutants in EnsemblPlants Krasileva et al 2017 PNAS Uauy et al 2017 Annual Review Genetics Detailed info on use at www.wheat-training.com
- 12. Hybridization Introgression Mutagenesis Transgenics etc. Ever since Mendel—Crop genetic improvement Gene editing – the ultimate in precision is to replace one of a few letters in the genome
- 14. PRR- triggered immunity NLR- triggered immunity effectors bacterium fungus oomycete haustorium pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) NB-LRR immune receptorsplant cell Principles of plant-pathogen interactions Win, J., Chaparro-Garcia, A., Belhaj, K., Saunders, D.G.O., Yoshida, K., Dong, S., Schornack, S., Zipfel, C., Robatzek, S., Hogenhout, S.A., and Kamoun, S. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology, 2013; Dodds, P.N., and Rathjen, J.P. Nature Reviews Genetics, 2010 targets
- 15. PRR- triggered immunity NLR- triggered immunity effectors bacterium fungus oomycete haustorium pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) NB-LRR immune receptorsplant cell Principles of plant-pathogen interactions Win, J., Chaparro-Garcia, A., Belhaj, K., Saunders, D.G.O., Yoshida, K., Dong, S., Schornack, S., Zipfel, C., Robatzek, S., Hogenhout, S.A., and Kamoun, S. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology, 2013; Dodds, P.N., and Rathjen, J.P. Nature Reviews Genetics, 2010 targets R R S
- 16. 11-9 11-20 11-24 1-1 1-14 1-24 Tomelo Regular tomato Tomelo—mildew fungus resistant tomato
- 17. GMO (transgenics) consist of introducing foreign genes into plants……Genome editing can do the opposite – removing genes from plants.
- 20. Plant genome editing is in its infancy…