This document discusses propagation methods for underutilized fruit crops. It begins with an introduction on the importance of propagation for preserving desirable plant characteristics. It then discusses the status and characteristics of minor fruit crops in India. The need for propagating these crops is explained, including their adaptability, nutritional value, and potential uses. Various propagation methods are outlined, including seed propagation, vegetative propagation techniques like cuttings, grafting and budding, micropropagation, and layering. Research studies on the propagation of specific underutilized fruits are then summarized, including bael, carambola, rambutan, and phalsa. Methods like grafting, micropropagation from explants, and effect of growth regulators on rooting are

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WELCOME
SHANAKR LAL KUMAWAT

2. 12/3/2022 2
Propagation studies in
Under exploited fruit crops
2

3. Highlights
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Introduction
Characteristics and Importance
Need of propagation
Methods of propagation
Research studies
Conclusion
3
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INTRODUCTI
ON
4

5.  The progress in plant improvement would have
been of little significance, without methods
whereby improved forms could have been
maintained in cultivation.
 Most cultivated plants either would have lost or
reverted to less desirable forms unless they are
propagated under controlled conditions that
perceive the unique characteristic which make
them useful.
 Plant propagation means multiplication of plants
with the aim to achieve increase in number and
preserve the essential characteristics of the mother
plant.
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6. What are these
Underexploited
fruits… ?
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6

7. Status of fruit crops
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Estimated Area
(In ‘000 HA)
Estimated production
(In ‘000 MT)
All fruits 6,533 96,754
Minor fruits 1,402 9,315
NHB 2018

8. Characteristics of underexploited fruits
 Hardiness – withstand adverse soil and
climatic condition.
Utilize natural resources- produce heavy yield.
 Less water – maximum biomass production.
 Do not need artificial agro inputs.
 Timber – income.
 Highly nutritious- Barbadas cherry, aonla.
 Less prone to pest and diseases.
12/3/2022 Radha and Mathew, 2007

9. Importance and scope
Adaptability of the crop.
Nutritionally they are highly significant and
comparable with major fruit crops.
Provide raw materials for processing and
pharmaceutical industries.
Helps in improving the environment and strike a
ecological balance.
Future scope for expansion and availability of
inputs and infrastructure etc.
Marketing system and industrial support.
Radha and Mathew, 2007

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Why to exploit these
fruit crops by
propagation???
10

11. • There are wastelands of different kinds viz. sand
dunes, ravines, acidic soils, marshy and marginal
lands, which are unfit for supporting cultivation
of high input demanding crops. Such lands can
easily be put to use for growing low input crops in
order to diversify the present day agriculture,
which is so inevitable in view of the increasing
population pressure and fast depletion of natural
resources as well as the growing and changing
human needs in the region.
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12. • Apart from nutritive value, underutilized
horticultural crops are particularly more
important for medicinal properties and famous
for the retentive value in Ayurvedic medicine.
Mostly people are familiar with the medicinal
properties of locally grown horticultural crops.
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14. Potential uses of minor fruits
• Many underutilized fruit species are
nutritionally rich and are suitable for low input
agriculture as they naturally occur either in
wild or can sustain adverse climatic conditions
of the growing regions. They can contribute
significantly to maintain rich diversity and
hence more stable agroecosystems.
•
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15. • Fruits have both restorative as well as curative properties
viz. aromatic, cooling, digestive, stomachic, stimulant,
astringent, emollient, useful in seasoning, maturation and
fermentation of culinary, processed food and drinks.
•
• There are few other fruits which possess specific properties
such as diuretic, diaphoretic, sedative or stimulant to
nerves, improver of peristaltic movements of intestine and
liver ailment, cardio tonic, relieving cough, cold, bronchitis,
asthmatic spasm, blood pressure etc. Some minor fruits
contain essential oils in their peel, foliage or roots and
exhibit carminative and germicidal properties
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16. • In addition to their therapeutical values, these fruits
provide nutrition, strength and vigour to our body and
restore loss of minerals and amino acids, thus
protecting it against many deficiencies and diseases.
The study revealed reported that the level of
carotinoids varied from 7071 to 1485.00 μg/100g,
which was recorded in Artocarpus integrifolia followed
by Spondias cythera, Spondias pinnata and Syzigium
claviflorum. Some of the other minor fruits found in
the regions are fairly good source of ascorbic acid viz.
Artocarpus spp. Bael, wood apple and aonla were
found to be rich source of calcium
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•Ecological and Cultural value
Fruit trees occur in all bio-geographical zones,
in which most of them having medicinal values.
Folk system of medicine like Ayurveda, Siddha
and Unani.
•Export value
PROPAGATION
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Need of propagation
Natural mode of regeneration
is very slow and low.
Easy multiplication
Higher multiplication
Faster multiplication
18

19. Sexual propagation
• seeds
Asexual propagation
Cuttings, grafting, budding, Layering
1. Stem cutting
Soft wood cutting,
Semi hard wood cutting
Hard wood cutting
2. Root cutting
Layering- Air layering
Methods of propagation
19

20. Grafting
• Soft wood grafting
• Cleft grafting
• Tongue grafting
• Splice grafting
• Side wedge grafting
• Veneer grafting
Budding
• Patch budding
• Shield or T budding

21. Table 1. Modes of propagation
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Species Mode of
propagation
Rootstocks
Aonla (Emblica
officinalis)
Patch budding, soft
wood grafting
Wild seedlings
Bael (Aegle
marmelos)
Patch budding, soft
wood grafting
Seedlings
Carambola (Averrhoa
carambola)
Soft wood grafting Seedlings
Chestnut (Castania
sativa)
Stooling
Durian
(Durio zibethinus)
Budding, Wedge
grafting
Seedlings
Hazelnut (Coryllus
avellana)
Tongue grafting Wild seedling
Karonda (Carissa
carandas)
Seeds
Lasora (Cordia myxa) Seeds, Patch
budding
Seedlings
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Species Mode of propagation Rootstocks
Longan (Dimacarpus
longa)
Seeds
Loquat (Eriobotrya
japonica)
Cleft grafting , patch
budding
Seedlings
Macadamia Nut
(Macadamia
integrifolia)
Tongue, splice, cleft, side
wedge, Root cuttings
Seedlings
Mangosteen (Garcinia
mangostana )
Seeds
Mulberry (Morus spp) Hard Wood cutting
Phalsa (Grewia
subinaequalis
Seeds, cuttings
Rambutan (Nephelium
lappaceum)
Seeds, Air layering, Cleft
grafting, T budding
Seedlings
Tamarind (Tamarindus
indica)
Patch budding, Soft wood
grafting
Seedlings
Wood apple (Feronia
limonia)
Soft wood grafting Seedlings

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Micro propagation
 Most successful and commonly
practiced
 Minimum period and limited space.
 The plants produced from this method
are true to type.
23

24. Plant species Explant References
Aonla (Embelica
officinalis)
nodal segments Divya and Seema,
2007
Bael (Aegle
marmelos)
nodal segments and
cotyledon
Warrier et al., 2010
Carambola (Averrhoa
carambola)
nodal segments Roy et al., 2007
Mangosteen (Garcinia
mangostana)
seeds Van, T,, 2005
Mulberry (Morus spp) nodal segments and
shoot tip
Anis et al., 2003
Table 2. In vitro culture of minor fruits.
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Research
studies...
25

26. BAEL
B.N: Aegle marmelos
Family: Rutaceae
Origin: India
2n: 18
Propagation: Patch
budding, soft wood
grafting
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30. Table 5. Effect of IBA on rooting of Aegle marmelos micro shoots
Micro shoot
height (cm)
No. of roots Mean root
length
Length of
longest root
Increment
in
shoot height
Shoots
rooted (%)
CONTROL
2-3 3.2 b 3.0 a 3.3 a 0.7 a 35a
3-4 2.4 a 4.0 ab 6.7 b 0.4 a 50 b
4-5 3.2 b 3.1 a 5.0 ab 0.4 a 60 b
TREATED
2-3 4.2 c 5.1 a 6.5 ab 0.4 a 65 b
3-4 3.0 a 8.5 b 11.4 c 0.7 b 80 c
4-5 3.2 b 10.0 c 15.0 d 0.9 c 80 c
Warrier et al., 2010 30

31. Table 6. Standardization of germination media on days to first
emergence and germination percentage in Bael seeds .
Media (M) Days to
first
emergence
Germin
ation(%
)
Root
length
(cm)
Shoot
length
(cm)
Dry matter
production
(mg / 10
seedlings)
Vigour
index
Top of the paper
(Petri plate)
15 56 5.0 5.4 20.0 504
Between the
paper (roll towel)
12 78 10.7 10.0 44.3 1413
Sand (2 cm
depth)
11 83 12.8 11.6 47.9 1866
Vermiculate 14 67 8.1 9.4 42.2 1117
Quartz sand 13 76 8.8 9.9 44 1304
Inclined plate 14 73 9.2 9.6 39.6 1347
SEd 1.428 1.903 0.542 0.473 0.974 75.455
CD (P = 0.05) 2.947 3.998 1.140 0.995 2.047 158.527
Venudevan et al., 2013
31

32. Top of the paper (TP) Between the paper (Roll towel) Sand
Vermiculite Quartz sand Inclined plate
Fig 1. Standardization of different germination media. Venudevan et al., 2013
32

33. Table 7. Effect of phytohormones on in vitro
germination of Aegle marmelos seeds.
Parihar and Kumar, 2015
Phytohormone
concentration (mg/l)
Days taken for
germination
Germination Index
Control : MS basal
medium
NIL NIL
BAP
0.5 20.75±0.270 1.34
1.0 19.00±0.163 2.18
Kinetin
0.5 21.03±0.313 1.28
1.0 12.10±0.259 1.68
Gibberelic acid
0.5 19.03±0.269 1.42
1.0 13.73±0.295 1.69
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Carambola
37
Averrhoa carambola
Family: Oxalidaceae.
Origin: Sri Lanka
Chromosome no.: 24
Propagation: Soft wood
grafting.

38. Cytokinins Concentration
mg/l
Days to bud
sprout
Explants
formed shoots
(%)
No. of shoots per
explant
Kinetin 0.5 14-20 22 1.8
1.0 14-20 35 2.1
2.0 16-21 42 2.6
BA 0.5 12-16 40 2.8
1.0 12-16 49 3.4
2.0 14-18 60 3.7
2ip 0.5 18-21 20 1.0
1.0 18-21 26 1.5
2.0 18-21 24 1.3
Kinetin + BA 0.5 + 0.5 12-14 64 4.3
1+1 12-14 72 5.5
Table 10. Effect of various cytokinins on shoot proliferation from
nodal segments of mature A. carambola.
Khalekuzzaman et al., 2003 38

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40
Nephelium lappaceum
Family: Sapindaceae
Origin: Indo-Malayan region.
Propagation: Seed, Air
layering, Cleft grafting.

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Treatments No. of days
taken for root
initiation
Per cent
rooting
No. of
roots per
cutting
T0- Control 37.67 28.33 16
T1- IBA, 100 ppm 35.66 41.67 23.33
T2- IBA, 200 ppm 28.33 70.00 41.67
T3- IBA, 300 ppm 30.33 51.66 35
T4- NAA, 100 ppm 37.33 31.66 19.66
T5- NAA, 200 ppm 35.66 55.00 32.66
T6- NAA, 300 ppm 37.33 45.00 22.67
T7- IBA, 100 ppm + NAA, 100 ppm 34.33 36.66 20
T8- IBA, 200 ppm + NAA, 200 ppm 29.00 70.00 39
T9- IBA, 300 ppm + NAA, 300 ppm 35.00 45.00 24
S.Em± 1.44 2.04 1.50
CD @ 0.05 4.22 6.02 4.43
Table 14. Influence of different growth regulators on number rooting
characteristics of phalsa cuttings.
Jadhav, 2007 45

46. Fig 3. Effect of different concentrations of IBA and NAA
on rooting of phalsa cuttings
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Effect of NAA on rooting of
phalsa cuttings
Effect of IBA + NAA on
rooting of phalsa cuttings
Effect of IBA on rooting of
phalsa cuttings
Jadhav, 2007 46

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Wood apple
B.N: Feronia limonia
Family: Rutaceae
Native: India
2n: 18
Propagation: Soft wood
grafting

48. Table 15. Effect of seed treatment on germination, seedling height,
girth and number of leaves in wood apple.
Treatments Germination(%
)
Seedling height
(cm)
Seedling girth
(mm)
Number of
leaves
Water
soaking(24 hr)
88.25 11.55 5.53 21.15
GA3 400
ppm(5min)
86.50 11.40 5.52 20.87
Cow urine ( 24
hours)
78.50 10.87 5.17 20.25
Cow dung ( 24
hours)
70.25 10.82 5.02 20.67
Control 59.50 10.65 4.92 19.75
SEm± 0.917 0.21 0.12 0.35
CD at 5% 2.713 0.64 0.36 1.06
Athani et al., 2006 48

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Tamarind
Tamarindus indica
Fam: Leguminosae
2n = 24
Origin : Tropical Africa
Propagation: Patch budding,
Soft wood grafting
49

50. Table 16. Effect of pre-sowing seed treatments
on germination attributes in tamarind.
T1- Distilled water (control),
T2 -GA3 at 200,
T3- GA3 at 300 ppm
T4 - NAA at 200
T5-NAA at 300 ppm
T6- KNO3 at 1 per cent
T7- KNO3 at 2 per cent
T8- Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria (PSB)
T9- Azospirillum
T10- Azatobactor
T11- Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza
T12- Biomix (PSB + Azospirillum + Trichoderma viridae + Pseudomonas fluorescens).
T13- Mechanical Scarification
T14- Acid scarification
T15- cow urine 5%. Vasantha et al., 2014 50

51. Treatments Initiation of seed
germination
Germination
percentage
Rate of germination
T1
10.67 80.00 0.94
T2
6.33 97.77 1.70
T3
6.00 93.33 1.58
T4
8.33 86.66 1.11
T5
8.67 88.88 1.18
T6
6.00 91.11 1.54
T7
5.67 95.55 1.69
T8
9.33 86.66 1.02
T9
8.00 91.11 1.25
T10
9.67 88.89 1.04
T11
6.33 97.76 1.58
T12
7.67 95.55 1.41
T13
5.33 97.78 2.12
T14
6.33 91.11 1.61
T15
10.33 86.66 0.93
SE.m± 0.55 3.49 0.10
CD @ 5 % 1.61 10.08 0.29
T13- Mechanical Scarification

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Mulberry
52
BN: Morus alba
Family : Moraceae
2n : 308
Origin: Asia
Propagation: Hard
wood cuttings

53. Figure 4. Effect of different gelling agents on vigour of in vitro
shootlets of mulberry nodal segments.
Lalitha et al., 2014 53

54. Fig 5. In vitro shooting in corn flour and 0.35% agar gelled media in
comparison with the 0.7% agar gelled media.
Lalitha et al., 2014
54

55. Table 17. Effects of PGRs in in vitro propagation of mulberry on MS media,
six weeks after culture.
Anis et al., 2003
Treatments(mg
/l)
Nodal Shoot tip
Response(%) Average No of
shoots/explant
Response(%) Average No of
shoots/explant
BAP + NAA
0.5 + 0.2 50 3.4 ± 0.16 45 3.1 ± 0.60
1.0 + 0.2 70 5.6 ± 0.13 60 4.5 ± 0.16
2.0 + 0.2 80 6.4 ± 0.01 70 5.2 ± 0.45
5.0 + 0.2 35 2.8 ± 0.42 20 2.4 ± 0.32
BAP + IAA
0.5 + 0.2 40 2.6 ± 0.10 25 2.0 ± 0.10
1.0 + 0.2 50 3.1 ± 0.55 30 2.7 ± 0.16
2.0 + 0.2 60 3.8 ± 0.19 50 3.2 ± 0.11
5.0+ 0.2 30 3.0 ± 0.12 15 1.5 ± 0.25
55

56. Syzygium jambos
Family : Myrtaceae
Origin: Indo-Malayan region .
Propagation: Air layering
Rose apple

57. Table 18. Effect of growth regulators on rooting characteristics of
rose apple layering
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T1 - IBA 5000 ppm
T2 - IBA 8000 ppm
T3 - NAA 5000 ppm
T4 - NAA 8000 ppm
T5 - IBA + NAA 5000 ppm
T6 - IBA + NAA 8000 ppm
T7 - IBA 5000 ppm + 1, 2, 4 acid 1000 ppm
T8 - IBA 8000 ppm + 1, 2, 4 acid 1000 ppm
T9 - NAA 5000 ppm + 1, 2, 4 acid 1000 ppm
T10 - NAA 8000 ppm + 1, 2, 4 acid 1000 ppm
T11 - IBA + NAA 5000 ppm + 1, 2, 4 acid 1000 ppm
T12 - IBA + NAA 8000 ppm + 1, 2, 4 acid 1000 ppm
T13 - Control
57
Suresh, 2014

58. Treatme
nts
Number of days
taken for rooting
Number of
primary roots
Length of primary
roots (cm)
Percentage of rooted
layer
T1 44.67 4.80 5.38 64.00
T2 44.33 4.87 4.77 57.33
T3 46.33 3.87 4.35 58.67
T4 46.67 3.47 3.90 53.33
T5 43.00 5.93 6.00 68.00
T6 44.33 5.67 5.69 60.00
T7 38.67 7.67 7.50 74.67
T8 39.33 6.33 7.27 72.00
T9 42.67 5.27 6.90 62.67
T10 43.67 5.00 6.17 54.67
T11 41.00 6.27 7.11 66.67
T12 42.00 5.93 6.33 60.00
T13 50.33 2.00 2.91 42.67
SE.m± 1.02 0.49 0.36 3.33
CD @ 5
%
2.96 1.43 1.04 9.71
58
IBA 5000 ppm + 1, 2, 4 acid 1000 ppm

59. Fig 6: Rooted layers treated with different growth regulators at 60th
day of layering. 59

60. Hog plum
Spondias mombin
Family:Anacardiaceae
Origin: Tropical
America
Propagation: seeds

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Fig 7. Effect of acid pre soaking treatments on seed
germination of S. mombin at 22 days after sowing.
Fadimu et al., 2014
61

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SI No Medicinal plants Methods PGR’ s Conc. Remarks
1. Aonla In vitro MS +
BAP
4.44 mg/l Shoot formation 95 (%)
Cutting IBA 1000 ppm Rooting - 87.3 (%)
2. Bael Cuttings IBA 5000ppm Rooting 75- 80 (%)
In vitro BAP 1mg/l Germination index –
2.18
3. Carambola In vitro IBA 0.5mg/l Rooting – 70 (%)
4. Mulberry In vitro BAP
+NAA
2+0.2mg/l Sprouting – 80 (%)
5. Phalsa Cuttings IBA 200 ppm Rooting – 70 (%)
6. Rose apple Air layering IBA 5000 ppm Rooting – 70 (%)
7. Tamarind Seeds GA3 200 ppm Germination- 97.8 (%)
8. Woodapple Seeds GA3 400 ppm Germination – 86.50 (%)
Table 19. Effective PGR’s for propagation of minor fruits.
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Conclusion

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Thank