The document discusses thermoregulation in the human body. It describes how the body maintains a normal temperature through balancing heat production and heat loss. The main mechanisms of heat production are muscle activity and shivering. The primary mechanisms of heat loss are radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation. The hypothalamus acts as the main thermoregulatory center that detects temperature changes and initiates heat conservation or dissipation responses to maintain the normal body temperature around 37°C.
https://physioaadhar.com/
Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis. This is a state of equilibrium. A healthy internal body temperature falls within a narrow window.
Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis. This is a state of equilibrium. A healthy internal body temperature falls within a narrow window.
Regulation of temperature of Human bodyRanadhi Das
Homoeothermic (WARM blooded)- Humans capable of maintaining their body temperatures within narrow limits inspite of wide variations in environmental (ambient) temperature.
Poikilothermic- (Cold blooded) eg.-fish, reptiles
Neutral zone temperature/ Comfortable temperature/Critical / ambient temperature- at which there is no active heat loss and heat gain mechanism operated by body.
So it is the lowest ambient temperature at which mammals can maintain its body temperature at the basal metabolic rate.
Normally it is 27 ± 2º C
Living tissues can function optimally only within a very narrow range of temperature. Therefore accurate regulation of body temperature is a great boon: it enables the animal to be physically active all round the year, and in different geographical locations.
Exercising in hot and cold environments can have different effects on the body. It's important to consider factors like hydration, clothing, and duration of exercise when working out in extreme temperatures.
Role of hypothalamus in regulation of body temperatureSaad Salih
Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis. This is a state of equilibrium.
A healthy internal body temperature falls within a narrow window. The average person has a baseline temperature between 98°F (37°C) and 100°F (37.8°C). Your body has some flexibility with temperature. However, if you get to the extremes of body temperature, it can affect your body’s ability to function. For example, if your body temperature falls to 95°F (35°C) or lower, you have “hypothermia.” This condition can potentially lead to cardiac arrest, brain damage, or even death. If your body temperature rises as high as 107.6°F (42 °C), you can suffer brain damage or even death.
Many factors can affect your body’s temperature, such as spending time in cold or hot weather conditions.
Factors that can raise your internal temperature include:
fever
exercise
digestion
Factors that can lower your internal temperature include:
drug use
alcohol use
metabolic conditions, such as an under-functioning thyroid gland
Your hypothalamus is a section of your brain that controls thermoregulation. When it senses your internal temperature becoming too low or high, it sends signals to your muscles, organs, glands, and nervous system. They respond in a variety of ways to help return your temperature to normal.
Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temp.pdfakshay1213
Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain
boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. This process is one aspect
of homeostasis: a dynamic state of stability between an animal\'s internal environment and its
external environment (the study of such processes in zoology has been called ecophysiology or
physiological ecology). If the body is unable to maintain a normal temperature and it increases
significantly above normal, a condition known as hyperthermia occurs. For humans, this occurs
when the body is exposed to constant temperatures of approximately 55 °C (131 °F), and any
prolonged exposure (longer than a few hours) at this temperature and up to around 75 °C (167
°F) death is almost inevitable.[citation needed] Humans may also experience lethal hyperthermia
when the wet bulb temperature is sustained above 35 °C (95 °F) for six hours.[1][2] The opposite
condition, when body temperature decreases below normal levels, is known as hypothermia.
Whereas an organism that thermoregulates is one that keeps its core body temperature within
certain limits, a thermoconformer is subject to changes in body temperature according to changes
in the temperature outside of its body. It was not until the introduction of thermometers that any
exact data on the temperature of animals could be obtained. It was then found that local
differences were present, since heat production and heat loss vary considerably in different parts
of the body, although the circulation of the blood tends to bring about a mean temperature of the
internal parts. Hence it is important to identify the parts of the body that most closely reflect the
temperature of the internal organs. Also, for such results to be comparable, the measurements
must be conducted under comparable conditions. The rectum has traditionally been considered to
reflect most accurately the temperature of internal parts, or in some cases of sex or species, the
vagina, uterus or bladder. Occasionally the temperature of the urine as it leaves the urethra may
be of use. More often the temperature is taken in the mouth, axilla, ear or groin.
As in other mammals, thermoregulation is an important aspect of human homeostasis. Most body
heat is generated in the deep organs, especially the liver, brain, and heart, and in contraction of
skeletal muscles. Humans have been able to adapt to a great diversity of climates, including hot
humid and hot arid. High temperatures pose serious stresses for the human body, placing it in
great danger of injury or even death. For humans, adaptation to varying climatic conditions
includes both physiological mechanisms as a byproduct of evolution, and the conscious
development of cultural adaptations.
There are four avenues of heat loss: convection, conduction, radiation, and evaporation. If skin
temperature is greater than that of the surroundings, the body can lose heat by radiation and
conduction. But if the temper.
https://physioaadhar.com/
Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis. This is a state of equilibrium. A healthy internal body temperature falls within a narrow window.
Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis. This is a state of equilibrium. A healthy internal body temperature falls within a narrow window.
Regulation of temperature of Human bodyRanadhi Das
Homoeothermic (WARM blooded)- Humans capable of maintaining their body temperatures within narrow limits inspite of wide variations in environmental (ambient) temperature.
Poikilothermic- (Cold blooded) eg.-fish, reptiles
Neutral zone temperature/ Comfortable temperature/Critical / ambient temperature- at which there is no active heat loss and heat gain mechanism operated by body.
So it is the lowest ambient temperature at which mammals can maintain its body temperature at the basal metabolic rate.
Normally it is 27 ± 2º C
Living tissues can function optimally only within a very narrow range of temperature. Therefore accurate regulation of body temperature is a great boon: it enables the animal to be physically active all round the year, and in different geographical locations.
Exercising in hot and cold environments can have different effects on the body. It's important to consider factors like hydration, clothing, and duration of exercise when working out in extreme temperatures.
Role of hypothalamus in regulation of body temperatureSaad Salih
Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis. This is a state of equilibrium.
A healthy internal body temperature falls within a narrow window. The average person has a baseline temperature between 98°F (37°C) and 100°F (37.8°C). Your body has some flexibility with temperature. However, if you get to the extremes of body temperature, it can affect your body’s ability to function. For example, if your body temperature falls to 95°F (35°C) or lower, you have “hypothermia.” This condition can potentially lead to cardiac arrest, brain damage, or even death. If your body temperature rises as high as 107.6°F (42 °C), you can suffer brain damage or even death.
Many factors can affect your body’s temperature, such as spending time in cold or hot weather conditions.
Factors that can raise your internal temperature include:
fever
exercise
digestion
Factors that can lower your internal temperature include:
drug use
alcohol use
metabolic conditions, such as an under-functioning thyroid gland
Your hypothalamus is a section of your brain that controls thermoregulation. When it senses your internal temperature becoming too low or high, it sends signals to your muscles, organs, glands, and nervous system. They respond in a variety of ways to help return your temperature to normal.
Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temp.pdfakshay1213
Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain
boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. This process is one aspect
of homeostasis: a dynamic state of stability between an animal\'s internal environment and its
external environment (the study of such processes in zoology has been called ecophysiology or
physiological ecology). If the body is unable to maintain a normal temperature and it increases
significantly above normal, a condition known as hyperthermia occurs. For humans, this occurs
when the body is exposed to constant temperatures of approximately 55 °C (131 °F), and any
prolonged exposure (longer than a few hours) at this temperature and up to around 75 °C (167
°F) death is almost inevitable.[citation needed] Humans may also experience lethal hyperthermia
when the wet bulb temperature is sustained above 35 °C (95 °F) for six hours.[1][2] The opposite
condition, when body temperature decreases below normal levels, is known as hypothermia.
Whereas an organism that thermoregulates is one that keeps its core body temperature within
certain limits, a thermoconformer is subject to changes in body temperature according to changes
in the temperature outside of its body. It was not until the introduction of thermometers that any
exact data on the temperature of animals could be obtained. It was then found that local
differences were present, since heat production and heat loss vary considerably in different parts
of the body, although the circulation of the blood tends to bring about a mean temperature of the
internal parts. Hence it is important to identify the parts of the body that most closely reflect the
temperature of the internal organs. Also, for such results to be comparable, the measurements
must be conducted under comparable conditions. The rectum has traditionally been considered to
reflect most accurately the temperature of internal parts, or in some cases of sex or species, the
vagina, uterus or bladder. Occasionally the temperature of the urine as it leaves the urethra may
be of use. More often the temperature is taken in the mouth, axilla, ear or groin.
As in other mammals, thermoregulation is an important aspect of human homeostasis. Most body
heat is generated in the deep organs, especially the liver, brain, and heart, and in contraction of
skeletal muscles. Humans have been able to adapt to a great diversity of climates, including hot
humid and hot arid. High temperatures pose serious stresses for the human body, placing it in
great danger of injury or even death. For humans, adaptation to varying climatic conditions
includes both physiological mechanisms as a byproduct of evolution, and the conscious
development of cultural adaptations.
There are four avenues of heat loss: convection, conduction, radiation, and evaporation. If skin
temperature is greater than that of the surroundings, the body can lose heat by radiation and
conduction. But if the temper.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
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Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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2. During the flow of metabolic processes there is a
release of energy in the form of heat. This heat creates
the human body temperature .All organisms divide on 2
groups: poikilothermic (cold-blooded) and homeothermic
(warm-blooded). Organisms are named cold-blooded
when their body temperature depends on the
temperature of external environment. Organisms
capable of maintaining their body temperatures within
very narrow limits are called homeothermic.
3. Not all parts of the body have the same temperature.
Rectal temperature is used as an estimate of internal
temperature. It is about 37,7°C. Oral temperature
averages about 0,5°C less than rectal. The body
temperature in axillary area is 36,6°Ñ. There is a
characteristic circadian fluctuation of about one degree,
temperature being lowest during the night and highest
during the day. An added variation in women is a higher
temperature during the last half of the menstrual cycle.
The body temperature of 42-43°Ñ causes death by
protein denaturation. The body temperature of 26°Ñ
causes death by stop of the heart.
Thermoregulation.
6. MECHANISMS OF HEAT PRODUCTION
Muscle tone. Muscles are not contracted, but
muscular tone and metabolism increase.
7. MECHANISMS OF HEAT PRODUCTION
Shivering. It is involuntary process. At shivering all
energy is directed on increase of heat production
8. MECHANISMS OF HEAT PRODUCTION
Voluntary activity of muscles. It is a conscious
increase of contraction of muscles (foot stamping
and hand clapping).
9. MECHANISMS OF HEAT PRODUCTION
The major mechanism of heat production in
children is oxidation of fat. It is located in cheeks.
10. MECHANISMS OF HEAT LOSS
Radiation.
Convection.
Conduction.
Evaporation
11. Radiation – is based on the principle that hot
object emits electromagnetic waves (infrared
rays) and by doing so the energy is lost from the
object and the temperature decreases. The
direction of radiation is always from hot object to
cold object. Example: when human is in cold room
the body that has higher temperature emits infrared
waves towards the surrounding environment and in
some time human is getting cold (and the opposite
can be). If a human sits naked at normal room
temperature, radiation will account for around 60 %
of the total heat loss!
12. Conduction – this is a process of transfer of
energy (temperature) from one object to another via
direct contact between them (!). Example: when
human touches cold object in some time that object
becomes warmer and the opposite can be. The
process of conduction significantly increases when
being in water.
13. Convection – is a process of exchange of energy
(temperature) based on the fact that warm air is lighter
than cold air. The convection occurs only in air medium
and it becomes more significant when there is a
movement of air (!). As an example the heater (used in
the room for increase of temperature) warms the air
around it by conduction, this air becomes lighter and
rises to the top of the room, at the same time the cold air
that always concentrates in the bottom of the room
replaces the warm air around the heater and new cycle
begins overall temperature of the room increases.
This form of heat loss becomes especially noticeable
when there is a cool breeze blowing, as the air close to
the body surface is being replaced by cold air more
rapidly (the wind chill effect). Together, conduction and
convection to the air account for between 15 and 20 %
of heat loss to the environment. Light clothing reduces
loss by this route to about half that from a naked body!
14. Evaporation – is a process that is based on the
fact that during the transformation of water from the
liquid to gaseous state the energy is lost (cooling
effect of evaporation).
Evaporation is a necessary cooling mechanism
at very high air temperatures. As long as skin
temperature is greater than the temperature of
the surroundings, heat can be lost by radiation
and conduction. But when the temperature of
the surroundings becomes greater than that of
the skin, instead of losing heat, the body gains
heat by both radiation and conduction. Under
these conditions, the only way for the body to
lose heat is by evaporation.
The more is concentration of water in the air (humidity) the
more difficult is process of evaporation (when air humidity is
100 % there is no evaporation!).
15. THERMOREGULATION
Conduction, convection and radiation provide heat
loss, when the temperature of external environment
is lower than temperature of body. When the
temperature of external environment is higher than
temperature of body heat loss is provided by
evaporation.
Consequently, normal body temperature is balance
between the processes of heat production and heat
loss.
16.
17. THERMOREGULATION
Gomeothermic organisms have the
system of thermoregulation which
maintains normal body temperature at
permanent level. The changes of body
temperature are detected by
thermoreceptors. There are 2 types of
thermoreceptors: peripheral and central.
Peripheral thermoreceptors are located
in the skin and divided into warm and
cold (cold receptors prevail). Central
thermoreceptors is located in
hypothalamus and also divided into
warm and cold (mainly warm receptors).
19. The major centre of thermoregulation is located in
hypothalamus (predominantly in anterior hypothalamic-
preoptic area).
There are 2 types of thermoreceptors:
central – located in thermoregulatory centre of
hypothalamus.
peripheral: a) cold; b) warmth located everywhere
except hypothalamus.
The critical level at which the thermoregulatory
mechanisms of the body try to maintain core
temperature is known as the set-point of the system.
This set-point is under the control of the hypothalamus
which behaves as a kind of thermostat maintaining a
balance between heat loss and heat production. The
set-point is normally close to 37°C; above this
temperature, mechanisms promoting heat loss come
into operation, while below it heat-conserving and heat-
generating mechanisms are initiated.
20. Insensible water loss – is a process of passive
evaporation from the skin, mucosa and lungs,
because their surface is moist. We lose 600-700 ml
of water per day via this way.
Sweating – is an active process of secreting fluid
(sweat) by the specialized sweating glands
(exocrine glands). This sweat undergoes
evaporation and human lose energy (heat). By
evaporation of 1 ml of sweat we lose 0.58 kcal of
energy.
The sweating glands are mostly located in the skin
of back and chest. In cold conditions human
releases less than 500 ml of sweat per day, in hot
conditions the quantity can be increased up to 6
litres and more.
21. The composition of sweat: 1) water (99 %); 2)
electrolytes (especially Sodium and Chlorides).
Mechanism of secretion of sweat: when the
temperature of environment increases the impulses
via sympathetic nervous system (in this case there
is a release of acetylcholine) go to sweating glands
glands actively begin to produce fluid: in the
sweating gland itself the fluid is called the primary
sweat (its composition is very similar to blood
plasma with the exception that it doesn’t contain
proteins and glucose). Then when this primary
sweat flows via the gland duct to the surface of the
skin its composition changes due to the
reabsorption of some of the constituents of this
fluid.
22. The final composition (the secondary sweat)
depends upon the rate at which it is being
produced. At low sweat rates much of the sodium
and chloride in the primary sweat is reabsorbed and
the sweat is very dilute. However, at higher sweat
rates there is less time for reabsorption as the
sweat flows along the duct, and consequently more
sodium and chloride is lost from the body.
Appreciable amounts of urea, lactic acid, and
potassium ions are also present in sweat.
23. One of the major roles in thermoregulation belongs
to the blood supply to skin: 1) when there is
vasoconstriction (narrowing of lumen of blood
vessel) the less blood flows to skin and the less
warmth is lost (this occurs in cold conditions); 2)
when there is vasodilation (increase of lumen of
blood vessel) the more blood flows to skin and thus
the more heat is lost from the body (this occurs in
hot conditions).
24. THERMOREGULATION.
The method for measurement of body temperature is called
thermometry and the device is thermometer.
In most countries the unit for measurement of temperature is
degree of Celsius (°C). The older one scale (used now in
USA and some other countries) is degree of Fahrenheit (°F).
25. THERMOREGULATION.
Formula of conversion of °C to °F is the following: [°F]
= [°C] × 9 ⁄ 5 + 32 (So 36.6 °C is equal to 97.88 °F).
Different regions of the body have different temperatures
at rest. We distinguish:
Core body temperature – the temperature of internal
organs (brain, muscles + organs of thoracic and
abdominal cavities). This temperature is kept at almost
constant level by the system of thermoregulation.
Shell body temperature – the temperature of skin. It
depends from the temperature of surrounding
environment. In different places on skin it is different, for
example skin temperature of trunk and head is at range
33-34 °C, skin temperature of limbs (especially of distal
parts) is around 28 °C.
26. PLACES OF BODY TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT:
oral cavity – normal range is
36.7 to 37.0 °C.
axilla (underarm pit) – normal
temperature is 36.6 °C.
rectum – normal range is 37.0
to 37.5 °C (especially used in
newborns and babies).
27.
28. THERMOREGULATION.
At optimal temperature conditions all human vital
functions run properly.
Normothermia – state when core body temperature
is within the normal range.
Hyperthermia – state when core body temperature
rises more than 37.5 °C.
Hypothermia – state when core body temperature
falls below 35.0 °C.
Fever (pyrexia) – pathological state when core body
temperature rises due to the increase of regulatory
“set-point” in hypothalamus (the centre of
thermoregulation in humans).
