This document reports on a study that investigated the phytochemical composition and in-vitro antibacterial activity of Mangifera indica (mango) kernel against Aeromonas caviae. Phytochemical screening of the mango kernel methanol extract revealed the presence of various compounds including carbohydrates, triterpenes, and flavonoids. Testing of aqueous and methanol extracts of the kernel showed that the methanol extract inhibited the growth of A. caviae at concentrations ranging from 16±2.41 mm to 24 ± 0.58 mm, while the aqueous extract was only slightly active at lower concentrations. The study concludes that mango kernel extracts possess antibacterial properties against A. caviae likely due to their phytoc
Multidrug resistant microorganisms are globally becoming a major confrontment because of illogical use of antibiotics and this played a good role in investigation about the antibacterial compounds in plants. Thus, the present study investigate for the antibacterial effect of alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes , CommiphoramyrrhaL. gums and Ginkgo biloba L. leaves products against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plants samples extracted by soxhlet with methanol and fractionation with and four solution ( chloroform, hexane, water and ethyl acetate) were used for investigation about antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method. The results showed that methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of C. longa L. rhizomes , C. myrrha L. gums showed biological activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria, but methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of G. biloba L. leaves product didn’t show any activity as antibacterial substance. It can be concluded that the presence of secondary metabolites as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides and saponins in the plants under study would be marked a good anti-bacterial effect.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
Multidrug resistant microorganisms are globally becoming a major confrontment because of illogical use of antibiotics and this played a good role in investigation about the antibacterial compounds in plants. Thus, the present study investigate for the antibacterial effect of alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes , CommiphoramyrrhaL. gums and Ginkgo biloba L. leaves products against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plants samples extracted by soxhlet with methanol and fractionation with and four solution ( chloroform, hexane, water and ethyl acetate) were used for investigation about antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method. The results showed that methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of C. longa L. rhizomes , C. myrrha L. gums showed biological activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria, but methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of G. biloba L. leaves product didn’t show any activity as antibacterial substance. It can be concluded that the presence of secondary metabolites as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides and saponins in the plants under study would be marked a good anti-bacterial effect.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
Effects of use of carnation ethanol extract, Aloe Vera gel and nano plastic o...Innspub Net
The use of natural compounds with antimicrobial activity and coating properties, have been known since ancient times. These natural compounds are less harmful than synthetic compounds. Also use of nano plastic is a new strategy in post-harvest technology. In this study, the effects of carnation ethanol extract at concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm and Aloe Vera gel at concentrations of 0, 50, 75 and 100 percent with or without nano plastic examined based on a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 3 replicates on post-harvest quantitative characteristics of Gaviota strawberry cultivar. Traits consist of wet weight, pH, total soluble solids and titrable acidity was evaluated at the second and third weeks of storage. The results showed that the use of Aloe Vera gel and nano plastic significantly increased total soluble solids and titrable acidity of strawberry. Carnation extract significantly effects on weight and acidity of strawberry and best performance observed in 100 ppm treatment of carnation extract. Use of Aloe Vera gel also significantly increased the weight, total soluble solids and acidity of strawberry and best performance observed in 100% concentration of Aloe Vera gel. Use of plastic produced with nano technology showed the lowest rate of weight loss. The interaction effects of nano plastic, Aloe Vera gel and carnation ethanol extract significantly increased strawberry total soluble solids. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/effects-of-use-of-carnation-ethanol-extract-aloe-vera-gel-and-nano-plastic-on-postharvest-quantitative-characteristics-of-gaviota-strawberry-cultivar-at-the-second-and-third-weeks-of-storage/
Indian medicinal plants have a traditional
background that they have potential to use as antimicrobial agents.
Pedalium murex showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
against three fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,
Candida albicans and five bacterial strains Escherichia coli,
Staphylococus epidermis, Klebseilla pneumonia,Citrobactor
diverses, Enterococus faecalis.The Ethanolic extracts were tested
against selected test bacteria and fungi through disc diffusion assay
where amoxicillin was used as standard. The results showed that
alcoholic extract possess good antimicrobial activity against selected
test bacteria and fungi. The present results therefore offer a
scientific basis for traditional use of the various extract of Pedalium
murex
Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha Lijtsrd
Excoecaria agallocha L. is an important medicinal plant inhabited in mangrove regions. Early researches focused on antimicrobial activity of leaves of concerned plant with various solvents among which ethanol, chloroform and methanol were Used. Ella. Sai Kumar "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30276.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/30276/evaluation-of-antimicrobial-activity-of-excoecaria-agallocha-l/ella-sai-kumar
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Citrus limonON Acnevulgaris (PIMPLES) IJSIT Editor
Research was carried out on antibacterial activity of Citrus limon on Acnevulgaris (Pimples). Samples
were obtained from individuals having Pimples, by swabbing their faces, backs and chests. Samples were
collected from Amanawa hospital in sokoto, Nigeria using Swab sticks. The sticks were transported to the
Microbiology Laboratory of the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto. Citrus limon juice was used at different
concentrations of (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) on Propionibacteriumacnes, the bacteria that cause
Acnevulgaris (Pimples). The Citrus limon juice was found to be effective at all Concentrations used.
Conventional Cleanser was used as positive control, and it was only found to be effective at higher
concentrations of (60%, 80% and 100%) and was not effective at Lower Concentrations (20% and 40%). The
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Citrulimon on Propionibacterium acnes was taken and presence
of growth was observed at concentrations of 20%, 40% and 60%, and absence of growth was observed at
80% and 100%. The minimum inhibitory concentration of conventional cleanser indicated the presence of
growth at 20% and 40% and absence of Growth at 60%, 80% and 100%. The Minimum bactericidal
Concentration (MBC) taken on Propionibacteriumacnes using both Citrus limon juice and cleanser all showed
absence of growth at all the concentrations used (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%). From the research
conducted it was observed that lemon juice have strong anti Acne vulgaris effect morethan the convensional
cleansers used for the treatment of Acne vulgaris.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF NEEM LEAVES AND LEMON G...IAEME Publication
In this study, the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of neem
leaves and lemon grass oil extracts were evaluated. Oil extracts of neem leaves and
lemon grass were obtained by solvent extraction method using hexane and ethanol.
Antimicrobial activity screening of plants’ oil extracts were conducted using agar well
diffusion method and the oil extracts were tested against three gram negative bacteria
(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella specie, Escherichia coli), one gram positive
bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungi (Candida albicans, Rhizopus specie).
Phytochemical components of the ethanolic oil extracts were anthocyanin and
betacyanin; quinones; terpenoids and acid for lemon grass. In addition to other
phytochemicals present in lemon grass ethanolic oil extract, neem ethanolic oil extracts
tested positive to flavonoids. Lemon grass oil extract shows high activity against
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans which are
representative of the three categories of microorganisms considered. Neem leaves oil
extracts have relatively low activity against most of the selected microorganisms.
Antimicrobial Drug Synthesis from Submerge Cultures of Pleurotus florida in D...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF AQUEOUS AND PETROLEUM ETHER LEAF EXTRACTS OF JATRO...IJSIT Editor
The experiment was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial property of aqueous and Petroleum
ether leaf extracts of Jatrophacurcas against some gram positive micro-organisms: Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis and some gram negative micro-organisms: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi using
antibiotics; Gentamycin as control. The phytochemical screening of aqueous and petroleum ether extracts
showed the presences of cardiac glycosides, steroids and terpenes, tannins, phlobatannins, anthraguinones
and saponins. The disc diffusion techniques was used to test the sensitivity of the micro-organism to the
extracts of Jatrophacurcas the results obtained show mean zones of inhibition between (19 + 0.6mm) to (30 +
0.3mm) for aqueous extract and (24 + 0.5mm) to (35 + 0.8mm) for petroleum ether extract. Micro-organisms
showed sensitivity in the following order: E.coli;(17 + 0.3mm) and (25 + 0.8mm), S.aureus; (26 + 0.2mm) and
(28 + 0.6mm), B.subtilis; (16 + 0.1mm) and (20 + 0.7mm), and S.typhi (25 + 0.2mm) and (27 + 0.6mm) for
aqueous and petroleum ether extracts respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for both
extracts show that the extracts inhibited the growth of the entire test organism at concentration 0.6mg/ml.
This result thus suggests the potency of Jatrophacurcas as an antimicrobial agent especially at the
concentration employed.
Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Oroxylum indicum an Endangere...IOSR Journals
The present work has been under taken to study the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of O.
indicum against disease causing gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of solvent
extracts of stem bark of Oroxylum indicum has been studied to find out its activity against four important
bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus albus and S. aureus . The antimicrobial activity of
the stem bark extracts was done through well diffusion method and by measuring the inhibition zone around the
disc. The results revealed that the aqueous extracts of O. indicum exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the
microbes under study. The results provided evidence that the species O. indicum can be used as a potential
source of antimicrobial agent.
Effects of use of carnation ethanol extract, Aloe Vera gel and nano plastic o...Innspub Net
The use of natural compounds with antimicrobial activity and coating properties, have been known since ancient times. These natural compounds are less harmful than synthetic compounds. Also use of nano plastic is a new strategy in post-harvest technology. In this study, the effects of carnation ethanol extract at concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm and Aloe Vera gel at concentrations of 0, 50, 75 and 100 percent with or without nano plastic examined based on a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 3 replicates on post-harvest quantitative characteristics of Gaviota strawberry cultivar. Traits consist of wet weight, pH, total soluble solids and titrable acidity was evaluated at the second and third weeks of storage. The results showed that the use of Aloe Vera gel and nano plastic significantly increased total soluble solids and titrable acidity of strawberry. Carnation extract significantly effects on weight and acidity of strawberry and best performance observed in 100 ppm treatment of carnation extract. Use of Aloe Vera gel also significantly increased the weight, total soluble solids and acidity of strawberry and best performance observed in 100% concentration of Aloe Vera gel. Use of plastic produced with nano technology showed the lowest rate of weight loss. The interaction effects of nano plastic, Aloe Vera gel and carnation ethanol extract significantly increased strawberry total soluble solids. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/effects-of-use-of-carnation-ethanol-extract-aloe-vera-gel-and-nano-plastic-on-postharvest-quantitative-characteristics-of-gaviota-strawberry-cultivar-at-the-second-and-third-weeks-of-storage/
Indian medicinal plants have a traditional
background that they have potential to use as antimicrobial agents.
Pedalium murex showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
against three fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,
Candida albicans and five bacterial strains Escherichia coli,
Staphylococus epidermis, Klebseilla pneumonia,Citrobactor
diverses, Enterococus faecalis.The Ethanolic extracts were tested
against selected test bacteria and fungi through disc diffusion assay
where amoxicillin was used as standard. The results showed that
alcoholic extract possess good antimicrobial activity against selected
test bacteria and fungi. The present results therefore offer a
scientific basis for traditional use of the various extract of Pedalium
murex
Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha Lijtsrd
Excoecaria agallocha L. is an important medicinal plant inhabited in mangrove regions. Early researches focused on antimicrobial activity of leaves of concerned plant with various solvents among which ethanol, chloroform and methanol were Used. Ella. Sai Kumar "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30276.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/30276/evaluation-of-antimicrobial-activity-of-excoecaria-agallocha-l/ella-sai-kumar
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Citrus limonON Acnevulgaris (PIMPLES) IJSIT Editor
Research was carried out on antibacterial activity of Citrus limon on Acnevulgaris (Pimples). Samples
were obtained from individuals having Pimples, by swabbing their faces, backs and chests. Samples were
collected from Amanawa hospital in sokoto, Nigeria using Swab sticks. The sticks were transported to the
Microbiology Laboratory of the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto. Citrus limon juice was used at different
concentrations of (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) on Propionibacteriumacnes, the bacteria that cause
Acnevulgaris (Pimples). The Citrus limon juice was found to be effective at all Concentrations used.
Conventional Cleanser was used as positive control, and it was only found to be effective at higher
concentrations of (60%, 80% and 100%) and was not effective at Lower Concentrations (20% and 40%). The
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Citrulimon on Propionibacterium acnes was taken and presence
of growth was observed at concentrations of 20%, 40% and 60%, and absence of growth was observed at
80% and 100%. The minimum inhibitory concentration of conventional cleanser indicated the presence of
growth at 20% and 40% and absence of Growth at 60%, 80% and 100%. The Minimum bactericidal
Concentration (MBC) taken on Propionibacteriumacnes using both Citrus limon juice and cleanser all showed
absence of growth at all the concentrations used (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%). From the research
conducted it was observed that lemon juice have strong anti Acne vulgaris effect morethan the convensional
cleansers used for the treatment of Acne vulgaris.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF NEEM LEAVES AND LEMON G...IAEME Publication
In this study, the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of neem
leaves and lemon grass oil extracts were evaluated. Oil extracts of neem leaves and
lemon grass were obtained by solvent extraction method using hexane and ethanol.
Antimicrobial activity screening of plants’ oil extracts were conducted using agar well
diffusion method and the oil extracts were tested against three gram negative bacteria
(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella specie, Escherichia coli), one gram positive
bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungi (Candida albicans, Rhizopus specie).
Phytochemical components of the ethanolic oil extracts were anthocyanin and
betacyanin; quinones; terpenoids and acid for lemon grass. In addition to other
phytochemicals present in lemon grass ethanolic oil extract, neem ethanolic oil extracts
tested positive to flavonoids. Lemon grass oil extract shows high activity against
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans which are
representative of the three categories of microorganisms considered. Neem leaves oil
extracts have relatively low activity against most of the selected microorganisms.
Antimicrobial Drug Synthesis from Submerge Cultures of Pleurotus florida in D...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF AQUEOUS AND PETROLEUM ETHER LEAF EXTRACTS OF JATRO...IJSIT Editor
The experiment was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial property of aqueous and Petroleum
ether leaf extracts of Jatrophacurcas against some gram positive micro-organisms: Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis and some gram negative micro-organisms: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi using
antibiotics; Gentamycin as control. The phytochemical screening of aqueous and petroleum ether extracts
showed the presences of cardiac glycosides, steroids and terpenes, tannins, phlobatannins, anthraguinones
and saponins. The disc diffusion techniques was used to test the sensitivity of the micro-organism to the
extracts of Jatrophacurcas the results obtained show mean zones of inhibition between (19 + 0.6mm) to (30 +
0.3mm) for aqueous extract and (24 + 0.5mm) to (35 + 0.8mm) for petroleum ether extract. Micro-organisms
showed sensitivity in the following order: E.coli;(17 + 0.3mm) and (25 + 0.8mm), S.aureus; (26 + 0.2mm) and
(28 + 0.6mm), B.subtilis; (16 + 0.1mm) and (20 + 0.7mm), and S.typhi (25 + 0.2mm) and (27 + 0.6mm) for
aqueous and petroleum ether extracts respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for both
extracts show that the extracts inhibited the growth of the entire test organism at concentration 0.6mg/ml.
This result thus suggests the potency of Jatrophacurcas as an antimicrobial agent especially at the
concentration employed.
Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Oroxylum indicum an Endangere...IOSR Journals
The present work has been under taken to study the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of O.
indicum against disease causing gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of solvent
extracts of stem bark of Oroxylum indicum has been studied to find out its activity against four important
bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus albus and S. aureus . The antimicrobial activity of
the stem bark extracts was done through well diffusion method and by measuring the inhibition zone around the
disc. The results revealed that the aqueous extracts of O. indicum exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the
microbes under study. The results provided evidence that the species O. indicum can be used as a potential
source of antimicrobial agent.
Invitro Study of Antibacterial Activity of Leaf and Root Extract of Rauvolfia...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this study Methanolic and chloroform leaf and root extract of Rauvolfia serpentina was studied for its antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity of leaf and root extracts was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia by disc diffusion method. Methanolic extract of root was showed the maximum zone of inhibition for all test organisms than the leaf extract. According to observations of root extract of 50µl/ml concentration 15.4mm, 16.2mm, 12.3mm,10.1mm and 15.0mm zones of inhibition and for concentration of 100µl/ml 22.5mm, 23.1mm, 15.1mm, 18.0mm, 22.0mm zones of inhibition were formed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia respectively. 50µl/ml concentration of leaf and root chloroform extracts showed no zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, maximum zone of inhibition was observed 15.0mm and 15.5mm against E. coli for leaf and root chloroform extract respectively. 100µl/ml concentration showed maximum zone of inhibition against all test organisms for both leaf and root extracts. All the bacteria were more susceptible to methanolic extracts than the chloroform extracts.
In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Cochlospermum planchonii Roots Crude Ext...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether of
Cochlospermum planchonii root extracts on some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms were
investigated using conventional microbiological and microdilution indicator technique. Phytochemical
screenings were also carried on the extracts. The root extracts of the plant exhibited antibacterial activities
against reference strains and clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii. However, the susceptibility pattern of the bacteria did not
differ significantly from each other (p>0.05). The methanolic root extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial
activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 1.25 mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml; and its zones
of inhibition diameter on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 12mm. The petroleum
ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 5.00mg/ml and
its zones of inhibition diameter ranging between 4mm and 7mm. The bioactive constituents in the plant were
alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and sterols. The methanolic extracts of root appeared to be
more biologically active than other extracts and may be more useful in treating human infections caused by
these pathogens.
Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of fractions of the l...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Methanolic Extract of S. Caryophyllatum (L.) A...iosrjce
S.caryophyllatum (L.) Alston belongs to the family Myrtaceae is an endangered species. It possesses
traditional as well as pharmacological properties. The objective of the present investigation was to find out the
antibacterial activity of S. caryophyllatum leaf methanolic extract against some human pathogenic bacteria. It
was followed by Disc Diffusion method using gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains such as
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Sarcina lutea, Esherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella Spp., Salmonella typhi and Proteus mirabilis. The result showed that the
inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis (24mm) was high when compared to E. coli (21mm) and Bacillus cereus
(20mm).This effect on the bacterial strains may be due to the presence of secondary metabolites present in the
leaf methanolic extract of Syzygium caryophyllatum.
Anti-Oxidant and Antimicrobial Studies of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them a rich source of
different types of medicines and healing properties. The present study was aimed to
evaluate the anti-oxidant and antimicrobial properties of stem and root of T. cordifolia.
Total phenolic contents of different solvent extracts were determined and found that ethanol
extract had the highest phenolic content of 0.3213 mg g-1. Antioxidant assays were also
carried out by using different in vitro models such as total reducing power, hydrogen
peroxide scavenging activity assay and hydroxyl redical scavenging activity. The Ethanol
extract showed the highest total antioxidant activity. The H2O2 scavenging and hydroxyl
free radical scavenging activity was maximum 87.2 % and 91.0% found in case of ethanolic
steam extract respectively. The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and methanolic extract of
root and stem of T. cordifolia were also evaluated against some pathogenic microorganisms
viz. E. coli, B. subtilis, A. niger and Candida sp. it was found that the various concentration
of extract viz. 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg ml-1 were tested. It was observed that the
increasing in concentration there was also increasing in antimicrobial activity reveled by
increase in size of zone of inhibition. The methanolic stem extract exhibits highest
antimicrobial activity against all four pathogens. The study shown that the extract of T.
cordifolia has a wide range of anti-oxidant as well as antimicrobial activity against bacterial
as well as fungal pathogens.
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extracts of Cochlospermum...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of
Choclospermum planchonii leaf were tested against some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms.
The phytochemical screenings of the extracts were also carried out. The leaf extracts of the plant exhibited
antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii and reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 28923),
Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853. The methanolic leaf extracts
exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 0.31
and 1.25 mg/ml; and its zones of inhibition on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 13
mm. The petroleum ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) ranging between 2.50mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml and its inhibition zone ranging between 4mm and 8mm. The
phytochemical constituents present in the plant were alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and
sterols. The methanolic extracts of the leaf exhibited potentially biological activity than other extracts. This
indicates that the plant leaf could be useful in the treatment of human infections caused by these pathogens. The
antibacterial activities of the methanolic leaf extract may be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a rare and life threatening mucocutaneous reaction
characterized by extensive necrosis and detachment of epidermis. The Worldwide incidence of TEN is 0.9 to 1.4
per million populations per year [1]. Here we have discussed a case of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis secondary
to Sulfasalazine managed with fluid replacement, analgesics, anti-infective therapy aggressive nutritional
support and intravenous high dose steroid therapy.
Keywords- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, Sulfasalazine
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
Introduction: Self‑ medication is commonly practiced all over the world. Self-medication is defined as the use
of medication by a patient on his own initiative or on the advice of a pharmacist or a lay person instead of
consulting a medical practitioner. The present study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-medication for
oral health problems among dental patients in Bengaluru city; to identify triggering factors that could influence
self-medication practices; to identify sources of medications used; to identify sources of information about
medications used; and to identify reasons for self-medication.Study Design: A Cross sectional Study.Methods:A
survey was conducted among 175 subjects among dental patients in Bengaluru city. Data were collected
through a specially designed proforma using a closed‑ ended, self‑ administered questionnaire containing 15
questions, in five sections.
Results: The prevalence of
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith), lempuyang pahit (Zingiber amaricans BL.), and
lempuyang wangi (Zingiber aromaticum Vahl.) are used as traditional medicine (jamu) in Indonesia. It is also
used for treatment of microbial infections, helps to increase appetite and stimulate digestion in chickens.
Information on their uses are available, but only limited in the scientific data on their bioactivity. The study was
conducted on the antibacterial effect of organic extracts of these plants with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as the
agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Juice and extracts of fresh and dried rhizome are evaluated
through the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. Oxytetracyclin (30 µg) are used as
standards. All extracts are individually exhibited as antibacterial activity against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (7
± 0.11 mm to 21 ± 0.86 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of plants extracts are
ranged from 7.8 mg/ml to 31.2 mg/ml. The preliminary results suggested promising antibacterial properties of
wild ginger from Indonesia, and probably could be used in management of chronic respiratory disease in
chickens.
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Antibacterial Activity of Mangifera indica (Mango) Kernel on Aeromonas caviae
1. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
www.iosrphr.org Volume 4, Issue 10 (October 2014), PP. 45-50
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Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Antibacterial Activity of Mangifera indica (Mango) Kernel on Aeromonas caviae A. M. Talba 1٭, M. M. Suleiman 2, M. A. Raji3, S, J. Oniye4 1Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria-Nigeria 2Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria-Nigeria 3Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria- Nigeria 4Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria-Nigeria Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the phytoconstituents of Mangifera indica kernel and its antibacterial activity against Aeromonas caviae. METHODS: Methanol extract of mango kernel was used to identify secondary metabolites of mango kernel. Aqueous and methanol extracts of mango kernel were tested in-vitro for antibacterial activity. Colony of pure culture of A. caviae was inoculated onto sterile plate of Muller-Hinton agar. Five wells (6mm in diameter) were made in circular pattern equidistance in each of the plates using a sterile cup borer. One hundred microliters of different concentrations of both aqueous and methanol extracts of mango kernel were placed into the wells using sterile pipettes and 100μl of sterile distilled water in a given well as negative control. The test was performed in triplicates (3 plates for every extract), the plates were incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours. RESULTS: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Carbohydrates, Triterpenes, Unsaturated sterols, Cardiac glycosides, Saponins, Tannins and Flavonoids. Methanol extract used at different concentrations showed varying degrees of inhibition against A. caviae (ranging from 16 ± 2.41 mm to 24 ± 0.58 mm) except that the aqueous extract was found to be slightly active against the organism at lower concentrations with zones of inhibition ranging from 8 ± 1.22 mm to 11 ± 1.23 mm with measurable zones of inhibition at higher concentrations. CONCLUSION: Methanol extract of mango kernel at different concentrations inhibited the growth of A. caviae. KEYWORDS: Phytochemical analysis, M. indica kernel, In-vitro, A. caviae, Antibacterial activity.
I. INTRODUCTION
Herbal medicines are also known to exhibit anti-microbial activities, facilitate growth, and maturation of cultured fish species. Besides, under intensive farming, the anti-stress characteristics of herbs will be of immense benefit without posing risk of environmental hazard [1] Mangifera indica L., which belongs to the Anacardiaceae family, is a large evergreen tree of tropical and subtropical regions of the world. M. indica grows in the tropical and subtropical region and its parts are commonly used in folk medicine for a wide variety of remedies [2]. Different parts of mango have a broad range of medicinal properties, such as antimicrobial [3], antiviral, antifungal [4], anti-inflammatory [5], anti-diarrhoeal [6], antioxidant [7], as well as immunomodulatory [8]. Of all the by-products of mango tree, its kernel is the cheapest and most readily available. Huge amounts of unutilized mango kernels, can be used as feed additives to enhance non-specific immunity in fish [9]. Aeromonas caviae is a ubiquitous bacteria in aquatic environments [10]. The agent is known to cause several fish diseases including; Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS) in carp, tilapia, catfish, and salmon, red sore disease in bass and carp, and ulcerative infections in catfish, cod, carp, and goby [11]. The disease has several presentations. This ranges from a subacute with no clinical signs, an acute form characterized by septicemia with accompanying hemorrhages at the bases of fins, inappetence and melanosis and finally the chronic form in older fish consisting of exophthalmia and hemorrhaging in muscles and internal organs [12].
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A number of approaches were employed to control diseases in fish including sanitary prophylaxis, disinfection, and chemotherapy with particular emphasis on the use of antibiotics [13]. However, application of antibiotics and chemicals in aquaculture is often expensive and undesirable since indiscriminate use could lead to antibiotic resistance and consumer reluctance to buy fish with antibiotics residues. However, there is little information on the use of plant extracts in limiting the effect of A. caviae infection in fish farming in Nigeria. The study is aimed at determining the effect of both aqueous and methanol extracts of mango kernel on A. caviae.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Identification of mango specie used in the study : The mango species used in this study were identified by their leaves at Herbarium Department of Biological Sciences, A.B.U. Zaria, and a voucher specimen no. 1944 was then assigned. Collection of the mango seeds, removal and processing of the kernel : Mangifera indica seeds were collected from mango trees around Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) Samaru, Zaria. The seeds were washed repeatedly under running tap water crushed and the kernels were removed . The kernels were air-dried at room temperature and then made into powder using mortar and pestle. The powder was preserved in an airtight polythene bag and kept in a cool dry place until used.
Preparation of the aqueous extract of mango kernel : Concentrations of 50, 55.6, 100, 125, 166, 250 and 500 mg/ml of the powdered mango kernel were prepared using sterile distilled water. Twenty milliliters of distilled water was added to 1g of the grounded kernel to achieved 50mg/ml concentration. In a similar manner, 1g in18ml, 1g in12ml, 1g in10ml, 1g in 8ml, 1g in 6ml, 1g in 4ml and 1g in 2ml for 55.6, 100, 125, 166, 250,500 mg/ml concentrations respectively. The different concentrations of the extract were refrigerated at 4˚C until used.
Preparation of methanol extract of mango kernel : The component of 200g of the powdered kernel was extracted exhaustively over a period of 24 hours using continuous extraction method with 350ml of methanol in a soxhlet extractor [14] The extract was concentrated to a solid form using water bath at 60°C for 24 hours. Twenty milliliters of distilled water was added to 1g of the grounded kernel to achieved 50mg/ml concentration. In a similar manner, 1g in18ml, 1g in12ml, 1g in10ml, 1g in 8ml, 1g in 6ml, 1g in 4ml and 1g in 2ml for 55.6, 100, 125, 166, 250,500 mg/ml concentrations respectively. The different concentrations of the methanol extract of mango kernel were refrigerated at 4˚C until used.
Phytochemical screening : Phytochemical screening of the methanol extract of mango kernel was carried out using standard phytochemical methods [15] to identify its constituents.
Microorganism used : Aeromonas caviae isolates were obtained from Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Nigeria. Antimicrobial activity test : Agar well diffusion method [16] (with slight modification) was used to test for antimicrobial activity of the methanol and aqueous extracts of mango kernel. Overnight culture of A. caviae grown on Mueller–Hinton agar plates was used. Colony of cultured bacteria was inoculated onto sterile Mueller–Hinton agar plates. Five equidistant wells (6 mm in diameter) were made in each of the 6 plates using a sterile cup borer. One hundred microlitres of different concentrations of both aqueous and methanol extracts of mango kernel were put individually into the wells using sterile pipettes and 100 μl of sterile distilled water in a given well and they were allowed to diffuse at room temperature for 2 hours. Thereafter, the plates were incubated at 37oC for 24 hours. Antibiotic sensitivity test : The Agar Disc Diffusion (Kirby-Bauer method) which conforms to the recommendation of NCCLS (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) was used to evaluate the activity of standard antibiotics [17]. Six different antibiotics disc namely: Gentamycin (G) 10 μg, Enrofloxacin (EN) 5 μg, Erythromycin (E) 5 μg, Neomycin (N) 10 μg, Chloramphenicol (C) 30 μg and Tetracycline (T) 30 μg were used in triplicate for the sensitivity test. The antibiotic discs were aseptically placed over the Mueller– Hinton agar plates seeded with A. caviae, the test was repeated in triplicates .The discs were sufficiently separated from each other to avoid overlapping of inhibition zones. The plates were incubated at 37oC for 24 hours, diameter of the inhibition zones was measured in mm. All the media used in the present study were obtained from Hi-media Laboratories Ltd., Mumbai, India.
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III. RESULTS
Phytoconstituents of M. indica kernel : Phytochemical screening test revealed the presence of carbohydrates, triterpenes, unsaturated sterols, cardiac glycosides, saponin, tannins and Flavonoids (Table 1). Antibacterial activity test of aqueous and methanol M. indica kernel extract : The aqueous extract of M. indica kernel was found to be slightly effective against the test organism at lower concentrations (166, 125, 100, 55.6 and 50 mg/ml) with smaller zones of inhibition that ranges from 8 ± 1.22 mm to 11 ± 1.23 mm, There were no measurable zones of inhibition at higher concentrations of the aqueous extract that is 250 and 500 mg/ml (Table 3). While the methanol extract of M. indica kernel used at different concentrations showed varying degrees of inhibition against the bacterial specie (A. caviae) with inhibition zones ranging from 16±2.41 mm to 24 ± 0.58 mm (Table 2) with no inhibition around the well seeded with distilled water (Plate 1). Antibiotic sensitivity test Six standard antibiotics used in the test showed variable degrees of inhibition that ranges from 14 ± 0.22 mm to 20 ± 0.32 mm (Table 4). Although, tetracycline did not show measurable inhibition zones against the test organism (Plate 2).
IV. DISCUSSION
The aqueous extract of M. indica kernel did show slight antibacterial activity against A. caviae at lower concentration, with no activity at higher concentrations. This might be as a result of inability of the aqueous extract to diffuse into the media at higher concentrations, due to the thickness of the extract of M. indica kernel at higher concentration of 250 and 500 mg/ml. However, the aqueous extract (at lower concentration) temporarily inhibited growth of the test organism over short period of time. This is because the bacterial growth was restored eight hours post incubation, which could be due to limited effect of the aqueous extract on the test organism. The antibacterial properties exhibited by 2 different extracts of M. indica kernel in this study, could be attributed to the presence of steroidal saponins, flavonoids, tannins and other polyphenolic compounds. This is in line with the findings of Manjunatha and Tereschuk [19, 20] who reported antibacterial activities of tannins and flavonoids isolated from mango kernel. The antibacterial effect of the different phytoconstituents of M. indica kernel may perhaps present a synergistic action against the tested organism. This study also confirms the use of organic polar solvent (methanol) in the preparation of mango kernel extract to yield better results as compared to aqueous extracts. In this study, organic solvent (methanol) did not negatively affect the bioactivity of mango kernel against A. caviae, but rather provided the best antimicrobial effect. This might be because of some additional antimicrobial components that were extracted by organic polar solvent [21]. The finding is in concordance with a previous report by Khammuang and Sarnthima [22], where different mango kernel extracts showed interesting antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria as determine by disc diffusion method. The standard antibiotics used, showed considerable inhibition zones against the tested organism with no measurable inhibition zone around the tetracycline disc, which indicated possible resistance of the organism to tetracycline. This could possibly be due to the indiscriminate use of tetracycline in aquaculture and the resultant resistance of fish pathogens to the therapeutic agent (tetracycline), as tetracycline appears to be the commonest antibiotic utilized for aquatic treatment. In conclusion, both aqueous and methanol extracts of mango kernel possesses antibacterial activity. However, the antibacterial activity exhibited by aqueous extract of mango kernel against the test organism was lower compared to that of the methanol extract. The antibacterial activity of the M. indica kernel could be due to the presence of one or more of the secondary metabolites detected such as flavonoids, tannins, triterpenes and saponins which were earlier shown to have antibacterial effect if properly harnessed. Conflict of interest statement : The authors hereby declare that there is no conflict of interest. Acknowledgement The authors are grateful to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, for providing a bench space and the isolate of A. caviae used in the experiment. REFERENCE [1] Harikrishnan, R., Rani, M., Balasundaram, C. Hematological and Biochemical Parameters in Common Carp,Cyprinus Carpio, Following Herbal Treatment for A. hydrophila infection, Aquaculture, 2003; 31:409-412. [2] Coe, F.G., Anderson, G.J. Screening of medicinal plants used by the Gar´ıfuna of eastern icaragua for bioactive compounds. J. Ethnopharm. 1996; 53:29–50.
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[3] Keita, Y., Kone, O., Ly, A. K. and Hakkinen, V. Chemical and antibacterial activity of some Guinean mango varieties distillates. Comptes Rendus CXhimie 2004; 7(10-11):1095- 1100. [4] Cojocaru, M., Droby, S., Glotter, E., Goldman, A., Gottlieb, H.E., Jacoby, B. 5-(12-heptadecenyl)-resorcinol, the major component of the antifugal activity in the peel of mango fruit. Phyto., 1986; 25:1093-5. [5] Garrido, G., Gonzalez, D., Lemus, Y., Garcia, D., Lodeiro, L., Quintero, G. (2004). In- vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Mangifera indica L. extract (VIMANG). Pharm. Res. 1986; 50:143-149. [6] Sairam, K., Hemalata, S., Kumar, A., Srinivasan, T., Ganesh, J., Shankar, M. Evaluation of anti-diarrhoeal activity in seed extracts of Mangifera indica. J. Enthnopharm. 2003; 84:11-15. [7] Scartezzini, P., Speroni, E., Review on some plants of Indian traditional medicine with antioxidant activity. J. Ethnopharm. 2002; 71:23-4. [8] Makare, N., Bodhankar, S., Rangari, V., Immunomodulatory activity of alcoholic extract of Mangifera indica L. in mice. J. Ethnopharm., 2001; 78:133-137. [9] Sahu, S., Das, B. K., Pradhan, J., Mohapatra, B. C., Mishra, B. K., Sarangi, N. Effect of Magnifera indica kernel as a feed additive on immunity and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fish & shellfish immune. 2007; 23: 109-118 [10] Janda, J. M., Abbott, S. L. The Genus Aeromonas: Taxonomy, Pathogenecity and Infection. Clin. Microb. Rev. 2010; 23(1): 35-73. [11] Joseph, S. W., Carnahan. A. The isolation, identification, and systematics of the motile Aeromonas species. Annual Rev. of Fish Dis.1994; 4:315– 343. [12] Austin, B., Adams, C. Fish pathogens, In B. Austin, M. Altwegg, P. J. Gosling, and S. Joseph (ed.), The genus Aeromonas. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., West Sussex, England. 1996; pp. 197–243. [13] Harikrishnan, R., Balasundaram, C., Heo, M. Review: Impact of Plant Products on innate and Adaptive Immune system of cultured finfish and shellfish. Aquaculture 2011;317: 1-15. [14] Harborne, J.B. Phytochemical methods: A guide to modern techniques in plants analysis. 2nd Edition, chapman and Hall, London; 1984; Pp. 1-10, 100-117. [15] Evans, W.C. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy 16th edition, Baillienne Tyndall London, UK.. 2009. [16] Perez, C., Paul, M., Bazerque, P. Antibiotic assay by agar-well diffusion method. Acta. Biology and Medical Experience,1990; 15: 113-115. [17] Bauer, A.W., Kirby, M.M., Sherris, J.C., Truck, M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Amer.J Clin. Path., 1966; 45: 493-6. [18] Yakubu, M.T., Akanji, M.A., Oladiji, A.T. Aphrodisiac potentials of the aqueous extract of Fadogia agrestis (Schweinf. Ex Hiern) stem in male albino rats Asian Journal of Andrology 2005; 7(4): 399-404. [19] Manjunatha, B.K. Antibacterial activity of Pterocarpus santalinus. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 2006; 68(1): 115- 116. [20] Tereschuk, M.L., Riera, M.V., Castro, G.R., Abdala, L.R. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids from leaves of Tagetes minuta. J. Ethnopharm.. 1997; 1(56):227–32. [22] Khammuang, S. and Sarnthima, R. Antioxidant and Antibacterial activities of selected varieties of Thai mango seed extract. Pakistani Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1997; 24(1): 37-42. APPENDIXES Table 1: Phytochemical Constituents of Mango kernel.
Phytochemicals inference
Carbohydrates + Anthraquinones - Triterpenes + Unsaturated sterols + Cardiac glycosides + Saponin + Tannins + Flavonoids + Alkaloids -
+ = Present - = Absent Table 2: Mean ± SD in vitro antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of M. indica kernel on A. caviae using modified agar well diffusion method.
Concentration (mg / ml)
Diameter of inhibition zones (mm)
50
16 ± 2.41
55.6
17 ± 2.19
100
18 ± 1.53
125
20 ± 0.33
166
20 ± 0.33
250
23 ± 0.33
500
24 ± 0.58
Table 3: Mean ± SD in vitro antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract on A. caviae using modified agar well diffusion method.
Concentration (mg / ml)
Diameter of inhibition zones (mm)
50
8 ± 1.22
55.6
9 ± 0.50
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100
9 ± 1.50
125
8 ± 0.50
166
11 ± 1.23
250
NI
500
NI
NI = No observable inhibition (Note: Original well size is 6mm diameter) Table 4: Mean ± SD in vitro antibacterial activity of six (6) different antibiotics on A. caviae using agar disc diffusion method.
Standard Antibiotics Conc. (mg) Diameter of inhibition in mm
Chloramphenicol (30μg) 0.03 14 ± 0.22 Enrofloxacin (5μg) 0.005 18 ± 0.21 Erythromycin (5μg) 0.005 17 ± 0.33 Gentamycin (10μg) 0.01 20 ± 0.32 Neomycin (10μg) 0.01 15 ± 0.22
Tetracycline (30μg) 0.03 - Plate 1: Zones of inhibition at four (4) different concentrations (125, 166, 250 and 500 mg/ml) of the methanolic extract of M. indica kernel, E1 – E4 respectively with well E5 (100μl of distilled water) showing no inhibition.
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Plate 2: Different antibiotics at different concentrations showing variable degree of inhibition, Gentamicin 10 μg (G), Enrofloxacin 5 μg (EN), Erythromycin 5 μg (E), Neomycin 10 μg (N), Chloramphenicol 30 μg (C) and Tetracycline 30 μg (T) [Agar disc diffusion method].