Receptor by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, MH. This PPT for ...Pandian M
Introduction
SENSORY RECEPTORS
Structurally 3 types of receptors
Transducers
CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS
A. Depending on the source of stimulus(Sherrington’s classification)
B. Depending upon type of stimulus
C. Clinical or anatomical classification of receptors
Production of receptor potential
Properties of receptors
Properties of receptor potential
Receptor by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, MH. This PPT for ...Pandian M
Introduction
SENSORY RECEPTORS
Structurally 3 types of receptors
Transducers
CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS
A. Depending on the source of stimulus(Sherrington’s classification)
B. Depending upon type of stimulus
C. Clinical or anatomical classification of receptors
Production of receptor potential
Properties of receptors
Properties of receptor potential
LOCATION: WALL OF GUT
NEURONS: 100 MILLIONS
GIT MOVEMENTS AND SECRETIONS
COMPOSED: TWO PLEXUSES
OUTER PLEXUS (MYENTERIC AND AUERBACH'S PLEXUS)
INNER PLEXUS (MEISSNER'S PLEXUS AND SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS)
MYENTERIC PLEXUS
GI MOVEMENTS
SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS
SECRETION AND LOCAL BLOOD FLOW
Peripheral Nervous System, Audumbar MaliAudumbar Mali
Peripheral Nervous System,
Types of PNS,
Spinal nerves,
Types of neuron (3 basic types),
Plexus,
Cranial nerves,
Autonomic nervous system,
Structure of Neuron,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I,
Syllabus As per PCI,
B. Pharm-I
Unit-I, Chapter_1 Nervous System Final PPT.pptAudumbar Mali
B. Pharm. Sem:-II,
BP 201T. HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-II (Theory),
Nervous System:
Organization of nervous system, neuron, neuroglia, classification and properties of nerve fibre, electrophysiology, action potential, nerve impulse, receptors, synapse, neurotransmitters. Central nervous system: Meninges, ventricles of brain and
cerebrospinal fluid.structure and functions of brain (cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum), spinal cord (gross structure, functions of afferent and efferent nerve tracts,reflex activity).
The sensory system is the part of the nervous system that detects ,transfers and processes stimuli from the environment
http://www.asktheneurologist.com/Sensory-System.html
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LOCATION: WALL OF GUT
NEURONS: 100 MILLIONS
GIT MOVEMENTS AND SECRETIONS
COMPOSED: TWO PLEXUSES
OUTER PLEXUS (MYENTERIC AND AUERBACH'S PLEXUS)
INNER PLEXUS (MEISSNER'S PLEXUS AND SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS)
MYENTERIC PLEXUS
GI MOVEMENTS
SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS
SECRETION AND LOCAL BLOOD FLOW
Peripheral Nervous System, Audumbar MaliAudumbar Mali
Peripheral Nervous System,
Types of PNS,
Spinal nerves,
Types of neuron (3 basic types),
Plexus,
Cranial nerves,
Autonomic nervous system,
Structure of Neuron,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I,
Syllabus As per PCI,
B. Pharm-I
Unit-I, Chapter_1 Nervous System Final PPT.pptAudumbar Mali
B. Pharm. Sem:-II,
BP 201T. HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-II (Theory),
Nervous System:
Organization of nervous system, neuron, neuroglia, classification and properties of nerve fibre, electrophysiology, action potential, nerve impulse, receptors, synapse, neurotransmitters. Central nervous system: Meninges, ventricles of brain and
cerebrospinal fluid.structure and functions of brain (cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum), spinal cord (gross structure, functions of afferent and efferent nerve tracts,reflex activity).
The sensory system is the part of the nervous system that detects ,transfers and processes stimuli from the environment
http://www.asktheneurologist.com/Sensory-System.html
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The parasympathetic division typically acts in opposition to the sympathetic autonomic nervous system through negative feedback control.
This action is a complementary response, causing a balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic responses.
Overall, the parasympathetic outflow results in the conservation and restoration of energy, reduction in heart rate and blood pressure, facilitation of digestion and absorption of nutrients, and excretion of waste products.
These are drugs that produce actions similar to that of Acetylcholine hence known as parasympathomimetics.
They act either by directly interacting with cholinergic receptors or by increasing the availability of Acetylcholine at these sites.
A PowerPoint presentation on Anti Muscarinic drugs it has a broad information on different drugs like Anti-Muscarinic drugs Anti-Nicotinic drugs and some information on Ganglionic blocking drugs with their general information including different brands, different generics, their pictures, dosage, side effort and treatment measures etc.
May this information may be helpful to you.
Regards.
SYED MASOOD AHMED QUADRI
Skeletal muscle relaxants consist of both antispasticity and antispasmodic agents, a distinction prescribers often overlook. The antispasticity agents-baclofen, tizanidine, dantrolene, and diazepam-aid in improving muscle hypertonicity and involuntary jerks.
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is so named because it integrates the received information and coordinates and influences the activity of all parts of the bodies of bilaterally symmetric animals
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. The autonomic nervous system is the subdivision
of the peripheral nervous system that regulates
body activities that are generally not under
conscious control
Visceral motor innervates non-skeletal (non-
somatic) muscles
Visceral sensory will be covered later
2Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
4. 4
Diagram of Autonomic nervous system
Diagram contrasts somatic (lower) and autonomic:
autonomic
somatic
this dorsal
root ganglion
is sensory
Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
5. Neurotransmission in ANS occurs in 5 steps:
• Impulse conduction.
• Neurotransmitter release.
• Activity on pre- ganglionic neurons.
• Activity on post- ganglionic neurons.
• Termination of neurotransmitter release.
5
Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
7. 2 divisions:
Sympathetic
▪ “Fight or flight”
▪ “E” division
▪ Exercise, excitement,
emergency, and
embarrassment
Parasympathetic
▪ “Rest and digest”
▪ “D” division
▪ Digestion, defecation,
and diuresis
7Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
8. 8
Also called the craniosacral system because
all its preganglionic neurons are in the brain
stem or sacral levels of the spinal cord.
Cranial nerves III,VII, IX and X
In lateral horn of gray matter from S2-S4
Only innervate internal organs (not skin).
Acetylcholine is neurotransmitter at end
organ as well as at preganglionic synapse:
“cholinergic”.
Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
9. Works to save energy, aids in digestion, and
supports restorative, resting body functions.
Decrease in heart rate
Increased gastro intestinal tract tone and
peristalsis
Urinary sphincter relaxation
Vasodilation – decrease in blood pressure
9Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
14. Location of cholinergic receptors-
1. Postganglionic parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions.
2. All autonomic ganglia.
3. At the neuromuscular endplate.
14Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
15. Two types of receptors are present-
Muscarinic receptor.
Nicotinic receptor.
15Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
16. M-cholinoceptors can be classified into subtypes
according to their molecular structure, signal
transduction, and ligand affinity in the M1, M2, M3
subtypes etc.
• M1-receptors are present on nerve cells, e.g., in
ganglia, where they mediate a facilitation of impulse
transmission from preganglionic axon terminals to
ganglion cells.
• M2-receptors mediate acetylcholine effects on the
heart. Opening of K+
channels leads to slowing of
diastolic depolarization in sinoatrial pacemaker cells
and a decrease in heart rate. 16Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
17. M3-receptors are found in the glandular epithelia
(which respond with activation of phospholipase
C and increases secretory activity) and in smooth
muscle.
17
Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
21. (1) Choline ester (stimulants of M- and N-
receptors):
Acetylcholine, Carbachol, etc.
(2) Alkaloids
a) stimulants of M-receptors:
▪ Pilocarpine, Cevimeline (dry mouth),
▪ Bethanechole, Musacarine, Phalloidin
b) stimulants of N-receptors:
▪ Nicotine, Cytisine (Tabex®
), Lobeline
21Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
22. (1) Reversible drugs (most are carbamates)
a) With N3+
(cross BBB)
Alkaloids: Galantamine, Physostigmine
Synthetic drugs: Donepezil, Rivastigmine,
Tacrine.
b) With N4+
(do not cross BBB)- Demecarium,
Edrophonium (Tensilon®
),Neostigmine,
Pyridostigmine.
22Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
23. (2) Irreversible anticholinesterase agents (most of
them are organophosphates)-
a) Thiophosphate insecticides
Parathion
Malathion (Pedilin®
– in pediculosis)
b) Nerve paralytic gases for chemical warfare
Tabun
Sarin
Soman
23Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
24. cardiac output M2: decreases
SA node: heart rate (chronotropic) M2: decreases
cardiac muscle: contractility (inotropic) M2: decreases (atria only)
conduction at AV node M2: decreases
smooth muscles of bronchioles M3: contracts
pupil of eye M3: contracts
ciliary muscle M3: contracts
salivary glands: secretions stimulates watery secretions
GI tract motility M1, M3: increases
smooth muscles of GI tract M3: contracts
sphincters of GI tract M3: relaxes
glands of GI tract M3: secretes
24Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
26. These are drugs which oppose the
acetylcholine actions or block the cholinergic
receptors.
Anti- cholinergics mainly block the
muscarinic receptor.
26Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
27. Atropine, the prototype drug of this class, is a
highly selective blocking agent for pre and post
muscarinic receptors, but some of its synthetic
derivatives have significant nicotinic blocking
property as well.
27Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
32. • CNS. Atropine has an overall stimulant action. Its
stimulant effects are not appreciable at low doses which
produce peripheral effects because of restricted entry into
the brain.
• Atropine stimulates many medullar centers- vagal,
respiratory, and vasоmotor.
• By blocking the relative cholinergic overactivity in basal
ganglia, it suppresses tremor and rigidity in
parkinsonism.
• High doses cause cortical excitation, rest- lessness,
disorientation, hallucinations.
32Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
33. CVS. Atropine causes tachycardia, due to blockade of M2-
receptors on SA node through which vagal tone decreases
HR.
Atropine does not influence BP. It blocks the
vasodepressor action of cholinergic agonists.
Eye. Topical instillation of atropine (0.1%) causes
mydriasis, abolition of light reflex, and cycloplegia, lasting
7–10 days. This results in photophobia and blurring of near
vision. The intraocular tension rises, specially in narrow
angle glaucoma, but conventional systemic doses produce
minor ocular effects.
33Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
34. Smooth muscles. All visceral smooth muscles with
parasympathetic inervation are relaxed (M3 blokade).Tone
and amplitude of GIT are reduced. Spasm may be
reduced, constipation may occur. Peristalsis is only
incompletely suppressed because it is primarily regulated
by local reflexes and other neurotransmitters (serotonin,
encephalin, etc.).
Atropine causes bronchodilation and reduced airway
resistance, especially in asthma patients.
34Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
35. Glands. Atropine decreases sweat, salivary, tracheo-
bronchial, and lacrimal secretion (M3-blockade). Skin and
eyes become dry, talking, and swallowing my be very
difficult. Atropine decreases less the secretion of acid and
pep-sin and more of the mucus in the stomach.
Body temperature. Rise in body temperature occurs at
higher doses, and is due to both inhibition of sweating as
well as stimulation of the temperature regulating centre in
the hypothalamus.
35Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
37. NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS:
Skeletal muscle relaxants act peripherally at neuromuscular
junction. According to their action they are divided into the
following groups.
•Nondepolarizing (competitive) agents or curare-like drugs
•Depolarizing (hyperdepolarazing) agents
37Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
38. Also called thoracolumbar system: all its neurons
are in lateral horn of gray matter from T1-L2
Lead to every part of the body
Easy to remember that when nervous, you sweat; when
afraid, hair stands on end; when excited blood pressure
rises (vasoconstriction): these sympathetic only
Also causes: dry mouth, pupils to dilate, increased heart &
respiratory rates to increase O2 to skeletal muscles, and
liver to release glucose
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) is neurotransmitter
released by most postganglionic fibers
(acetylcholine in preganglionic): “adrenergic”
38Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
39. Helps the body cope with external stimuli and
functions during stress (triggers the flight or
fight response)
Vasoconstriction – increase in blood pressure
Increased heart rate
Increased respiratory rate
Cold, sweaty palms
Pupil dilation
39Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
42. Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions typically
function in opposition to each other. But this opposition is
better termed complementary in nature rather than
antagonistic. For an analogy, one may think of the
sympathetic division as the accelerator and the
parasympathetic division as the brake. The sympathetic
division typically functions in actions requiring quick
responses. The parasympathetic division functions with
actions that do not require immediate reaction. Consider
sympathetic as "fight or flight" and parasympathetic as "rest
and digest".
42Maninder Kaur M.Pharm (Pharmacology)