Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Some plants have biological source synonyms, chemical constituents, and uses

1. GOURAV SINGH 1

2. Biological Source:- Lycopersicon esculentum
Family:- Solanaceae
Chemical Constituent:- Lycopene
Uses:-
Prevent prostate cancer
Reduce risk of cancers of digestive tract, pancreas,
cervix, bladder and skin
GOURAV SINGH 2

3. Biological Source:-Cymbopogan Citratus
Family:- Poaceae
Chemical Constituent:- Citral, Geraniol, Linoolal, Limonene,
Dipentene, Triacontene, Terpenolene
and α β pinene
Uses:- Perfumery Soaps and Also Used as repellant.
GOURAV SINGH 3

4. Biological Source:- Zingiber Officinale
Family:- Zingibereraceae
Chemical Constituent:- Ginger Consist of Volatile oil (1-4%),
starch (40-60%), fat (10%), fibre (5%),
inorganic material (6%), residual moisture
(10%), and acrid resinous matter (5-8%),
Sesquiterpene: Zingiberene, ar-curcumene.
Uses:-
Stomachic, Aromatic, Carminative, stimulant and Flavouring agents.
Mouth washes, Ginger beverages and Liquors.
It is effective in motion sickness.
GOURAV SINGH 4

5. Biological Source:- Datura metel
Family:- Solanaceae
Chemical Constituent:- Datura herb contain up to 0.5% of total
alkaloids, among which hyoscine
(Scopolamine) is the main alkaloid, while
1-hyoscyamine (Scopoline) andatropine
are present in very quantities.
Uses:-
D.metal is used as a manufacture of hyoscine.
It exhibit parasympatholytic with anticholinergic and CNS depressant effect.
The drug is used in cerebral excitement, asthma and in cough.
GOURAV SINGH 5

6. Biological Source:- Catharanthus roseous
Family:- Apocynaceae
Chemical Constituent:- It contain monoterpenes, Sesquiterpene
indole, and indoline glycoside. Vindoline
and Catharanthine are indole monomeric
alkaloid. About 90 alkaloid have been
isolated from Vinca from which some likes
Ajmalicine, Serpentine e.t.c
Uses:-
Vinca is used in astringent and tonic properties
Vinca is used as a gargles.
For bleeding piles, it may be applied externally.
It is also used in treatment of diabetes
GOURAV SINGH 6

7. Biological Source:- Mentha piperita
Family:- Lamiaceae
Chemical constituent:-The constituent of peppermint oil is menthol,
along with other constituents like menthyl
acetate, isovalerate, menthone, Cineol,
inactive pinene, limonene and other less
important bodies.
Uses:-
It is stimulant, stomachic, carminative, inflatulence, and colic .
Oil of peppermint allays sickness, and nausea, as infant cordial.
It is also used in case of hysteria and nervous disorder.
GOURAV SINGH 7

8. Biological Source:- Citrus limonsis
Family:- Rutaceae
Chemical Constituent:- Lemon contain volatile oil (2.5%),
vitamin C, hesperidin and other flavone
glycosides, mucilage, pectin, and
calcium oxalate.
Uses:- Flavouring agent, perfumery, stomachic, and carminative
GOURAV SINGH 8

9. Biological Source:- Anethum gravcolens
Family:-Apiaceae
Chemical Constituent:- Fruit yield about 3.5% of the essential oil,
about 20% of fixed oil and protein The
essential oil is an aromatic liquid consisting
of a mixture of paraffin hydrocarbon and
40 to 60% of d-carvone along with
D-limonene and other terpenes.
Uses:-
Dill fruit and oil of Dill possess stimulant, aromatic, carminative,
and stomachic, with considerable medicinal value.
Oil of Dill is used in mixtures, preparation of Dill Water is used in the flatulence of infants and
also as a vehicle for children’s medicine.
GOURAV SINGH 9

10. Biological Source:- Trachyspermum ammi
Family:- Apiaceae
Chemical constituent:- Ajowan contains an essential oil (2–3.5%),
Protein (17.1%), and fat (21.8%). Ajowan oil
is a colourless or brownish yellow liquid
Possessing a characteristic odour of thymol
and a sharp taste. The principal constituents
of the oil are phenol, mainly thymol (35–60%),
carvacrol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, α-, and β-pinenes and dipentene.
The fatty oil is composed of palmitic, petroselinic, oleic, linoleic, and
5,6-octa-decanoic acids.
GOURAV SINGH 10

11. Uses:-
Ajowan oil is used as an antiseptic, aromatic, carminative, for
perfuming disinfectant soaps, and as an insecticide.
The oil is useful as an expectorant in emphysema, bronchial
pneumonia and some other respiratory ailments.
Ajowan is widely used as a spice in curries; in pickles, certain
types of biscuits, confectionery, and in beverages
GOURAV SINGH 11

12. Biological Source:- Ocimum santum
Family:- Labiatae.
Chemical constituent:- Tulsi leaves contain bright, yellow coloured and
pleasant volatile oil (0.1 to 0.9%). It contains
approximately 70% eugenol, carvacrol (3%), and
eugenol-methyl-ether (20%). It also contains
caryophyllin. Seeds contain fixed oil with good
drying.The plant is also reported to contain
alkaloids, glycosides, saponin, tannins, an
appreciable amount of vitamin C and traces of
maleic, citric, and tartaric acid. properties.
Uses:-
antibacterial and insecticidal
stimulant, aromatic, spasmolytic, and diaphoretic.
GOURAV SINGH 12

13. Biological Source:- Eucalyptus globulus
Family:- Myrtaceae.
Chemical Constituents:- The constituents present are p-cymene, α-pinene;
small quantity of sesquiterpenes like ledol,
aromadendrene; aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols.
It also has polyphenolic acids like ferulic acid,
Caffeic acid, gallic acid; flavonoids such as
eucalyptin, hyperoside and rutin.
Uses:-
stimulant, antiseptic, flavouring agent, aromatic, deodorant, expectorant, antimicrobial, febrifuge,
diuretic, and antispasmodic.
It is also used in the treatment of lung diseases, sore throat, cold, as a vapour bath for asthma and
various respiratory ailments and in bronchitis.
GOURAV SINGH 13

14. Biological Sources:- Capsicum minimum and Capsicum annum Linn.
Family:- Solanaceae
Chemical constituent:-Capsicum contains fixed oils (4–16%),
oleoresin, carotenoids, capsacutin,
capsico (a volatile alkaloid), thiamine,
volatile oil (1.5%), and ascorbic acid (0.2%).
The resin contains an extremely pungent
principle, capsaicin, (decylenic vanillyl amide) (about 0.5%).
Uses:-
externally as stimulant, counter irritant, rubefacient, in sore throat, scarlatina, hoarseness, and
yellow fever;
Treatment of migraine and cluster headache, and for some patients with neurogenic ladder
dysfunction.
The relief of rheumatism and lumbago
GOURAV SINGH 14

15. Biological Source:- Ricinus communis
Family:- Euphorbiaceae
Chemical Constituent:- Castor oil consists of glyceride of ricinoleic acid,
isoricinoleic,stearic, and dihydroxy stearic acids.
Ricinoleic acid is responsible for laxative
property. Castor oil also contains vitamin F.
Uses:-
Ointment base, as plasticizer, wetting agents, as a lubricating agent.
Ricinoleic acid is used in contraceptive creams and jellies;
emollient in the preparation of lipsticks, in tooth formulation, as an ingredient in hair oil
GOURAV SINGH 15

16. Biological Source:- Cocos nucifera
Family:- Palmae.
Chemical Constituent:- Coconut obtained from the hard, dried endocarp
consists of a mixture of triglycerides of saturated fatty
acids. The oil contains about 95% of saturated fatty acids
with 8 and 10 carbon atoms. It shows the presence of
caprylic acid, 2%; capric acid, 50–80%; lauric acid, 3%; and
myristic acid about 1%.
Uses:-
Basis for the preparation of oral suspension of drugs unstable in aqueous media.
Abdominal pain and diarrhoea have been reported in patients taking diet based on medium
chain triglycerides.
GOURAV SINGH 16

17. Biological Sources:- Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Family:- Malvaceae
Chemical Constituent:- taraxeryl acetate, β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, cholesterol,
Ergosterol,lipids. Flower contain cyaniding diglucoside, flavonoids,
vitamins thiamine, riboflavin, nicacin and ascorbic acid.
Uses:-
Prevent hair loss
Reduce grey hair
Anti-Inflammatory
Blood Circulation
Liver disorder
GOURAV SINGH 17

18. Biological Sources:- Calotropis giganta
Family:- dogbanes
Chemical Constituent:- resinols as esters of steam volatile fatty acids
(acetic and isovaleric), cardiac poisons similar
to usharin and calcium oxalate.
Uses:-
Hepatoprotective effects
Anti-bacterial activity
 Analgesic activity
Antioxidant activity
GOURAV SINGH 18

19. Biological Source:- Tagetes Erecta
Family:- Asteraceae
Chemical Constituents:- Flavonoids (0.3 to 0.8%) rutoside,
neohesperidoside. Hydroxycoumarins,
carotenoids, volatile oils (0.2%): gamma-
terpinene, muurolen, cadinene, caryophyllene,
menthone, iso-menthone, carvone, geranylacetone, cariofileno ketone,
sesquiterpenes.
Uses:-
Heals Skin Wounds, Burns & Rashes.
Used to treat irritated skin problems like burns, wounds and rashes.
Menstrual pain
GOURAV SINGH 19

20. Biological Sources:- Murraya koenigii
Family:- Rutaceae
Chemical Constituent:- Matured stem and bark of Murraya are
carbazole alkaloids, coumarin galactoside,
Carbazole carboxylic acid, glycolipids,
Phospholipids etc. The roots of Murraya include many types of
bioactive compounds.
Uses:-
It helps in the treatment of dysentery, diarrhea, diabetes, morning sickness, and nausea.
May reduce heart disease risk factors.
May have neuroprotective properties.
May have anticancer effects.
GOURAV SINGH 20

21. Biological Sources:- Clitoria ternatea
Family:- Fabaceae
Chemical Constituent:- tannins, phlobatannin, carbohydrates, saponins,
triterpenoids, phenols, flavanoids, flavonol glycosides,
proteins, alkaloids, antharaquinone, anthocyanins,
cardiac glycosides, Stigmast- 4-ene-3,6-dione,
volatile oils and steroids
Uses:-
Roots of the plant are used for treating leucoderma.
Paste of the whole plant is effectively used for treating piles.
Used in children for treating bed wetting.
Also used for treating high blood pressure.
GOURAV SINGH 21

22. Biological Sources:- Piper betel
Family:- Piperaceae
Chemical constituents:- cadinene, sesquiterpene, chavicol, geraniol, α-thujene, terpinolene,
chavibetol, phenyl propane, trans β-ocimene, safrole, caryophyllene,
cineole, cadinol, eugenol, camphene, limonene, pinene, and eugenyl
acetate.
Uses:- stimulant, an antiseptic, and a breath-freshener
GOURAV SINGH 22

23. Biological Sources:- Lawsonia innermis
Family:- Lythracear
Chemical Constituent:- Lawsone is the active constituent of the Henna leaves
The other chemical constituents of Henna are gallic acid, white resin, sugars.
Uses:-
Topical antiseptic for fungal or bacterial skin infections, including ringworm.
Henna helps to improve hair health, cosmetics, hair dyes, and hair care products
Dye for nails, hands, and clothing.
 henna on the skin as temporary “tattoos.”
GOURAV SINGH 23

24. Biological Sources:- Punica granatum
Family:- Lythraceae.
Chemical Constituents:- Anthocyanins, glucose, ascorbic acid,
ellagic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid,
catechin, quercetin, rutin and
numerous minerals particularly iron,
amino acids.
Uses:-
Prevent cancer
Increase Bone health
Prevent Diarrhea
Maintain skin health
GOURAV SINGH 24

25. Biological Sources:- Vitex negundo
Family:- Lamiaceae
Chemical Constituent:- Leaves contain an Alkaloid nisindine,
Flavonoids like flavones, Luteolin-7-
glucoside, an essential oil and other
constituent like Vitamin C, Carotene,
Gluco-nonital, Benzoic acid β-sitosterol,
Benzoic acid and Phthalic acid,
Antiinflammatory diterpene, Flavonoids, Artemetin and Titerpenoids.
Fatty acid, β sitosterol, Vannilic acid, P-hydrobenzoic acid and Luteolin have
been isolated from bark. Stem bark yields Leucoanthocyanidines . Viridiflorol,
Sabinene, Casticin, Negundin A, Negundin B, Vitrofolal A, various Terpenes,
Flavanone and acids have been isolated from the leaves and roots of V.
negundo Further phytochemical investigation will provide information about
the bioactive constituents present in V. negundo responsible for its
therapeutic activity
GOURAV SINGH 25

26. Uses:-
Roots and barks: Used for relieving intermittent fever, thirst and
body pain.
Leaves: used for treating Opthslmis, Deafness, indigestion, piles
and Jaundice, leaf Juices are used in curing Catarrhal and fever.
Tender fruits are bitter Astringent, Antilaxatives. Digestion,
Promote digestion and strength, as well as overcome
Diarrhea & Dysentery.
 Ripe fruits: nutricious, cooling used in treating indigestion and improve vision
GOURAV SINGH 26

27. Biological Sources:- Kalanchoe Pinnata
Family:- Crassulac
Chemical Constituents:- alkaloids, triterpenes, glycosides, flavonoids,
cardienolides, steroids, bufadienolides and lipids.
Uses:-
kidney stones
Eye pain.
Stomach disorder.
Jaundice.
Pain.
Fever.
Diarrhoea.
GOURAV SINGH 27

28. Biological Sources:- Moringa Oleifera
Family:- Moringaceae
Chemical constituents:- Isothiocyanates such as
4-{(2'-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl}
Isothiocyanates and a 4'-acetylated variant (seeds)
as well as a fully no acetylated
4-(alpha-L-Rhamnosyloxy) benzyl Isothiocyanates
Nitrate , Pterygosperma ,Crypto-chlorogenic acid ,
Quercetin ,Quercetin 3-O-βD- (600-O-malonyl)-
glucoside, and the isomer Isoquercetin , Kaempferol
and its 3- glucoside Astragalin and its rhamnoglucoside , Procyanidins , 4-O-
caffeoylquinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, and glucosides thereof , Protease
inhibitors (leaves and seeds) with activity against serine proteases (trypsin and
chymotrypsin) and bacterial proteases, but was ineffective against subtilisin,
esperase, pronase E, and proteinase K
GOURAV SINGH 28

29. Uses:- Moringa is used for “tired blood” (anemia); arthritis and other joint pain (rheumatism);
asthma; cancer; constipation; diabetes; diarrhea; epilepsy; stomach pain; stomach and intestinal
ulcers; intestinal spasms; headache; heart problems; high blood pressure; kidney stones; fluid
retention; thyroid disorders; and bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic infections.
GOURAV SINGH 29

30. Biological Sources:- Rosa damascene, Rosa alba, Rosa Centifolia, and Rosa gallica.
Family:- Rosaceae, Ornamental
Chemical Constituent:- phenyl ethylalcohol (78.38%), citrenellol
(9.91%), nonadecane (4.35%) and geraniol
(3.71%) ethanol (0.00-13.43%), and
heneicosane were the major compounds
Uses:-
In Cosmetics
In lozenges, dentifrices, ointment
Help in relieve HBP, heart problem
GOURAV SINGH 30

31. Biological Sources:- Jasminum Sambac
Family:- oleaceae
Uses:-
Eases Stress And Depression.
 Innate Antiseptic Properties.
 Anti-Cancerous Agent.
Alleviates Pain And Inflammation.
GOURAV SINGH 31

32. GOURAV SINGH 32