This document discusses the fundamentals of physics and aerodynamics. It defines basic physical quantities like mass, time, and length. It also defines derived quantities that are combinations of the basics, such as velocity, density, force, momentum, and energy. Laws of physics are observations of the relationships between these quantities. The document also discusses conservation laws in fluid systems, including conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. It defines mass flow rate and stability along three axes for aircraft.
This document provides an overview of thermodynamics and related concepts. It defines thermodynamics as the study of energy and its transformation, heat flow, and work potential. Key topics covered include the microscopic and macroscopic approaches to studying thermodynamics, thermodynamic systems and properties, processes like reversible and irreversible processes, and thermodynamic cycles. Dimensional analysis and various thermodynamic units of measurement are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of key physics concepts covered in the IGCSE syllabus. It discusses topics like volume and density, speed, forces, friction, gravitational force, pressure, energy, thermal effects, and specific heat capacity. For each topic, it outlines relevant formulae and provides 2-3 brief explanatory sentences. The document is intended as a revision guide for students to learn and review the essential information and formulae for multiple areas of the IGCSE physics curriculum.
1. The document discusses the governing equations for computational fluid dynamics (CFD), including the continuity, momentum, and energy equations.
2. These equations are derived from conservation principles like mass conservation and Newton's second law, and describe how quantities like mass, momentum, and energy are transported through a fluid flow domain.
3. The equations take the form of a general transport equation, with terms for the accumulation, convection, diffusion, and sources of various quantities represented by Φ, such as density, velocity, and internal energy.
Study Unit
Ill Engineerin M
Part4
an1cs
By
Andrew Pytel, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Engineering Mechanics
The Pennsylvania State University
When you complete this study unit, you'll be able to
• Calculate the mass moment of inertia
• Calculate the kinetic energy of a body
• Determine the linear impulse and momentum of a body
• Analyze the equations and conditions used to determine the forces involving rectilinear
translation
• Describe centripetal and centrifugal force
• Describe the forces that impact the rotation of a rigid body without translation
• Explain the motion of a wheel, and calculate the magnitude of the linear acceleration and
friction forces
• Analyze the work-energy method as it applies to the motion and action of a body
iii
PRELIMINARY EXPLANATIONS PERTAINING TO KINETICS .
FORCE-MASS-ACCELERATION METHOD .....
Translation of Rigid Body
Rotation of Rigid Body without Translation
General Plane Motion of Rigid Body
23
WORK-ENERGY METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Application of Method for Translation
Other Applications of Work-Energy Method
IMPULSE-MOMENTUM METHOD . . . . . . .
Rectilinear Translation of Single Body
Collision of Two Bodies
PRACTICE PROBLEMS ANSWERS
EXAMINATION . . . . . . . . . .
. ........... 77
93
95
Engineering Nlechanics, Part 4
PRELIMINARY EXPLANATIONS PERTAINING
TO KINETICS
Scope of This Text
1
1 • In the preceding texts on engineering mechanics, we have discussed
separately the relations of forces in a system and the conditions of mo-
tion of bodies. In this text, we shall consider the relation between the
motion of a body and the force or forces acting on the body to produce
the motion. The basis for the relationship between motion and force
is Newton's second law of motion. However, there are three different
methods of applying this law. These are commonly called the force-
mass acceleration method, the work-energy method, and the impulse-
momentum method. Each method is most useful for solving certain
types of problems.
Statement of Newton's Second Law of Motion
2 • In Engineering Mechanics, Part 1, Newton's second law of motion was
stated as follows:
If a resultant force acts upon a particle, the particle will be accelerated
in the direction of the force. Furthermore, the magnitude of the accel-
eration will be directly proportional to the magnitude of the resultant
force and inversely proportional to the mass of the particle.
Newton's second law can be expressed mathematically by the following
equation:
F
a=k-
m
in which a = magnitude of the acceleration of a particle
k = a numerical factor
F = magnitude of the force acting upon the particle
m = mass of the particle
(1)
The mass of a particle is a measure of the exact amount of matter in
the particle. Any body is composed of a number of particles, and the
mass of a body is the sum of the masses of all the particles.
032616 week3 conservation of mechanical energySubas Nandy
The document discusses the law of conservation of energy and conservation of mechanical energy. It defines the different types of energy and states that the total energy of a system is constant if there are no external forces acting on it. Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy. Several examples are provided to demonstrate calculating changes in kinetic and potential energy and applying the principle of conservation of mechanical energy to problems involving objects moving under the influence of gravity.
1) The document discusses basics of thermodynamics including definitions of key terms like system, surroundings, boundary, state, process, and cycle.
2) It covers concepts of extensive and intensive properties, equilibrium states, and different types of processes like quasistatic, isothermal, isobaric, and isochoric.
3) The document also discusses steady flow processes, units and dimensions in thermodynamics, and provides examples of applying concepts to engineering problems.
(1) Kinetic theory of gases relates the macroscopic properties of gases like pressure and temperature to the microscopic properties of gas molecules like speed and kinetic energy.
(2) It is based on assumptions like gas molecules are small, rigid spheres that move randomly in straight lines between perfectly elastic collisions.
(3) The kinetic theory derives the ideal gas law relating pressure, volume, amount of gas and temperature. It shows that pressure is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy per unit volume of the gas molecules.
This document discusses the fundamentals of physics and aerodynamics. It defines basic physical quantities like mass, time, and length. It also defines derived quantities that are combinations of the basics, such as velocity, density, force, momentum, and energy. Laws of physics are observations of the relationships between these quantities. The document also discusses conservation laws in fluid systems, including conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. It defines mass flow rate and stability along three axes for aircraft.
This document provides an overview of thermodynamics and related concepts. It defines thermodynamics as the study of energy and its transformation, heat flow, and work potential. Key topics covered include the microscopic and macroscopic approaches to studying thermodynamics, thermodynamic systems and properties, processes like reversible and irreversible processes, and thermodynamic cycles. Dimensional analysis and various thermodynamic units of measurement are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of key physics concepts covered in the IGCSE syllabus. It discusses topics like volume and density, speed, forces, friction, gravitational force, pressure, energy, thermal effects, and specific heat capacity. For each topic, it outlines relevant formulae and provides 2-3 brief explanatory sentences. The document is intended as a revision guide for students to learn and review the essential information and formulae for multiple areas of the IGCSE physics curriculum.
1. The document discusses the governing equations for computational fluid dynamics (CFD), including the continuity, momentum, and energy equations.
2. These equations are derived from conservation principles like mass conservation and Newton's second law, and describe how quantities like mass, momentum, and energy are transported through a fluid flow domain.
3. The equations take the form of a general transport equation, with terms for the accumulation, convection, diffusion, and sources of various quantities represented by Φ, such as density, velocity, and internal energy.
Study Unit
Ill Engineerin M
Part4
an1cs
By
Andrew Pytel, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Engineering Mechanics
The Pennsylvania State University
When you complete this study unit, you'll be able to
• Calculate the mass moment of inertia
• Calculate the kinetic energy of a body
• Determine the linear impulse and momentum of a body
• Analyze the equations and conditions used to determine the forces involving rectilinear
translation
• Describe centripetal and centrifugal force
• Describe the forces that impact the rotation of a rigid body without translation
• Explain the motion of a wheel, and calculate the magnitude of the linear acceleration and
friction forces
• Analyze the work-energy method as it applies to the motion and action of a body
iii
PRELIMINARY EXPLANATIONS PERTAINING TO KINETICS .
FORCE-MASS-ACCELERATION METHOD .....
Translation of Rigid Body
Rotation of Rigid Body without Translation
General Plane Motion of Rigid Body
23
WORK-ENERGY METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Application of Method for Translation
Other Applications of Work-Energy Method
IMPULSE-MOMENTUM METHOD . . . . . . .
Rectilinear Translation of Single Body
Collision of Two Bodies
PRACTICE PROBLEMS ANSWERS
EXAMINATION . . . . . . . . . .
. ........... 77
93
95
Engineering Nlechanics, Part 4
PRELIMINARY EXPLANATIONS PERTAINING
TO KINETICS
Scope of This Text
1
1 • In the preceding texts on engineering mechanics, we have discussed
separately the relations of forces in a system and the conditions of mo-
tion of bodies. In this text, we shall consider the relation between the
motion of a body and the force or forces acting on the body to produce
the motion. The basis for the relationship between motion and force
is Newton's second law of motion. However, there are three different
methods of applying this law. These are commonly called the force-
mass acceleration method, the work-energy method, and the impulse-
momentum method. Each method is most useful for solving certain
types of problems.
Statement of Newton's Second Law of Motion
2 • In Engineering Mechanics, Part 1, Newton's second law of motion was
stated as follows:
If a resultant force acts upon a particle, the particle will be accelerated
in the direction of the force. Furthermore, the magnitude of the accel-
eration will be directly proportional to the magnitude of the resultant
force and inversely proportional to the mass of the particle.
Newton's second law can be expressed mathematically by the following
equation:
F
a=k-
m
in which a = magnitude of the acceleration of a particle
k = a numerical factor
F = magnitude of the force acting upon the particle
m = mass of the particle
(1)
The mass of a particle is a measure of the exact amount of matter in
the particle. Any body is composed of a number of particles, and the
mass of a body is the sum of the masses of all the particles.
032616 week3 conservation of mechanical energySubas Nandy
The document discusses the law of conservation of energy and conservation of mechanical energy. It defines the different types of energy and states that the total energy of a system is constant if there are no external forces acting on it. Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy. Several examples are provided to demonstrate calculating changes in kinetic and potential energy and applying the principle of conservation of mechanical energy to problems involving objects moving under the influence of gravity.
1) The document discusses basics of thermodynamics including definitions of key terms like system, surroundings, boundary, state, process, and cycle.
2) It covers concepts of extensive and intensive properties, equilibrium states, and different types of processes like quasistatic, isothermal, isobaric, and isochoric.
3) The document also discusses steady flow processes, units and dimensions in thermodynamics, and provides examples of applying concepts to engineering problems.
(1) Kinetic theory of gases relates the macroscopic properties of gases like pressure and temperature to the microscopic properties of gas molecules like speed and kinetic energy.
(2) It is based on assumptions like gas molecules are small, rigid spheres that move randomly in straight lines between perfectly elastic collisions.
(3) The kinetic theory derives the ideal gas law relating pressure, volume, amount of gas and temperature. It shows that pressure is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy per unit volume of the gas molecules.
This chapter covers basic theories and math related to automotive systems. It defines key concepts like the states of matter, forms of energy, and conversions between energy types. It also explains Newton's laws of motion and how forces affect vehicles. Formulas for volume, circumference, and engine displacement are provided. Torque and horsepower are defined, and hydraulic, thermal, and electrical principles are summarized.
This document provides an overview of physical chemistry, which is the branch of chemistry dealing with the physical properties of chemical substances. It discusses the three main areas of physical chemistry - classical mechanics, quantum chemistry, and statistical thermodynamics. Classical mechanics deals with macroscopic properties, quantum chemistry with microscopic properties, and statistical thermodynamics relates the macroscopic and microscopic levels. The document also defines open, closed, and isolated systems and discusses fundamental and derived units, temperature, pressure, energy, and intensive and extensive properties.
The document outlines the syllabus breakdown for the O1 physics class at the Quaid-e-Azam Group of Schools & Colleges in Mardan. Over the first and second terms, students will cover topics including physical quantities and measurements, kinematics, dynamics, mass, weight and density, and energy sources. Key concepts include scalars and vectors, motion graphs, forces, density calculations, forms of energy, and renewable/non-renewable resources. The document lists sub-topics, learning objectives, and number of weeks for each topic.
This document discusses heat transfer and thermodynamics. It begins by introducing concepts like temperature, heat, and work. It then covers the three laws of thermodynamics. The main modes of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation. The document also derives the general heat conduction equation in Cartesian coordinates for a material with constant thermal conductivity. It shows how this equation can be simplified for different boundary conditions and whether heat generation is present or not.
This document discusses dimensional analysis, which is a mathematical technique used in fluid mechanics to reduce the number of variables in a problem by combining dimensional variables to form non-dimensional parameters. Dimensional analysis allows problems to be expressed in terms of non-dimensional parameters to show the relative significance of each parameter. It has various uses including checking dimensional homogeneity of equations, deriving equations, planning experiments, and analyzing complex flows using scale models. The Buckingham π theorem states that any relationship between physical quantities can be written as a relationship between dimensionless pi groups formed from the variables. Dimensional analysis is applied by setting up a dimensional matrix to determine the minimum number of pi groups needed to describe the relationship.
Thermodynamics is the study of energy, heat, work, and their interconversion between different forms. It describes processes involving changes in temperature, phase, or energy of a system.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form. The second law states that the entropy of any isolated system always increases, reaching a maximum at equilibrium.
Thermodynamic properties describe a system and include intensive properties like temperature and pressure, as well as extensive properties like volume and energy. A system's state is defined by the values of its properties, and equilibrium occurs when properties no longer change with time.
Structural dynamics and earthquake engineeringBharat Khadka
1. Structural dynamics is the study of how structures respond to dynamic loads that vary over time due to factors like wind, earthquakes, or machine vibrations. It builds upon static structural analysis by accounting for inertia and damping effects.
2. Dynamic systems can be modeled as having mass, stiffness, and damping properties. The dynamic response of simple systems with a single degree of freedom can be described by a second order differential equation relating displacement, velocity, acceleration, stiffness, damping, and applied forces.
3. For undamped free vibration, the natural frequency and natural period of vibration of a structure can be determined from the mass and stiffness. Most structures exhibit underdamped behavior, where the response decays over time
Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformation. It deals with the relationship between heat, work, and the physical properties of substances. Thermodynamics can be studied through both a microscopic approach considering molecular behavior, and a macroscopic approach considering average properties without molecular details. A thermodynamic system is defined as a quantity of matter bounded by a surface, and can be classified as closed, open, or isolated depending on its interactions with the surroundings. Key thermodynamic properties describe the state of a system.
This document presents a theory of time proposed by Ramkumar K that was developed over 22 years of research. The theory aims to systematically relate principles of electromagnetism, mechanics, atoms, and the universal transformation system. It uses principles like Newton's laws, Ohm's law, and the law of conservation of energy to analyze energy and power transformations over time. The theory finds that existing interpretations contain some imbalances when relating series and parallel circuit properties. It develops new analyses of gyroscopic effects, black holes, and the universal transformation system to provide a single, unified theory of time and transformation systems across all domains.
1) Periodic motion is a repeated pattern of motion defined by its cycle, period, frequency, and amplitude. Simple harmonic motion obeys Hooke's law where the restoring force is proportional to displacement.
2) Objects that undergo simple harmonic motion include spring-mass systems, where the period is defined by the mass and spring constant, and simple pendulums, where the period depends on the length and acceleration due to gravity.
3) There are two types of waves: transverse waves where the particle motion is perpendicular to the wave motion, and longitudinal/compressional waves where particle and wave motion are parallel. The speed of transverse waves depends on frequency and wavelength or the tension and mass/length of the string
The document discusses key concepts from kinetic theory of gases and thermodynamics. It defines kinetic theory of gases as describing gas as particles in random motion that collide with each other and container walls. This explains macroscopic gas properties like pressure. It then outlines Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution and related equations that describe the distribution of molecular speeds at a given temperature. The document also summarizes the four laws of thermodynamics, including definitions of entropy, Carnot cycle efficiency, and applications of thermodynamic concepts.
The document provides an introduction to the field of physics. It discusses that physics is the branch of science that deals with the study of nature and natural phenomena. Physics is divided into areas like mechanics, heat, light, sound, magnetism, electrostatics, and modern physics. The scientific method involves systematic observation, reasoning, model making, and theoretical predictions. Physics is related to other sciences like chemistry, biology, mathematics, and astronomy. Measurement is important in physics, and the SI system of units including the meter, kilogram, second, and other units is discussed. The document also covers topics like dimensional analysis, accuracy and errors in measurement, and significant figures.
This document outlines a thermodynamics course taught by Md. Toufiq Islam Noor. It introduces key concepts in thermodynamics including systems, properties, processes, equilibrium, and units. Specific topics covered include defining closed, open, and isolated systems, intensive/extensive properties, equilibrium states, and standard SI and other units for mass, length, time, and force. Examples are provided for calculating weight and converting between units.
1) Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations numerically solve Newton's equations of motion to simulate the physical movements of atoms and molecules over time.
2) The Verlet algorithm is commonly used to integrate the equations of motion in MD simulations. It calculates new positions and velocities at each time step based on the forces between particles.
3) MD simulations sample the ensemble of all possible configurations over time. If run long enough, time averages from the simulation converge to ensemble averages, in accordance with the ergodic hypothesis. This allows MD to connect microscopic dynamics to macroscopic thermodynamics.
This document contains a summary of the first lecture in an introductory physics course. The lecture covered the following key points:
- Physics aims to study and express the fundamental laws of nature mathematically through equations. Most physical quantities have standardized units.
- The International System of Units (SI) defines the base units of the meter (length), kilogram (mass), and second (time). Other units are derived from these base units.
- Vectors represent quantities that have both magnitude and direction, while scalars only have magnitude. Problem solving in physics involves identifying relevant equations and checking solutions.
GETTING STARTED IN THERMODYNAMICS: INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS Kum Visal
Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations between thermal and mechanical forms. A system is defined as the subject of analysis, which has specified boundaries and properties that may change as it undergoes processes or reaches equilibrium states. Thermodynamic properties are either extensive, meaning their values depend on system size, or intensive, with values independent of system size. Temperature, pressure, and specific volume are important intensive properties. The SI system of units is commonly used, with the pascal and kelvin as units of pressure and temperature. A system reaches thermal equilibrium when its intensive properties become uniform throughout.
Physics is the study of matter, energy, and their interaction. It has two main branches: classical physics which studies mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism, and modern physics which studies atomic and nuclear physics and quantum physics. Measurement is the process of comparing quantities using standard units like the metric system which defines fundamental units like meters, kilograms, and seconds. Conversion between units can be done using conversion factors in a chain-link method.
This document provides an overview of engineering mechanics as taught in the course ME101:
1) Engineering mechanics deals with the motion and equilibrium of rigid bodies under the action of forces, and includes statics, dynamics, and rigid body mechanics. 2) Rigid body mechanics assumes bodies do not deform under loading and is a prerequisite for more advanced topics. 3) Statics analyzes equilibrium of bodies under constant forces, while dynamics analyzes accelerated motion of bodies.
In this note, we derive (to third order in derivatives of the fluid velocity) a 2+1
dimensional theory of fluid dynamics that governs the evolution of generic long-
wavelength perturbations of a black brane or large black hole in four-dimensional
gravity with negative cosmological constant, applying a systematic procedure de-
veloped recently by Bhattacharyya, Hubeny, Minwalla, and Rangamani. In the
regime of validity of the fluid-dynamical description, the black-brane evolution
will generically correspond to a turbulent flow. Turbulence in 2+1 dimensions
has been well studied analytically, numerically, experimentally, and observation-
ally as it provides a first approximation to the large scale dynamics of planetary
atmospheres. These studies reveal dramatic differences between fluid flows in
2+1 and 3+1 dimensions, suggesting that the dynamics of perturbed four and
five dimensional large AdS black holes may be qualitatively different. However,
further investigation is required to understand whether these qualitative differ-
ences exist in the regime of fluid dynamics relevant to black hole dynamics.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
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This chapter covers basic theories and math related to automotive systems. It defines key concepts like the states of matter, forms of energy, and conversions between energy types. It also explains Newton's laws of motion and how forces affect vehicles. Formulas for volume, circumference, and engine displacement are provided. Torque and horsepower are defined, and hydraulic, thermal, and electrical principles are summarized.
This document provides an overview of physical chemistry, which is the branch of chemistry dealing with the physical properties of chemical substances. It discusses the three main areas of physical chemistry - classical mechanics, quantum chemistry, and statistical thermodynamics. Classical mechanics deals with macroscopic properties, quantum chemistry with microscopic properties, and statistical thermodynamics relates the macroscopic and microscopic levels. The document also defines open, closed, and isolated systems and discusses fundamental and derived units, temperature, pressure, energy, and intensive and extensive properties.
The document outlines the syllabus breakdown for the O1 physics class at the Quaid-e-Azam Group of Schools & Colleges in Mardan. Over the first and second terms, students will cover topics including physical quantities and measurements, kinematics, dynamics, mass, weight and density, and energy sources. Key concepts include scalars and vectors, motion graphs, forces, density calculations, forms of energy, and renewable/non-renewable resources. The document lists sub-topics, learning objectives, and number of weeks for each topic.
This document discusses heat transfer and thermodynamics. It begins by introducing concepts like temperature, heat, and work. It then covers the three laws of thermodynamics. The main modes of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation. The document also derives the general heat conduction equation in Cartesian coordinates for a material with constant thermal conductivity. It shows how this equation can be simplified for different boundary conditions and whether heat generation is present or not.
This document discusses dimensional analysis, which is a mathematical technique used in fluid mechanics to reduce the number of variables in a problem by combining dimensional variables to form non-dimensional parameters. Dimensional analysis allows problems to be expressed in terms of non-dimensional parameters to show the relative significance of each parameter. It has various uses including checking dimensional homogeneity of equations, deriving equations, planning experiments, and analyzing complex flows using scale models. The Buckingham π theorem states that any relationship between physical quantities can be written as a relationship between dimensionless pi groups formed from the variables. Dimensional analysis is applied by setting up a dimensional matrix to determine the minimum number of pi groups needed to describe the relationship.
Thermodynamics is the study of energy, heat, work, and their interconversion between different forms. It describes processes involving changes in temperature, phase, or energy of a system.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form. The second law states that the entropy of any isolated system always increases, reaching a maximum at equilibrium.
Thermodynamic properties describe a system and include intensive properties like temperature and pressure, as well as extensive properties like volume and energy. A system's state is defined by the values of its properties, and equilibrium occurs when properties no longer change with time.
Structural dynamics and earthquake engineeringBharat Khadka
1. Structural dynamics is the study of how structures respond to dynamic loads that vary over time due to factors like wind, earthquakes, or machine vibrations. It builds upon static structural analysis by accounting for inertia and damping effects.
2. Dynamic systems can be modeled as having mass, stiffness, and damping properties. The dynamic response of simple systems with a single degree of freedom can be described by a second order differential equation relating displacement, velocity, acceleration, stiffness, damping, and applied forces.
3. For undamped free vibration, the natural frequency and natural period of vibration of a structure can be determined from the mass and stiffness. Most structures exhibit underdamped behavior, where the response decays over time
Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformation. It deals with the relationship between heat, work, and the physical properties of substances. Thermodynamics can be studied through both a microscopic approach considering molecular behavior, and a macroscopic approach considering average properties without molecular details. A thermodynamic system is defined as a quantity of matter bounded by a surface, and can be classified as closed, open, or isolated depending on its interactions with the surroundings. Key thermodynamic properties describe the state of a system.
This document presents a theory of time proposed by Ramkumar K that was developed over 22 years of research. The theory aims to systematically relate principles of electromagnetism, mechanics, atoms, and the universal transformation system. It uses principles like Newton's laws, Ohm's law, and the law of conservation of energy to analyze energy and power transformations over time. The theory finds that existing interpretations contain some imbalances when relating series and parallel circuit properties. It develops new analyses of gyroscopic effects, black holes, and the universal transformation system to provide a single, unified theory of time and transformation systems across all domains.
1) Periodic motion is a repeated pattern of motion defined by its cycle, period, frequency, and amplitude. Simple harmonic motion obeys Hooke's law where the restoring force is proportional to displacement.
2) Objects that undergo simple harmonic motion include spring-mass systems, where the period is defined by the mass and spring constant, and simple pendulums, where the period depends on the length and acceleration due to gravity.
3) There are two types of waves: transverse waves where the particle motion is perpendicular to the wave motion, and longitudinal/compressional waves where particle and wave motion are parallel. The speed of transverse waves depends on frequency and wavelength or the tension and mass/length of the string
The document discusses key concepts from kinetic theory of gases and thermodynamics. It defines kinetic theory of gases as describing gas as particles in random motion that collide with each other and container walls. This explains macroscopic gas properties like pressure. It then outlines Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution and related equations that describe the distribution of molecular speeds at a given temperature. The document also summarizes the four laws of thermodynamics, including definitions of entropy, Carnot cycle efficiency, and applications of thermodynamic concepts.
The document provides an introduction to the field of physics. It discusses that physics is the branch of science that deals with the study of nature and natural phenomena. Physics is divided into areas like mechanics, heat, light, sound, magnetism, electrostatics, and modern physics. The scientific method involves systematic observation, reasoning, model making, and theoretical predictions. Physics is related to other sciences like chemistry, biology, mathematics, and astronomy. Measurement is important in physics, and the SI system of units including the meter, kilogram, second, and other units is discussed. The document also covers topics like dimensional analysis, accuracy and errors in measurement, and significant figures.
This document outlines a thermodynamics course taught by Md. Toufiq Islam Noor. It introduces key concepts in thermodynamics including systems, properties, processes, equilibrium, and units. Specific topics covered include defining closed, open, and isolated systems, intensive/extensive properties, equilibrium states, and standard SI and other units for mass, length, time, and force. Examples are provided for calculating weight and converting between units.
1) Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations numerically solve Newton's equations of motion to simulate the physical movements of atoms and molecules over time.
2) The Verlet algorithm is commonly used to integrate the equations of motion in MD simulations. It calculates new positions and velocities at each time step based on the forces between particles.
3) MD simulations sample the ensemble of all possible configurations over time. If run long enough, time averages from the simulation converge to ensemble averages, in accordance with the ergodic hypothesis. This allows MD to connect microscopic dynamics to macroscopic thermodynamics.
This document contains a summary of the first lecture in an introductory physics course. The lecture covered the following key points:
- Physics aims to study and express the fundamental laws of nature mathematically through equations. Most physical quantities have standardized units.
- The International System of Units (SI) defines the base units of the meter (length), kilogram (mass), and second (time). Other units are derived from these base units.
- Vectors represent quantities that have both magnitude and direction, while scalars only have magnitude. Problem solving in physics involves identifying relevant equations and checking solutions.
GETTING STARTED IN THERMODYNAMICS: INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS Kum Visal
Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations between thermal and mechanical forms. A system is defined as the subject of analysis, which has specified boundaries and properties that may change as it undergoes processes or reaches equilibrium states. Thermodynamic properties are either extensive, meaning their values depend on system size, or intensive, with values independent of system size. Temperature, pressure, and specific volume are important intensive properties. The SI system of units is commonly used, with the pascal and kelvin as units of pressure and temperature. A system reaches thermal equilibrium when its intensive properties become uniform throughout.
Physics is the study of matter, energy, and their interaction. It has two main branches: classical physics which studies mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism, and modern physics which studies atomic and nuclear physics and quantum physics. Measurement is the process of comparing quantities using standard units like the metric system which defines fundamental units like meters, kilograms, and seconds. Conversion between units can be done using conversion factors in a chain-link method.
This document provides an overview of engineering mechanics as taught in the course ME101:
1) Engineering mechanics deals with the motion and equilibrium of rigid bodies under the action of forces, and includes statics, dynamics, and rigid body mechanics. 2) Rigid body mechanics assumes bodies do not deform under loading and is a prerequisite for more advanced topics. 3) Statics analyzes equilibrium of bodies under constant forces, while dynamics analyzes accelerated motion of bodies.
In this note, we derive (to third order in derivatives of the fluid velocity) a 2+1
dimensional theory of fluid dynamics that governs the evolution of generic long-
wavelength perturbations of a black brane or large black hole in four-dimensional
gravity with negative cosmological constant, applying a systematic procedure de-
veloped recently by Bhattacharyya, Hubeny, Minwalla, and Rangamani. In the
regime of validity of the fluid-dynamical description, the black-brane evolution
will generically correspond to a turbulent flow. Turbulence in 2+1 dimensions
has been well studied analytically, numerically, experimentally, and observation-
ally as it provides a first approximation to the large scale dynamics of planetary
atmospheres. These studies reveal dramatic differences between fluid flows in
2+1 and 3+1 dimensions, suggesting that the dynamics of perturbed four and
five dimensional large AdS black holes may be qualitatively different. However,
further investigation is required to understand whether these qualitative differ-
ences exist in the regime of fluid dynamics relevant to black hole dynamics.
Similar to Aerodynamics. flippatterncn5tm5ttnj6nmnynyppt (20)
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
4. Combinations of Basics
Velocity =
Density =
Force =
Length
Time
Mass
Length
2
Mass Length
Time
3
Momentum =
Time
Mass Length
Derived Quantities
Dimensionality
Energy =
Time
Mass Length 2
2
7. Used in Aerodynamics
Velocity =
Density = Force =
Length
Time
Mass
Length 2
Mass Length
Time
3
Momentum =
Time
Mass Length
Derived Quantities
Dimensionality
Energy =
Time
Mass Length 2
2
Pressure =
2
Mass
Length
Force
Area
=
Time
Mass Flow = Mass
Time
Torque = 2
Mass Length
Time
2
8. Temperature – Basic or Derived ?
Density -> mass and volume
Pressure -> momentum (mass x velocity)
Temperature -> kinetic energy (mass x velocity )
2
9. Conservation Laws
Observations of the Relations
between Derived Quantities
For any fluid system:
1) Mass is neither created nor destroyed.
Conservation of Mass - Continuity
2) Momentum is neither created nor destroyed.
Conservation of Momentum (3 directions)
3) Energy is neither created nor destroyed.
Conservation of Energy
mass
mass
mass x velocity
mass x velocity
mass x velocity
mass x velocity
2
2
21. Forces on an Aircraft
Air
Air
Aircraft
Aircraft
Air Moves Past the Aircraft
Aircraft Moves Through the Air
Measured Forces Have The Same Value
Equivalent