This document discusses plant taxonomy and classification. It describes the three subkingdoms that make up the plant kingdom: Protophyta, Thallophyta, and Embryophyta. Key characteristics and examples are provided for each subkingdom and their constituent phyla. The document also examines the class Angiospermae in depth, describing the distinguishing features of monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Common medicinal plant families from each group are listed. The structure of flowers and systems used to diagram and describe their parts are also summarized.
lab 1: introduction to flowers + clove, for second year pharmacy students, Al-Azhar University by Dr Mahmoud Sallam demonstrator at pharmacognosy department.
lab 1: introduction to flowers + clove, for second year pharmacy students, Al-Azhar University by Dr Mahmoud Sallam demonstrator at pharmacognosy department.
Anatomy of Reproductive Parts: Flower, Fruit,SeedFatima Ramay
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate outcrossing (fusion of sperm and eggs from different individuals in a population) or allow selfing (fusion of sperm and egg from the same flower). Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization (parthenocarpy). Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop. Flowers give rise to fruit and seeds. Many flowers have evolved to be attractive to animals, so as to cause them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen.
Fruit anatomy is the internal structure of fruits.
Fruits are the mature ovary or ovaries of one or more flowers. In fleshy fruits, the outer layer (which is often edible) is the pericarp, which is the tissue that develops from the ovary wall of the flower and surrounds the seeds.
But in some seemingly pericarp fruits, the edible portion is not derived from the ovary. For example, in the fruit of the ackee tree the edible portion is an aril, and in the pineapple several tissues from the flower and stem are involved.
The outer covering of a seed is tough because the parent plant needs to protect the plant growing.
A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering known as the seed coat.
It is a characteristic of spermatophytes (gymnosperm and angiosperm plants) and the product of the ripened ovule which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant. The formation of the seed completes the process of reproduction in seed plants (started with the development of flowers and pollination), with the embryo developed from the zygote and the seed coat from the integuments of the ovule.
Seeds have been an important development in the reproduction and spread of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants.
angiosperms
morphology of a flowering plant
parts of flowering plant.
What are angiosperms? Angiosperms are plants that produce flowers and bear their seeds in fruits. They are the largest and most diverse group within the kingdom Plantae, with about 300,000 species. Angiosperms represent approximately 80 percent of all known living green plant.
The outstanding and most significant feature of the flowering plants (and that which sets them out from other vascular plants) is the flower. Understanding the flower structure and names of the parts is important as it is the most important set of characters for both recognizing and keying species, genera, families, etc.
Floral parts (terms & illustrations)
1. Peduncle / pedicel - floral stalk
2. Receptacle - the modified shoot or floral axis
3. Sepals / calyx - the outer most whorl; collectively all sepals are called the calyx. Sepals are typically green and protect the inner floral parts in buds
4. Petals / corolla -the next whorl, collectively all petals are called the corolla. Petals are typically brightly colored and and assist in attracting pollinators. The sepals and petal combined are called the perianth. If the perianth parts cannot be differentiated into sepals and petals, that is, that look so much alike, then they are called tepals.
5. Stamens (androecium) - the next whorls, each stamen has two parts: filament and anthers. Androecium or "male house", the name for all the stamens. The anthers house the microsporangia which undergo meiosis and produce pollen grains.
6. Nectaries - are often associated with flowers, they are found at the receptacle and offer a reward to animal pollinators.
7. Carpels (gynoecium) - The innermost and final whorl is composed of all the carpels and is the site for pollination and fertilization. Collectively all carpels are called the gynoecium: "female house". Carpel has three parts: stigma which receives pollen, the style which is the a slender region specialized for pollen tube growth and the ovary which is an enlarged basal portion and surrounds and protects the ovules. The structure(s) in the center of the flower are often referred to as the pistil(s). Pistil is a layman's term for "flask-shape" structure, so anything with that structure is called a pistil. This is one of the more confusing parts of the flower; more on this below.
The topic of discussion is Pteridophytes, their general characteristics, sexual reproduction and Life cycle has been discussed along with the four different divisions that are present in Pteridophytes
Flowers are the reproductive parts of plants,which are responsible for the production of gametes or sex cells ((non flowering plants).
A flower is modified shoot in which the leaves are modified into floral parts. A blossom propagates a branch from a bud in the axil of a little leaf-like structure called the bract. A bract is commonly green due to presence of chlorophyll and is a very small structure (non flowering plants).
Flowers are the reproductive parts of plants,which are responsible for the production of gametes or sex cells ((non flowering plants).
A flower is modified shoot in which the leaves are modified into floral parts. A blossom propagates a branch from a bud in the axil of a little leaf-like structure called the bract. A bract is commonly green due to presence of chlorophyll and is a very small structure (non flowering plants).
Anatomy of Reproductive Parts: Flower, Fruit,SeedFatima Ramay
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate outcrossing (fusion of sperm and eggs from different individuals in a population) or allow selfing (fusion of sperm and egg from the same flower). Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization (parthenocarpy). Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop. Flowers give rise to fruit and seeds. Many flowers have evolved to be attractive to animals, so as to cause them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen.
Fruit anatomy is the internal structure of fruits.
Fruits are the mature ovary or ovaries of one or more flowers. In fleshy fruits, the outer layer (which is often edible) is the pericarp, which is the tissue that develops from the ovary wall of the flower and surrounds the seeds.
But in some seemingly pericarp fruits, the edible portion is not derived from the ovary. For example, in the fruit of the ackee tree the edible portion is an aril, and in the pineapple several tissues from the flower and stem are involved.
The outer covering of a seed is tough because the parent plant needs to protect the plant growing.
A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering known as the seed coat.
It is a characteristic of spermatophytes (gymnosperm and angiosperm plants) and the product of the ripened ovule which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant. The formation of the seed completes the process of reproduction in seed plants (started with the development of flowers and pollination), with the embryo developed from the zygote and the seed coat from the integuments of the ovule.
Seeds have been an important development in the reproduction and spread of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants.
angiosperms
morphology of a flowering plant
parts of flowering plant.
What are angiosperms? Angiosperms are plants that produce flowers and bear their seeds in fruits. They are the largest and most diverse group within the kingdom Plantae, with about 300,000 species. Angiosperms represent approximately 80 percent of all known living green plant.
The outstanding and most significant feature of the flowering plants (and that which sets them out from other vascular plants) is the flower. Understanding the flower structure and names of the parts is important as it is the most important set of characters for both recognizing and keying species, genera, families, etc.
Floral parts (terms & illustrations)
1. Peduncle / pedicel - floral stalk
2. Receptacle - the modified shoot or floral axis
3. Sepals / calyx - the outer most whorl; collectively all sepals are called the calyx. Sepals are typically green and protect the inner floral parts in buds
4. Petals / corolla -the next whorl, collectively all petals are called the corolla. Petals are typically brightly colored and and assist in attracting pollinators. The sepals and petal combined are called the perianth. If the perianth parts cannot be differentiated into sepals and petals, that is, that look so much alike, then they are called tepals.
5. Stamens (androecium) - the next whorls, each stamen has two parts: filament and anthers. Androecium or "male house", the name for all the stamens. The anthers house the microsporangia which undergo meiosis and produce pollen grains.
6. Nectaries - are often associated with flowers, they are found at the receptacle and offer a reward to animal pollinators.
7. Carpels (gynoecium) - The innermost and final whorl is composed of all the carpels and is the site for pollination and fertilization. Collectively all carpels are called the gynoecium: "female house". Carpel has three parts: stigma which receives pollen, the style which is the a slender region specialized for pollen tube growth and the ovary which is an enlarged basal portion and surrounds and protects the ovules. The structure(s) in the center of the flower are often referred to as the pistil(s). Pistil is a layman's term for "flask-shape" structure, so anything with that structure is called a pistil. This is one of the more confusing parts of the flower; more on this below.
The topic of discussion is Pteridophytes, their general characteristics, sexual reproduction and Life cycle has been discussed along with the four different divisions that are present in Pteridophytes
Flowers are the reproductive parts of plants,which are responsible for the production of gametes or sex cells ((non flowering plants).
A flower is modified shoot in which the leaves are modified into floral parts. A blossom propagates a branch from a bud in the axil of a little leaf-like structure called the bract. A bract is commonly green due to presence of chlorophyll and is a very small structure (non flowering plants).
Flowers are the reproductive parts of plants,which are responsible for the production of gametes or sex cells ((non flowering plants).
A flower is modified shoot in which the leaves are modified into floral parts. A blossom propagates a branch from a bud in the axil of a little leaf-like structure called the bract. A bract is commonly green due to presence of chlorophyll and is a very small structure (non flowering plants).
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
1. Natural Products and
Evidence based Herbal
medicines I
Department of Natural Products
and Alternative Medicine
Medicinal Botany
Part 3.
Plant TAXONOMY
3. The following system of classification is used for the plant
kingdom:
The Plant Kingdom (PHYTA) is divided into three
subkingdoms:
PLANT TAXONOMY
A- Subkingdom PROTOPHYTA (primitive plants)
B- Subkingdom THALLOPHYTA (Non differentiated)
C- Subkingdom EMBRYOPHYTA (embryo present)
4. B- Subkingdom THALLOPHYTA
(body is a simple thallus, no embryo, not differentiated into stem, root& leaf
and dichotomous branching):
♣ Phylum Chlorophyta. e.g. green algae
♣ Phylum Bacillariophyta e.g. diatoms
♣ Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae) e.g. Fucus
♣ Phylum Rhodophyta (red algae) e.g. Agar
♣ Phylum Eumycophyta (true fungi) e.g Ergot .
A- Subkingdom PROTOPHYTA
(primitive organisms)
♣Phylum Microtatobiotes (viruses, phages and rickettsiae)
♣ Phylum Schizomycophyta (bacteria)
6. Class Angiospermae (flowering plants):
The angiosperms (flowering plants) form the
highest class of Tracheophyta or vascular plants
and are divided into two subclasses:
A. Monocotyledoneae.
Their plants have following characters:
● The embryo has one cotyledon.
● The leaves are usually parallel –veined.
● The vascular bundles of the stem are closed.
A. Monocotyledoneae.
B. Dicotyledoneae.
7. Plants belonging to class angiospermae (flowering plants) of
medicinal importance families
Monocotyledoneae: Liliaceae and Zingiberaceae
Dicotyledoneae:Scruphulariaceae, Rubiaceae, Solanaceae
Papaveraceae, Compositae , Umbelliferae, Leguminosae and
Apocyanaceae.
B. Dicotyledoneae
Their plants have the following characters:
● The embryo has two cotyledons.
● The leaves are usually pinnately- veined.
● The vascular bundles are open.
8. Flowers are the organs of sexual reproduction of
higher plants and also generally offer the most exact
means of identification.
The structure of the flower :
A typical Flower is composed of the following floral parts :
1-Calyx (K): formed of green sepals (S), free or united .
2- Corolla (C): formed of colored petals (P), free or united
3-Androecium (A): formed of stamens, free or united
united with petals ( epipetalous ) .
4- Gynoecium (G) : formed of carpels ,each is made of
an ovary ,style ,and stigma .
9.
10. Placentation:
It is the arrangement of ovules inside the ovary, of :
1-Axile in which the ovary is multilocular and the ovules
arise on the central placenta produced by the united edges
of the ovary walls .
2-Marginal ,Basal and Apical .
11.
12.
13. Symbols representing the floral parts:
Floral formula (FF):
FF represents its structure in a
symbolic way. The placentation is
usually referred to below the
symbol representing the
gynoecium.
Floral diagram (FD):
FD is another way of
representing the structure of the
flower.
It is an imaginary TS showing the
arrangement of parts. At the top
of FD, a point is usually drawn to
represent the axis of the flower.
At the base, the bract is present .
Calyx (sepals ) K (s)
Corolla (petals ) C (p)
Male flower ♂
Female flower ♀
Hermaphrodite ( bisexual ) ♀♂
Actinomorphic ( symmetric ) Ө
Zygomorphic (asymmetric ) %
Androecium A
Gynoecium G
Indefinite ∞
United parts ( )
Superior gynoecium G
Perigynous G
_
Inferior gynoecium G
