These slides give an extensive knowledge about the photo diode. It covers the circuit diagram and its energy band diagram. Also includes important information about noise factors and resoponsitivities.
LEDs are of interest for fibre optics because of five inherent characteristics..
How it works?
Spectrum of an LED
Modulation of LED
LED Vs. Laser diode
disadvantages of LED
Optical Fiber Communication Part 3 Optical Digital ReceiverMadhumita Tamhane
Current generated by photodetector is very weak and is adversely effected by random noises associated with photo detection process. When amplified, this signal further gets corrupted by amplifiers. Noise considerations are thus important in designing optical receivers.
Most meaningful criteria for measuring performance of a digital communication system is average error probability, and in analog system, it is peak signal to rms noise ratio. ...
The attached narrated power point presentation mentions the various figures of merit and the types of noise associated with photodetectors. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
LEDs are of interest for fibre optics because of five inherent characteristics..
How it works?
Spectrum of an LED
Modulation of LED
LED Vs. Laser diode
disadvantages of LED
Optical Fiber Communication Part 3 Optical Digital ReceiverMadhumita Tamhane
Current generated by photodetector is very weak and is adversely effected by random noises associated with photo detection process. When amplified, this signal further gets corrupted by amplifiers. Noise considerations are thus important in designing optical receivers.
Most meaningful criteria for measuring performance of a digital communication system is average error probability, and in analog system, it is peak signal to rms noise ratio. ...
The attached narrated power point presentation mentions the various figures of merit and the types of noise associated with photodetectors. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to examine the losses due to non-linear effects in optical fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the methods of computation of total power loss and system rise time in a fiber optic link. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation offers a block level and an elementary level mathematical treatment of optical communication systems employing coherent detection. The material will immensely benefit KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Optical fiber communication Part 1 Optical Fiber FundamentalsMadhumita Tamhane
Optical fiber systems grew from combination of semiconductor technology, which provided necessary light sources and photodetectors and optical waveguide technology. It has significant inherent advantages over conventional copper systems- low transmission loss, wide BW, light weight and size, immunity to interferences, signal security to name a few. One principle characteristic of optical fiber is its attenuation as a function of wavelength. Hence it is operated in two major low attenuation wavelength windows 800-900nm and 1100-1600nm . Light travels inside optical fiber waveguide on principle of total internal reflection. Fiber is available as single mode and multiple mode, step index and graded index depending on applications and expenditures. Principle of fiber can be understood by ray theory or mode theory. ...
Unit II- TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTIC OF OPTICAL FIBER tamil arasan
Attenuation - Absorption losses, Scattering losses, Bending Losses, Core and Cladding losses, Signal Distortion in Optical Wave guides-Information Capacity determination -Group Delay-Material Dispersion, Wave guide Dispersion, Signal distortion in SM fibers-Polarization Mode dispersion, Intermodal dispersion, -Design Optimization of SM fibers-RI profile and cut-off wavelength.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to examine the losses due to non-linear effects in optical fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the methods of computation of total power loss and system rise time in a fiber optic link. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation offers a block level and an elementary level mathematical treatment of optical communication systems employing coherent detection. The material will immensely benefit KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Optical fiber communication Part 1 Optical Fiber FundamentalsMadhumita Tamhane
Optical fiber systems grew from combination of semiconductor technology, which provided necessary light sources and photodetectors and optical waveguide technology. It has significant inherent advantages over conventional copper systems- low transmission loss, wide BW, light weight and size, immunity to interferences, signal security to name a few. One principle characteristic of optical fiber is its attenuation as a function of wavelength. Hence it is operated in two major low attenuation wavelength windows 800-900nm and 1100-1600nm . Light travels inside optical fiber waveguide on principle of total internal reflection. Fiber is available as single mode and multiple mode, step index and graded index depending on applications and expenditures. Principle of fiber can be understood by ray theory or mode theory. ...
Unit II- TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTIC OF OPTICAL FIBER tamil arasan
Attenuation - Absorption losses, Scattering losses, Bending Losses, Core and Cladding losses, Signal Distortion in Optical Wave guides-Information Capacity determination -Group Delay-Material Dispersion, Wave guide Dispersion, Signal distortion in SM fibers-Polarization Mode dispersion, Intermodal dispersion, -Design Optimization of SM fibers-RI profile and cut-off wavelength.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
2. PIN PHOTODETECTOR
The high electric field present in
the depletion region causes photo
generated carriers to separate and
be collected across the reverse-
biased junction. This gives rise to a
current flow in an external circuit,
known as photocurrent.
3. PHOTOCURRENT
Optical power absorbed, in the depletion region can be written in terms of incident optical power:
P(x) = P0(1-e-𝛂(λ)x)
Absorption coefficient strongly depends on wavelength. The upper wavelength cutoff for any
semiconductor can be determined by its energy gap as follows:
λc(µm) = 1.24/Eg(eV)
Taking entrance face reflectivity into consideration, the absorbed power in the width of depletion region
w, becomes:
(1-Rf)P(w) = P0(1-e- 𝛂(λ)x)(1-Rf)
4. RESPONSIVITY ( ℜ )
Quantum Efficiency (η) = number of e-h pairs generated / number of incident
photons
η = Ip/q
P0/h𝒗
Responsivity measures the input-output gain of a detector system. In the specific
case of a photodetector, responsivity measures the electrical output per optical
input.
ℜ = Ip/ P0 = ηq/h𝒗 mA/mW
6. LIGHT ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT
The upper cutoff wavelength is
determined by the band gap energy Eg
of the material.
At lower-wavelength end, the photo
response diminishes due to low
absorption (very large values of 𝛂s)
7. SPEED OF RESPONSE
1
The transit time of the photo-generated carriers through the depletion region
2
The electrical frequency response as determined by the RC time constant, which
depends on the diode’s capacitance
3 The slow diffusion of carriers generated outside the depletion region
8. Rise Time
Rise time is the time the output signal takes to rise
from 10% to 90% of the peak value after the input is
turned on instantaneously.
Fall Time
Fall time is the the time the output signal takes to
drop from 90% to 10% of the peak value after the
input is turned off abruptly.
9. NOISE SOURCES IN PHOTODETECTORS
THERMAL NOISE
This is the spontaneous
fluctuation due to the
thermal interaction
between the electrons
and the vibrating ions in a
conduction medium and
it is specially prevalent in
resistors in room
temperature.
QUANTUM NOISE
The quantum or shot
noise arises from the
random nature of the
production and collection
of photogenerated
electron when an optical
signal is incident on a
photodiode.
DARK CURRENT NOISE
It is the current that
continues to flow through
the bias circuit in the
absence of the light. This
is the combination of bulk
dark current, which is due
to thermally generated
electron and hole in the p-
n junction.
10. SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO
In fiber optic communication systems, the photodiode is generally required to detect very weak optical
signals.
Detection of weak optical signals requires that the photodetector and it’s amplification circuitry be
optimized to maintain a given signal-to-noise ratio.
The power signal-to-noise ratio S/N at the output of an optical receiver is defined by:
SNR can’t be improved by amplification
11. NOISE-EQUIVALENT POWER
Noise-Equivalent Power (NEP) is the minimum input optical power to generate
photocurrent, equal to the rms noise current in a 1 hertz bandwidth.
This more directly measures the minimum detectable signal because it compares
noise directly to optical power.
NEP depends on the frequency of the modulated signal, the bandwidth over which
noise is measured, the detector area, and the operating temperature.