Short description of the respiratory rate

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Anatomy and physiology
Respiratory system
Session - 2
DMLT
1st year
Mr. Kuldeep Dahayat

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
*Respiration is the process by which oxygen is taken in and
carbon dioxide is given out.
*The first breath takes place only after birth.
*Fetal lungs are non-functional.
*So, during intrauterine life the exchange of gases between
fetal blood and mother’s blood occurs through placenta.
*The permanent stoppage of respiration occurs only at death.

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Types of respiration
Respiration is often classified into two types:
1. External respiration: it involves exchange
of respiratory gases, i.e. oxygen and
carbon dioxide between lungs and blood
2. Internal respiration: it involves exchange
of gases between blood and tissues.

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Phases of respiration
Inspiration: during which the air enters the
lungs from atmosphere.
Expiration: during which the air leaves the
lungs.
Note - During normal breathing, inspiration
is an active process and expiration is a
passive process.

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8. Exchange of gases in alveoli

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10. • 4 Respiration Processes
1. Breathing (ventilation)
– air in to and out of the lungs.
2. External respiration
– gas exchange between air and the blood.
3. Internal respiration
– gas exchange between blood and tissues.
4. Cellular respiration
– oxygen used to produce ATP, carbon dioxide
as waste.

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Breathing vs. Respiration
Breathing = Inspiration + Expiration
– intake of air/inhale to bring fresh
supply of oxygen.
– breathing out of air/exhale to get rid of
CO2
Respiration – process of gas exchange
between various body compartments

17. Process of Breathing: Pressure Gradient
• Inspiration/Expiration: air in/air out
• Cycle:
1. Relaxed State – diaphragm and intercostal muscles
relaxed.
2.Inspiration – diaphragm contracts, pulling muscle down,
intercostal muscles contract elevating chest wall and
expanding volume of chest lowering pressure in lungs,
pulling in air
3.Expiration – muscles relax, diaphragm resumes dome
shape, intercostal muscles allow chest to lower resulting in
increase of pressure in chest and expulsion of air.

18. RESPIRATORY CYCLE

19. Boyle’s law
• Boyle’s law states that the pressure(p) of a
given quantity of a gas varies inversely
proportional with its volume(v) at constant
temperature.
It means if pressure will
increase the volume will decrease and vice
versa.

21. GAS EXCHANGE & TRANSPORT: A
PASSIVE PROCESS
• Gases diffuse according to their partial pressures.
• External Respiration – gases exchange between
air and blood
• Internal respiration – gases exchanged with
tissue fluids
• Oxygen transport – bound to hemoglobin in red
blood cells or dissolved in blood plasma
• Carbon dioxide transport – dissolved in blood
plasma, bound to hemoglobin

22. THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

23. COMPONENTS OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

24. Functions of upper respiratory tract
• Passage way for respiration
• Receptors for smell
• Filters incoming air to filter large foreign
material
• Moistens and warms incoming air
• Resonating chambers for voice

26. FUNCTIONS OF LOWER RESPIRATORY
TRACT
• Larynx – maintains an open airway, routes
food and air appropriately, assists in sound
production
• Trachea – transports air to and from lungs
• Bronchi – branch into lungs
• Lungs – transport air to alveoli for gas
exchange

27. PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS
• Pulmonary function test are useful in
assessing the functional status of respiratory
system both in physiological and pathological
condition. pulmonary function tests are
carried out mostly by using spirometer.
• The air in lungs is classified into two divisions
1. lung volumes
2.lung capacities

28. Applied physiology of respiratory
system
1. Asthma – It is due to allergic reaction to foreign
particles that affect the respiratory system.
2. Emphysema – It is the inflation or abnormal
distension of the bronchioles or alveolar sacs of
lungs.
3. Pneumonia – It is acute infection or
inflammation of the alveoli of the lungs due to
bacterium streptococcus pneumone.
4. Apnea – temporary arrest of breathing

29. 5. Tachypnea – increase in rate of respiration
6. Bradypnea – the decrease in the rate of
respiration.
7. Dyspnea – Difficulty in breathing