- Bioflavonoids have a 15 carbon skeleton structure consisting of two phenyl rings (A&B) and a heterocyclic ring (C). They are found in citrus fruits like lemon peel and bitter orange peel. - Lemon peel comes from the outer part of lemon fruits. It contains at least 2% volatile oil including limonene and citral. Lemon peel is used as a carminative, stimulant, and in perfumes and flavors. - Bitter orange peel comes from bitter orange fruits. It contains at least 2.5% volatile oil including limonene, citral and citronellal. It is used as a stomachic, aromatic, carmin

1. BIO-FLAVONOIDS
[LEMON PEEL & BITTER
ORANGE PEEL]
NAVEEN BALAJI

3. BIO-FLAVONOIDS
They have general structure of 15 carbon skeleton,
Which consist of two phenyl rings (A&B) and
Heterocyclic ring (C). This carbon skeleton is abbrivated
as C6-C3-C6.
Bio-flavonoids consists of Citrus fruits, which contains
large number of Flavonone glycosides.
E.g:- Hesperidine, Iso-hesperidine.
Bio-flavonoids enhance the action of Vitamin.c & Anti-
oxidants.

4. LEMON PEEL

5. Synonym: Cortex limonis
Biological Source: Lemon peel is the outer
part of the pericarp of the ripe (or) nearly
ripe fruits of Citrus limonis Burm.
Family: Rutaceae
It contains not less than-2.5% of Volatile
Oil

6. Geographical Source:-
It is indigenous to North India but cultivated on
a very large scale in countries like Spain, Italy &
Sicily.
It is also cultivated in California, Florida,
Jamaica, Australia.
In India it is cultivated in Uttar Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka,
Punjab.

7. Morphology:-
Colour:- 1) Fresh Lemon Peels-Outer surface is
bright greenish yellow colour, internally white colour.
2)Dried Peels-Outer surface is yellow & inner surface is
pithy white.
Odour:-Strong, fragrant, aromatic & characteristic.
Taste:-Aromatic, Bitter.
Size:- Even though the fruits are Oblong Ovoid of
about 5 to 12 cm in length, the peels are irregular in
shape & are found in the form of Strips (or) pieces.
The outer surface is rough due to the presence of
numerous minute Pits representing Oil Glands.
The inner surface is with white spongy pericarp.
Fracture:- Short in dried lemon peel.

9. Chemical Constituents:- Lemon Peel
contains Volatile Oil from 2 to 4%.
The other constituents of the peel are Hesperidin,
Pectin, Calcium Oxalate & Bitter substances.
The Volatile Oil of the drug contains mainly
Limonene(about 90%), Citral(about 4%) and other
aromatic compounds like Geranyl Acetate & Terpineol.
The Lemon Oil has Pale yellow colour.
Standards:-
Specific Gravity- 0.849 to 0.855
Optical rotation- +57⁰ to +65⁰
Refractive Index- 1.4742 to 1.4755.

10. Limonene Citral

12. Uses:-
1)Carminative
2)stimulant
3)oil is used as Perfuming & Flavouring agent
4)Extraction of Pectin & Volatile Oil.
Adultrants:- The Peels which have been
rejected by machines after drying are mixed with
the drug. They can be identified by the presence of
Scarification Lines on the outer surface of the peels.

13. BITTER ORANGE PEEL

14. Synonym:- Orange cortex, Seville orange,
Sour orange,Bigarade orange,Marmalade orange
Biological source:- Orange peel is dried
(or) fresh outer part of
the pericarp of the ripe (or) nearly ripe fruits of
Citrus aurantium Linn.
Family:- Rutaceae
It contains not less than 2.5% of Volatile Oil.

15. Geographical Source:-
It is indigenous to India but cultivated
commercially in South Spain(Seville),
Caribbean Islands, U.S.A, Morocco & Sicily.
In India, it is grown in Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Punjab, Kashmir.

16. MORPHOLOGY:-
Colour:- Dark orange red.
Odour:- Aromatic
Taste:- Aromatic & Bitter
Size:- The Strips(or) the Ribbons are of
varying in size & shape. They are about 3 to 4
mm in Thickness.
The Strips are Brittle, with little of inner white
portion of the Rind. The outer surface is rough
due to the presence of Numerous Small Pits of
Oil Glands.
Fracture:- Short.

17. Morphology

18. Morphology

19. ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS:-
Bitter Orange Peel contains about 2.5%
Volatile Oil.
Apart from the Volatile Oil, it also contains
several other compounds like Hesperidin, Iso-
hesperidin, Neo hesperidin, Vitamin C &
Pectin.
The bitter substance present in the drug are
Glycosidal compounds known as
Aurantiamarin & Aurantimaric acid. Volatile
Oil of drug contains about 90% of Limonene
& small percentage of Aldehydes, Cheifly
Citral & citronellal.

20. Pectin

21. Uses:-
1)Stomachic
2)Aromatic
3)Carminative
4)Pharmaceutically it is used as a Flavouring
agent for several Oral Liquid Preparations &
also for the Extraction of Pectin.
5)Nowadays, Terpeneless Orange Oil is
preferred commercially as a Flavouring
agent, as it has stronger flavour & is more
readily soluble than Natural Oil.
It has about 25 times stronger flavour as
compared to the Natural Orange Oil.

22. Chemical Tests:-
Test for Flavonoids:-
1) Shinoda Test:- A small quantity of
test residue is dissolved in 5 ml of
Ethanol(95% v/v) & treated with few
drops of conc.Hcl & 0.5g of Magnesium
metal. Pink (or) Red colour is developed.
2)Filter Paper Test:- Dip a filter paper to
the alcoholic extract, then add ammonia
solution to the filter paper.
White colour changes to orange red.

23. Test for Volatile Oils:-
1)To the thin section of the drug,add alcoholic
soln. of Sudan lll.Red colour obtained by
globules indicate the presence of Volatile Oil.
2)To the thin Section of the drug,add a drop of
Tincture alkane.Red colour indicates the
presence of Volatile Oil.

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