This document discusses physiology of thermoregulation. It describes the role of the hypothalamus in integrating thermoregulatory reflexes and controlling effectors like sweat glands and muscles. It discusses various mechanisms the body uses to regulate temperature, including losing heat through evaporation from sweat and the respiratory system, as well as gaining and losing heat through radiation, conduction and blood flow to the skin. It also describes behavioral mechanisms like changing clothing and environment to regulate temperature.
The skin serves several important physiological functions:
1) Protection - It acts as a barrier against invasion by microbes, chemicals, physical agents, and protects deeper structures.
2) Temperature regulation - The skin helps maintain a constant body temperature through mechanisms like vasodilation, sweating, and insulation.
3) Sensation - Sensory receptors in the skin allow the body to detect touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
Role of hypothalamus in regulation of body temperatureSaad Salih
Ā
Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis. This is a state of equilibrium.
A healthy internal body temperature falls within a narrow window. The average person has a baseline temperature between 98Ā°F (37Ā°C) and 100Ā°F (37.8Ā°C). Your body has some flexibility with temperature. However, if you get to the extremes of body temperature, it can affect your bodyās ability to function. For example, if your body temperature falls to 95Ā°F (35Ā°C) or lower, you have āhypothermia.ā This condition can potentially lead to cardiac arrest, brain damage, or even death. If your body temperature rises as high as 107.6Ā°F (42 Ā°C), you can suffer brain damage or even death.
Many factors can affect your bodyās temperature, such as spending time in cold or hot weather conditions.
Factors that can raise your internal temperature include:
fever
exercise
digestion
Factors that can lower your internal temperature include:
drug use
alcohol use
metabolic conditions, such as an under-functioning thyroid gland
Your hypothalamus is a section of your brain that controls thermoregulation. When it senses your internal temperature becoming too low or high, it sends signals to your muscles, organs, glands, and nervous system. They respond in a variety of ways to help return your temperature to normal.
The document discusses the regulation of body temperature in animals and humans. It covers several topics:
- Animals are classified as warm-blooded or cold-blooded based on their ability to regulate body temperature.
- Temperature is regulated by balancing heat production (thermogenesis) and heat loss (thermolysis) mechanisms. The hypothalamus acts as the main temperature regulating center in the brain.
- Heat is produced through metabolism and lost through radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation from the skin and lungs. The autonomic nervous system and hormones help regulate heat production and loss.
The document discusses the classification of animals based on their ability to regulate body temperature, and the mechanisms by which warm-blooded animals maintain a constant core temperature. It describes how the hypothalamus acts as the main heat-regulating center in the brain, controlling heat production and loss through the autonomic nervous system and endocrine glands. Thermoreceptors in the skin and blood provide feedback to the hypothalamus on environmental and core temperatures. The spinal cord transmits signals between the hypothalamus and peripheral organs that regulate circulation, shivering, and sweating.
This document provides information about exercising in cold conditions and discusses hypothermia. It covers topics like how the body generates and loses heat, factors that influence heat loss, signs and symptoms of hypothermia, and treatment approaches for mild, moderate, and severe hypothermia. Guidelines are provided for exercising safely in cold weather, such as dressing in layers, keeping extremities warm, and monitoring for signs of cold stress. The effects of cold on exercise performance are outlined, noting that activities like swimming are higher risk due to increased heat loss through water conduction and convection.
https://physioaadhar.com/
Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis. This is a state of equilibrium. A healthy internal body temperature falls within a narrow window.
Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis. This is a state of equilibrium. A healthy internal body temperature falls within a narrow window.
The document discusses physiological responses and health risks associated with exercise in cold environments. It covers topics like peripheral vasoconstriction, nonshivering thermogenesis, metabolic heat production, hypothermia, frostbite, and how factors like body size, wind chill, and cold water immersion impact heat loss. The key points are that the body's first response to cold is vasoconstriction to reduce heat loss, prolonged exercise in cold conditions can lead to declining core temperature and hypothermia if metabolic heat production is insufficient, and immersion in cold water greatly increases risk due to very rapid heat loss through conduction.
The skin serves several important physiological functions:
1) Protection - It acts as a barrier against invasion by microbes, chemicals, physical agents, and protects deeper structures.
2) Temperature regulation - The skin helps maintain a constant body temperature through mechanisms like vasodilation, sweating, and insulation.
3) Sensation - Sensory receptors in the skin allow the body to detect touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
Role of hypothalamus in regulation of body temperatureSaad Salih
Ā
Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis. This is a state of equilibrium.
A healthy internal body temperature falls within a narrow window. The average person has a baseline temperature between 98Ā°F (37Ā°C) and 100Ā°F (37.8Ā°C). Your body has some flexibility with temperature. However, if you get to the extremes of body temperature, it can affect your bodyās ability to function. For example, if your body temperature falls to 95Ā°F (35Ā°C) or lower, you have āhypothermia.ā This condition can potentially lead to cardiac arrest, brain damage, or even death. If your body temperature rises as high as 107.6Ā°F (42 Ā°C), you can suffer brain damage or even death.
Many factors can affect your bodyās temperature, such as spending time in cold or hot weather conditions.
Factors that can raise your internal temperature include:
fever
exercise
digestion
Factors that can lower your internal temperature include:
drug use
alcohol use
metabolic conditions, such as an under-functioning thyroid gland
Your hypothalamus is a section of your brain that controls thermoregulation. When it senses your internal temperature becoming too low or high, it sends signals to your muscles, organs, glands, and nervous system. They respond in a variety of ways to help return your temperature to normal.
The document discusses the regulation of body temperature in animals and humans. It covers several topics:
- Animals are classified as warm-blooded or cold-blooded based on their ability to regulate body temperature.
- Temperature is regulated by balancing heat production (thermogenesis) and heat loss (thermolysis) mechanisms. The hypothalamus acts as the main temperature regulating center in the brain.
- Heat is produced through metabolism and lost through radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation from the skin and lungs. The autonomic nervous system and hormones help regulate heat production and loss.
The document discusses the classification of animals based on their ability to regulate body temperature, and the mechanisms by which warm-blooded animals maintain a constant core temperature. It describes how the hypothalamus acts as the main heat-regulating center in the brain, controlling heat production and loss through the autonomic nervous system and endocrine glands. Thermoreceptors in the skin and blood provide feedback to the hypothalamus on environmental and core temperatures. The spinal cord transmits signals between the hypothalamus and peripheral organs that regulate circulation, shivering, and sweating.
This document provides information about exercising in cold conditions and discusses hypothermia. It covers topics like how the body generates and loses heat, factors that influence heat loss, signs and symptoms of hypothermia, and treatment approaches for mild, moderate, and severe hypothermia. Guidelines are provided for exercising safely in cold weather, such as dressing in layers, keeping extremities warm, and monitoring for signs of cold stress. The effects of cold on exercise performance are outlined, noting that activities like swimming are higher risk due to increased heat loss through water conduction and convection.
https://physioaadhar.com/
Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis. This is a state of equilibrium. A healthy internal body temperature falls within a narrow window.
Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis. This is a state of equilibrium. A healthy internal body temperature falls within a narrow window.
The document discusses physiological responses and health risks associated with exercise in cold environments. It covers topics like peripheral vasoconstriction, nonshivering thermogenesis, metabolic heat production, hypothermia, frostbite, and how factors like body size, wind chill, and cold water immersion impact heat loss. The key points are that the body's first response to cold is vasoconstriction to reduce heat loss, prolonged exercise in cold conditions can lead to declining core temperature and hypothermia if metabolic heat production is insufficient, and immersion in cold water greatly increases risk due to very rapid heat loss through conduction.
The document discusses thermoregulation and the implications of hyperthermia and hypothermia during anesthesia. It covers topics such as the body's normal mechanisms for regulating temperature, how anesthesia can impair these mechanisms, different methods for monitoring body temperature, and various methods used to control body temperature during anesthesia. Maintaining normothermia is important as hypothermia can have deleterious effects and increase complications.
During exercise in the heat, the body undergoes several cardiovascular adjustments to maintain blood flow to active muscles and dissipate excess heat through the skin. Sweating increases greatly to cool the body, but prolonged sweating can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. The body attempts to compensate through increased antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone to retain water and sodium. Failure of thermoregulation can result in heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and the life-threatening heatstroke if core body temperature rises above 104Ā°F. Measuring wet bulb globe temperature accounts for multiple environmental factors to assess heat stress risk. Proper precautions and acclimatization can help prevent dangerous hyperthermia during exercise in
Thermoregulation: Implications of Hypothermia & Hyperthermia in AnaesthesiaZareer Tafadar
Ā
1. Thermoregulation and maintaining normal body temperature is important for physiological functions. Anesthesia can impair this control.
2. Mild hypothermia during surgery can triple complications like infections and prolong recovery. Understanding normal and anesthetic-influenced thermoregulation helps prevent issues.
3. The body regulates temperature through thermoreceptors, the hypothalamus controlling effectors like vasoconstriction and sweating, and behaviors. Anesthesia can disrupt these homeostatic mechanisms.
This document discusses temperature and humidity. It begins by defining temperature and explaining different methods of temperature measurement, including mercury thermometers, resistance thermometers, and thermistors. It then discusses measuring body temperature, factors that influence body temperature, and methods of heat transfer from the body. The document also covers thermoregulation, causes of hyperthermia, temperature changes during surgery, effects of hypothermia, and methods for preventing hypothermia, including through the use of humidity.
The human body maintains a constant internal temperature of around 37Ā°C through thermoregulation. The hypothalamus acts as the thermostat, monitoring internal temperature and triggering physiological responses like sweating or shivering to increase or decrease heat loss from the skin. When body heat production exceeds heat loss to the environment through conduction, convection, evaporation and radiation, core temperature rises, while imbalance in the other direction causes core temperature to fall. Strenuous exercise can challenge this system by greatly increasing heat production, requiring enhanced cooling to prevent overheating.
The document discusses thermoregulation in the human body. It describes how the body maintains a normal temperature through balancing heat production and heat loss. The main mechanisms of heat production are muscle activity and shivering. The primary mechanisms of heat loss are radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation. The hypothalamus acts as the main thermoregulatory center that detects temperature changes and initiates heat conservation or dissipation responses to maintain the normal body temperature around 37Ā°C.
The human body responds to heat stress through various mechanisms controlled by the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center. When core body temperature rises above 37Ā°C, the body initiates heat loss responses like sweating and vasodilation to transfer heat to the skin where it can be dissipated. If skin temperature drops below 37Ā°C, heat production mechanisms like shivering are activated. Prolonged heat exposure can lead to heat illness ranging from mild conditions like heat cramps and heat edema to the life-threatening heat stroke. Acclimatization over 10 days allows the body to better regulate temperature and sweat in hot environments.
The document discusses exercise and environmental conditions. It covers topics like exercise in heat and cold environments, at high altitudes, and the body's responses to exercise. It describes factors like climate, weather, dehydration, and heat/cold-related illnesses. It explains how the body regulates temperature through mechanisms like conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation. It also covers warning signs of overtraining and discusses the neurohormonal control of stress responses during exercise.
Homeostasis, thermoregulation, osmoregulation, and excretion were discussed. Homeostasis involves sensors, effectors, and negative feedback to maintain steady internal conditions. Thermoregulation uses sweating, vasoconstriction/vasodilation, and shivering to control temperature. Osmoregulation relies on ADH, aldosterone, and ANH to regulate water and salt levels. Excretion eliminates nitrogenous and salt wastes via glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and secretion in the kidney nephron. Deterioration of excretion can cause kidney failure, gout, or kidney stones.
The document discusses mechanisms for regulating body temperature in organisms. It explains that most cells function best between 30-40Ā°C and that organisms have evolved various mechanisms to maintain an optimal internal temperature. These include insulation, vasoregulation of blood flow, sweating, shivering and behavioral adaptations. The hypothalamus plays a key role in sensing temperature changes and initiating responses. Mitochondria couple ATP production with heat generation. Brown fat contains uncoupling proteins that allow heat production without ATP generation.
This document discusses body temperature regulation. It defines core body temperature, skin temperature, and ambient temperature. It describes how the body maintains core temperature through thermoregulation mechanisms like sweating, vasodilation, shivering and metabolic heat production. Temperature is sensed by receptors in the skin and deep tissues, and signals are transmitted to the hypothalamus which controls effectors to increase or decrease heat production and loss as needed to keep temperature in the normal range.
5.exercise in different environment.pptxEshetuGirma1
Ā
The document discusses various environmental conditions that can affect exercise performance, including heat, cold, altitude, and pollution. It describes the physiological impacts of exercising in different temperatures and altitudes, such as hyperthermia, hypothermia, frostbite, and altitude sickness. Prevention and treatment strategies are provided for related illnesses like heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. The key is to properly warm or cool the body as needed and rehydrate in hot conditions.
The document summarizes the body's mechanisms for regulating its core temperature. It discusses heat production and loss through the skin, the role of blood flow and sweating in transferring heat from the core to the skin. Clothing and evaporation impact heat loss at the skin surface through various processes like radiation, conduction and convection. The hypothalamus controls sweating and blood flow to the skin to balance heat production and loss and maintain a constant core temperature.
The document discusses body temperature regulation and factors that can alter it. It defines key terms like thermogenesis, thermolyis, basal metabolic rate, and circadian rhythm. It describes the normal ranges for oral, rectal, tympanic, and axillary temperatures. Temperature is regulated by the hypothalamus through neural control of the circulatory system, skin, and behavioral responses. Mechanisms for heat production include basal metabolism, movement, shivering, and non-shivering thermogenesis. Heat is lost through radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation. The document summarizes how the body responds to cold with heat production and responses to heat with increased heat loss.
The body maintains a core temperature of 37Ā°C through balancing heat production and heat loss. The hypothalamus acts as the body's thermostat to regulate temperature. Exercise in hot or cold environments can disrupt the body's ability to maintain this temperature balance. Proper hydration is important to avoid heat-related illnesses when exercising in hot conditions. Dehydration of more than 1% body weight can increase core temperature and cause complications.
Exercising in hot and cold environments can have different effects on the body. It's important to consider factors like hydration, clothing, and duration of exercise when working out in extreme temperatures.
The document discusses body temperature control and homeostasis. It explains that the hypothalamus acts as the body's thermostat to maintain a constant core temperature near 98.6Ā°F through heat production and heat loss mechanisms. When core temperature increases, the hypothalamus triggers heat loss through sweating and increased blood flow to the skin. When core temperature decreases, it triggers shivering and constricted blood vessels to conserve heat. Factors like exercise, food, and hormones can influence heat production and metabolic rate. A high core temperature kills by denaturing proteins, while a low core temperature causes cardiac issues.
This document discusses thermoregulation and perioperative disturbances. It begins by introducing the thermoregulatory system which maintains core body temperature within a narrow range. During anesthesia and surgery, patients can become hypothermic or hyperthermic due to impairments in thermoregulation. The document thoroughly explains the mechanisms of heat production and heat loss in the body. It discusses how different anesthetic agents and techniques can influence thermoregulation. Both hypothermia and hyperthermia can have adverse effects, but mild hypothermia may provide some clinical benefits in certain situations. Precise temperature monitoring and management are important perioperatively.
The document discusses thermoregulation and the implications of hyperthermia and hypothermia during anesthesia. It covers topics such as the body's normal mechanisms for regulating temperature, how anesthesia can impair these mechanisms, different methods for monitoring body temperature, and various methods used to control body temperature during anesthesia. Maintaining normothermia is important as hypothermia can have deleterious effects and increase complications.
During exercise in the heat, the body undergoes several cardiovascular adjustments to maintain blood flow to active muscles and dissipate excess heat through the skin. Sweating increases greatly to cool the body, but prolonged sweating can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. The body attempts to compensate through increased antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone to retain water and sodium. Failure of thermoregulation can result in heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and the life-threatening heatstroke if core body temperature rises above 104Ā°F. Measuring wet bulb globe temperature accounts for multiple environmental factors to assess heat stress risk. Proper precautions and acclimatization can help prevent dangerous hyperthermia during exercise in
Thermoregulation: Implications of Hypothermia & Hyperthermia in AnaesthesiaZareer Tafadar
Ā
1. Thermoregulation and maintaining normal body temperature is important for physiological functions. Anesthesia can impair this control.
2. Mild hypothermia during surgery can triple complications like infections and prolong recovery. Understanding normal and anesthetic-influenced thermoregulation helps prevent issues.
3. The body regulates temperature through thermoreceptors, the hypothalamus controlling effectors like vasoconstriction and sweating, and behaviors. Anesthesia can disrupt these homeostatic mechanisms.
This document discusses temperature and humidity. It begins by defining temperature and explaining different methods of temperature measurement, including mercury thermometers, resistance thermometers, and thermistors. It then discusses measuring body temperature, factors that influence body temperature, and methods of heat transfer from the body. The document also covers thermoregulation, causes of hyperthermia, temperature changes during surgery, effects of hypothermia, and methods for preventing hypothermia, including through the use of humidity.
The human body maintains a constant internal temperature of around 37Ā°C through thermoregulation. The hypothalamus acts as the thermostat, monitoring internal temperature and triggering physiological responses like sweating or shivering to increase or decrease heat loss from the skin. When body heat production exceeds heat loss to the environment through conduction, convection, evaporation and radiation, core temperature rises, while imbalance in the other direction causes core temperature to fall. Strenuous exercise can challenge this system by greatly increasing heat production, requiring enhanced cooling to prevent overheating.
The document discusses thermoregulation in the human body. It describes how the body maintains a normal temperature through balancing heat production and heat loss. The main mechanisms of heat production are muscle activity and shivering. The primary mechanisms of heat loss are radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation. The hypothalamus acts as the main thermoregulatory center that detects temperature changes and initiates heat conservation or dissipation responses to maintain the normal body temperature around 37Ā°C.
The human body responds to heat stress through various mechanisms controlled by the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center. When core body temperature rises above 37Ā°C, the body initiates heat loss responses like sweating and vasodilation to transfer heat to the skin where it can be dissipated. If skin temperature drops below 37Ā°C, heat production mechanisms like shivering are activated. Prolonged heat exposure can lead to heat illness ranging from mild conditions like heat cramps and heat edema to the life-threatening heat stroke. Acclimatization over 10 days allows the body to better regulate temperature and sweat in hot environments.
The document discusses exercise and environmental conditions. It covers topics like exercise in heat and cold environments, at high altitudes, and the body's responses to exercise. It describes factors like climate, weather, dehydration, and heat/cold-related illnesses. It explains how the body regulates temperature through mechanisms like conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation. It also covers warning signs of overtraining and discusses the neurohormonal control of stress responses during exercise.
Homeostasis, thermoregulation, osmoregulation, and excretion were discussed. Homeostasis involves sensors, effectors, and negative feedback to maintain steady internal conditions. Thermoregulation uses sweating, vasoconstriction/vasodilation, and shivering to control temperature. Osmoregulation relies on ADH, aldosterone, and ANH to regulate water and salt levels. Excretion eliminates nitrogenous and salt wastes via glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and secretion in the kidney nephron. Deterioration of excretion can cause kidney failure, gout, or kidney stones.
The document discusses mechanisms for regulating body temperature in organisms. It explains that most cells function best between 30-40Ā°C and that organisms have evolved various mechanisms to maintain an optimal internal temperature. These include insulation, vasoregulation of blood flow, sweating, shivering and behavioral adaptations. The hypothalamus plays a key role in sensing temperature changes and initiating responses. Mitochondria couple ATP production with heat generation. Brown fat contains uncoupling proteins that allow heat production without ATP generation.
This document discusses body temperature regulation. It defines core body temperature, skin temperature, and ambient temperature. It describes how the body maintains core temperature through thermoregulation mechanisms like sweating, vasodilation, shivering and metabolic heat production. Temperature is sensed by receptors in the skin and deep tissues, and signals are transmitted to the hypothalamus which controls effectors to increase or decrease heat production and loss as needed to keep temperature in the normal range.
5.exercise in different environment.pptxEshetuGirma1
Ā
The document discusses various environmental conditions that can affect exercise performance, including heat, cold, altitude, and pollution. It describes the physiological impacts of exercising in different temperatures and altitudes, such as hyperthermia, hypothermia, frostbite, and altitude sickness. Prevention and treatment strategies are provided for related illnesses like heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. The key is to properly warm or cool the body as needed and rehydrate in hot conditions.
The document summarizes the body's mechanisms for regulating its core temperature. It discusses heat production and loss through the skin, the role of blood flow and sweating in transferring heat from the core to the skin. Clothing and evaporation impact heat loss at the skin surface through various processes like radiation, conduction and convection. The hypothalamus controls sweating and blood flow to the skin to balance heat production and loss and maintain a constant core temperature.
The document discusses body temperature regulation and factors that can alter it. It defines key terms like thermogenesis, thermolyis, basal metabolic rate, and circadian rhythm. It describes the normal ranges for oral, rectal, tympanic, and axillary temperatures. Temperature is regulated by the hypothalamus through neural control of the circulatory system, skin, and behavioral responses. Mechanisms for heat production include basal metabolism, movement, shivering, and non-shivering thermogenesis. Heat is lost through radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation. The document summarizes how the body responds to cold with heat production and responses to heat with increased heat loss.
The body maintains a core temperature of 37Ā°C through balancing heat production and heat loss. The hypothalamus acts as the body's thermostat to regulate temperature. Exercise in hot or cold environments can disrupt the body's ability to maintain this temperature balance. Proper hydration is important to avoid heat-related illnesses when exercising in hot conditions. Dehydration of more than 1% body weight can increase core temperature and cause complications.
Exercising in hot and cold environments can have different effects on the body. It's important to consider factors like hydration, clothing, and duration of exercise when working out in extreme temperatures.
The document discusses body temperature control and homeostasis. It explains that the hypothalamus acts as the body's thermostat to maintain a constant core temperature near 98.6Ā°F through heat production and heat loss mechanisms. When core temperature increases, the hypothalamus triggers heat loss through sweating and increased blood flow to the skin. When core temperature decreases, it triggers shivering and constricted blood vessels to conserve heat. Factors like exercise, food, and hormones can influence heat production and metabolic rate. A high core temperature kills by denaturing proteins, while a low core temperature causes cardiac issues.
This document discusses thermoregulation and perioperative disturbances. It begins by introducing the thermoregulatory system which maintains core body temperature within a narrow range. During anesthesia and surgery, patients can become hypothermic or hyperthermic due to impairments in thermoregulation. The document thoroughly explains the mechanisms of heat production and heat loss in the body. It discusses how different anesthetic agents and techniques can influence thermoregulation. Both hypothermia and hyperthermia can have adverse effects, but mild hypothermia may provide some clinical benefits in certain situations. Precise temperature monitoring and management are important perioperatively.
Similar to Physiology_of_thermoregulation-Physiology_of_thermoregulation.ppt (20)
This document discusses plant physiology and the relationship between plants and water. It specifically mentions transport of water and transpiration as key topics. The document was prepared by a group of 4 students: Alvenaya Hindayageni, Fadhila Humaira, Fira Wahyuni Putri, and Bilu Priscilia.
This document discusses plant taxonomy and classification. It describes the three subkingdoms that make up the plant kingdom: Protophyta, Thallophyta, and Embryophyta. Key characteristics and examples are provided for each subkingdom and their constituent phyla. The document also examines the class Angiospermae in depth, describing the distinguishing features of monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Common medicinal plant families from each group are listed. The structure of flowers and systems used to diagram and describe their parts are also summarized.
We present the JWST discovery of SNā2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
ā
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
Ā±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SNāIa, SNā2023adsy is both fairly red (
ļæ½
ā¢
(
ļæ½
ā
ļæ½
)
ā¼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high CaāII velocity (
19
,
000
Ā±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNeāIa. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNeāIa, particularly SNā2016hnk, SNā2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
ļæ½
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
ļæ½
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SNā2023adsy and find that the SNā2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
ā²
1
ā¢
ļæ½
) with
Ī
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
ļæ½
Ca-rich SNeāIa, SNā2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SNāIa standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNeāIa is required to determine if SNāIa population characteristics at high-
ļæ½
truly diverge from their low-
ļæ½
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ādarkā gravitational force describing the āelasticā response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newtonās constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ādark gravity forceā explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
PPT on Sustainable Land Management presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
The shorelines of Titanās hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titanās seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titanās seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
Ā
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
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Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
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Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
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Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
3. Role of the hypothalamus
ā¢ An area of the hypothalamus serves as the
primary overall integrator of the reflexes, but
other brain centers also exert some control
over specific components of the reflexes.
ā¢ Output from the hypothalamus and the other
brain areas to the effectors is via: (1)
sympathetic nerves to the sweat glands, skin
arterioles, and the adrenal medulla; and (2)
motor neurons to the skeletal muscles.
4.
5.
6. Control of Heat Loss by
Evaporation
ā¢ Even in the absence of sweating, there is loss of water
by diffusion through the skin, which is not waterproof. A
similar amount is lost from the respiratory lining during
expiration.
ā¢ These two losses are known as insensible water loss
and amount to approximately 600 ml/day in human
beings. Evaporation of this water accounts for a
significant fraction of total heat loss. In contrast to this
passive water loss, sweating requires the active
secretion of fluid by sweat glands and its extrusion into
ducts that carry it to the skin surface.
7. Sympathetic nerves effect
ā¢ Production of sweat is stimulated by sympathetic
nerves to the glands.
ā¢ These nerves release acetylcholine rather than
the usual sympathetic neurotransmitter
norepinephrine.
ā¢ Sweat is a dilute solution containing sodium
chloride as its major solute. Sweating rates of
over 4 L/h have been reported; the evaporation
of 4 L of water would eliminate almost 2400 kcal
from the body.
8.
9. Control of Heat Loss by
Radiation and Conduction
ā¢ For purposes of temperature control, it is
convenient to view the body as a central core
surrounded by a shell consisting of skin and
subcutaneous tissue; we shall refer to this
complex outer shell simply as skin.
ā¢ It is the temperature of the central core that is
being regulated at approximately 37Ā°C. As we
shall see, the temperature of the outer surface of
the skin changes markedly.
11. Nonshivering thermogenesis
ā¢ Muscle contraction is not the only process controlled
in temperature-regulating reflexes. In most
experimental animals, chronic cold exposure induces
an increase in metabolic rate (heat production) that is
not due to increased muscle activity and is termed
nonshivering thermogenesis.
ā¢ Its causes are an increased adrenal secretion of
epinephrine and increased sympathetic activity to
adipose tissue, with some contribution by thyroid
hormone as well. However, nonshivering
thermogenesis is quite minimal, if present at all, in
adult human beings, and there is no increased
secretion of thyroid hormone in response to cold.
Nonshivering thermogenesis does occur in infants.
12. Shivering thermogenesis
ā¢ Changes in muscle activity constitute the major control of
heat production for temperature regulation. The first
muscle changes in response to a decrease in core body
temperature are a gradual and general increase in
skeletal-muscle contraction.
ā¢ This may lead to shivering, which consists of oscillating
rhythmical muscle contractions and relaxations occurring
at a rapid rate. During shivering, the efferent motor
nerves to the skeletal muscles are influenced by
descending pathways under the primary control of the
hypothalamus. Because almost no external work is
performed by shivering, virtually all the energy liberated
by the metabolic machinery appears as internal heat and
is known as shivering thermogenesis. People also use
their muscles for voluntary heat-producing activities such
as foot stamping and hand clapping.
13. Termoregulatory muscular tonus
ā¢ Primarily on the muscle response to cold; the
opposite muscle reactions occur in response
to heat. Basal muscle contraction is reflexly
decreased, and voluntary movement is also
diminished.
ā¢ These attempts to reduce heat production are
relatively limited, however, both because
basal muscle contraction is quite low to start
with and because any increased core
temperature produced by the heat acts
directly on cells to increase metabolic rate.
15. The skinās effectiveness as an
insulator
ā¢ The skinās effectiveness as an insulator is subject to
physiological control by a change in the blood flow to it.
The more blood reaching the skin from the core, the more
closely the skinās temperature approaches that of the
core. In effect, the blood vessels diminish the insulating
capacity of the skin by carrying heat to the surface to be
lost to the external environment.
ā¢ These vessels are controlled largely by vasoconstrictor
sympathetic nerves, the firing rate of which is reflexly
increased in response to cold and decreased in response
to heat. There is also a population of sympathetic
neurons to the skin whose neurotransmitters cause active
vasodilation. Certain areas of skin participate much more
than others in all these vasomotor responses, and so skin
temperatures vary with location.
16. Loosing heat by panting
ā¢ Some mammals lose heat by panting. This rapid,
shallow breathing greatly increases the amount of
water vaporized in the mouth and respiratory
passages and therefore the amount of heat lost.
Because the breathing is shallow, it produces
relatively little change in the composition of alveolar
air.
ā¢ The relative contribution of each of the processes
that transfer heat away from the body varies with the
environmental temperature. At 21 Ā°C, vaporization is
a minor component in humans at rest. As the
environmental temperature approaches body
temperature, radiation losses decline and
vaporization losses increase.
17. Effect of relative humidity
ā¢ It is essential to recognize that sweat must
evaporate in order to exert its cooling effect. The
most important factor determining evaporation
rate is the water-vapor concentration of the airā
that is, the relative humidity.
ā¢ The discomfort suffered on humid days is due to
the failure of evaporation; the sweat glands
continue to secrete, but the sweat simply
remains on the skin or drips off.
18.
19. Head Thermogram
ā¢ Infrared (IR) radiation is
electromagnetic radiation
of a wavelength longer
than that of visible light,
but shorter than that of
radio waves. The name
means "below red" (from
the Latin infra, "below"),
red being the color of
visible light of longest
wavelength. Infrared
radiation spans three
orders of magnitude and
has wavelengths
between approximately
750 nm and 1 mm
20. Infrared thermography
ā¢ Infrared
thermography is a
non-contact, non-
destructive test
method that utilizes
a thermal imager to
detect, display and
record thermal
patterns and
temperatures across
the surface of an
object.
21. Thermal imaging
ā¢ Thermography, or
thermal imaging, is
a type of infrared
imaging.
Thermographic
cameras detect
radiation in the
infrared range of the
electromagnetic
spectrum (roughly
900ā14,000
nanometers or 0.9ā
14 Āµm) and produce
images of that
radiation.
22. Thermology
ā¢ Thermology is the medical science that derives
diagnostic indications from highly detailed and sensitive
infrared images of the human body. Thermology is
sometimes referred to as medical infrared imaging or
tele-thermology and utilizes highly resolute and sensitive
infrared (thermographic) cameras. Thermology is
completely non-contact and involves no form of energy
imparted onto or into the body. Thermology has
recognized applications in breast oncology, chiropractic,
dentistry, neurology, orthopedics, occupational medicine,
pain management, vascular medicine/cardiology and
veterinary medicine.
24. Behavioral mechanisms
ā¢ There are three behavioral mechanisms for altering heat
loss by radiation and conduction: changes in surface area,
changes in clothing, and choice of surroundings.
ā¢ Curling up into a ball, hunching the shoulders, and similar
maneuvers in response to cold reduce the surface area
exposed to the environment, thereby decreasing heat loss
by radiation and conduction. In human beings, clothing is
also an important component of temperature regulation,
substituting for the insulating effects of feathers in birds and
fur in other mammals. The outer surface of the clothes
forms the true āexteriorā of the body surface.
ā¢ The skin loses heat directly to the air space trapped by the
clothes, which in turn pick up heat from the inner air layer
and transfer it to the external environment. The insulating
ability of clothing is determined primarily by the thickness of
the trapped air layer.
25.
26. Clothing and body
temperature
ā¢ Clothing is important not only at low temperatures but also
at very high temperatures. When the environmental
temperature is greater than body temperature, conduction
favors heat gain rather than heat loss.
ā¢ Heat gain also occurs by radiation during exposure to the
sun. People therefore insulate themselves in such
situations by wearing clothes. The clothing, however, must
be loose so as to allow adequate movement of air to
permit evaporation. White clothing is cooler since it
reflects more radiant energy, which dark colors absorb.
Loose-fitting, light-colored clothes are far more cooling
than going nude in a hot environment and during direct
exposure to the sun.
27. The third behavioral mechanism
ā¢ The third behavioral mechanism for
altering heat loss is to seek out warmer or
colder surroundings, as for example by
moving from a shady spot into the
sunlight.
ā¢ Raising or lowering the thermostat of a
house or turning on an air conditioner also
fits this category.
28. Integration of Effector
Mechanisms
ā¢ By altering heat loss, changes in skin blood flow alone can
regulate body temperature over a range of environmental
temperatures (approximately 25 to 30Ā°C or 75 to 86Ā°F for a
nude individual) known as the thermoneutral zone.
ā¢ At temperatures lower than this, even maximal vasoconstriction
cannot prevent heat loss from exceeding heat production, and
the body must increase its heat production to maintain
temperature. At environmental temperatures above the
thermoneutral zone, even maximal vasodilation cannot eliminate
heat as fast as it is produced, and another heat-loss
mechanismāsweatingāis therefore brought strongly into play.
Since at environmental temperatures above that of the body,
heat is actually added to the body by radiation and conduction,
evaporation is the sole mechanism for heat loss.
ā¢ A personās ability to tolerate such temperatures is determined by
the humidity and by his/her maximal sweating rate.
31. Peculiarities of temperature homeostasis in
children
ā¢ Newborns thermoregulatory system is well developed,
but in newborns different condition of temperature
exchange and present some peculiarities of
thermoregulation. Children have another than adults
ratio of body surface and weight.
ā¢ Body square is more than body weight that is why lost of
temperature increase and regime of temperature comfort
change in side of increase of external temperature to 32-
34 Ā°C. Big body square developed condition for more
intensive cool and heating. Children have more thin
thermo isolative layer of subcutaneous fat.
32. Role of brown fat
ā¢ In newborns very important role in thermo regulative processes
has brown fat. Itās present under the skin of neck, between
scapulars. That gives condition for blood supply of brain, where
the cells are very sensate to disbalance of temperature
homeostasis. Brown fat is well innervated by sympathetic
nerves and well provided with blood.
ā¢ In the cells of brown fat small drops of fat are present. In a
white cells there is only one drop of fat. Quantity of
mitochondria, cytochroms is greater in brown fat. Speed of fat
acids oxidation 20 times higher, but absent synthesis and
hydrolysis of ATP, that is why the heat produced immediately.
That is caused by presents of special membrane polypeptide ā
termogenine. When it is necessary increase of brown fat
oxygenation may be added to increase the heat production in
2-3 times. Children, especially of first year life, do not so
sensitive as adult to change of temperature homeostasis.
That's why they don't cry when they lost heat.
33. Body fluids
ā¢ The cells that make up the bodies of all but the simplest
multicellular animals, both aquatic and terrestrial, exist in an
'''internal sea" of extracellular fluid (ECF) enclosed within the
integument of the animal. From this fluid, the cells take up 02 and
nutrients; into it, they discharge metabolic waste products. The ECF
is more dilute than present-day sea water, but its composition
closely resembles that of theprimordial oceans in which,
presumably, all life originated.
ā¢ In animals with a closed vascular system, the ECFis divided into 2
components: the interstitial fluid andthe circulating blood plasma.
The plasma and thecellular elements of the blood, principally red
bloodcells, fill the vascular system, and together they consti-tute the
total blood volume.The interstitial fluid isthat part of the ECF that is
outside the vascular system,bathing the cells. The special fluids
lumped together astranscetlular fluids are discussed below. About a
thirdof the total body water (TBW) is extracellular; theremaining
two-thirds are intracellular (intracellularfluid).
34. Size of the Fluid Compartments
ā¢ In the average young adult male, 18% of the
bodyweight is protein and related substances, 7% is
mineral, and 15% is fat.
ā¢ The remaining 60% is water. The intracellular
component of the body wateraccounts for about
40% of body weight and the extracellular component
for about 20%.
ā¢ Approximately 25% of the extracellular component is
in the vascularsystem (plasma == 5% of body
weight) and 75% out-side the blood vessels
(interstitial fluid = 15% of bodyweight).
ā¢ The total blood volume is about 8% of bodyweight.
35. Extracellular Fluid Volume
ā¢ The ECF volume is difficult to measure because the
limits of this space are ill defined and because
fewsubstances mix rapidly in all parts of the space while
remaining exclusively extracellular. The lymph cannot be
separated from the ECF and is measured with it. Many
substances enter the cercbrospinal fluid (CSF) slowly
because of the blood-brain barrier.
ā¢ Equilibration is slow with joint fluid and aqueous humor
and with the ECF In relatively avascular tissues such as
dense connective tissue, cartilage, and some parts of
bone. Substances that distribute in ECF appear in
glandular secretions and in the contents of the
gastrointestinal tract. Because they are not strictly part of
the ECF, these fluids, as well as CSF, me fluids in the eye,
and a few other special fluids, are called transcellular
fluids. Their volume is relatively small.
36. Interstitial Fluid Volume
ā¢ The interstitial fluid space cannot be measured directly,
since it is difficult to sample interstitial fluid and since
substances that equilibrate in interstitial fluid also
equilibrate in plasma. The volume of the interstitial fluid
can be calculated by subtracting the plasma volume from
the ECF volume.
ā¢ The ECF volume/intracellular fluid volume ratio is larger
in infants and children than it is in adults, but the
absolute volume of ECF in children is, of course, smaller
than it is in adults. Therefore, dehydration develops more
rapidly and is frequently more severe in children than in
adults.
37. Intracellular Fluid Volume
ā¢ The intracellular fluid volume cannot be measured
directly, but it can be calculated by subtracting the ECF
volume from the total body water (TBW). TBW can be
measured by the same dilution principle used to
measure the other body spaces. Deuterium oxide (D;0,
heavy water) is most frequently used. D20 has
properties that are slightly different from H20, but in
equilibration experiments for measuring body water it
gives accurate results. Tritium oxide and aminopyrine
have also been used for this purpose.
ā¢ The water content of lean body tissue is constant at 71 -
72 mL/100 g of tissue, but since fat is relatively free of
water, the ratio of TBW to body weight varies with the
amount of fat present. In young men, water constitutes
about 60% of body weight. The values for women are
somewhat lower.
38. The distribution of electrolytes in the various
compartments
ā¢ The composition of intracellular fluid varies
somewhat depending upon the nature and
function of the cell.
ā¢ Eelectrolyte concentrations differ markedly in the
various compartments. The most striking
differences are the relatively low content of
protein anions in interstitial fluid compared to
intracellular fluid and plasma, and the fact that
Na+ and C- are largely extracellular, whereas
most of the K+ is intracellular.
39. Size of the Fluid Compartments
ā¢ In the average young adult male, 18 % of the body
weight is protein and related substances, 7 % is
mineral, and 15 % is fat. The remaining 60 % is
water.
ā¢ The intracellular component of the body water
accounts for about 40 % of body weight and the
extra cellular component for about 20 %.
ā¢ Approximately 10 % of the body water is inside
the blood vessels.
ā¢ Interstitial fluid = 15 % of body weight.
ā¢ The total blood volume is about 6-8 % of body
weight.