The nervous system controls all major body functions and is divided into central and peripheral systems. The peripheral system includes the somatic and autonomic systems. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary functions like circulation, respiration, digestion and temperature regulation. It is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems which use norepinephrine and acetylcholine as neurotransmitters respectively. Adrenergic drugs mimic sympathetic effects by stimulating adrenergic receptors, while anticholinergic drugs block parasympathetic effects by blocking cholinergic receptors. These receptor systems allow drugs to selectively target specific organ systems.
The document summarizes the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter and activates the "fight or flight" response. The parasympathetic system uses acetylcholine and activates the "rest and digest" response. Cholinergic drugs stimulate the parasympathetic system while anticholinergic drugs block parasympathetic effects.
Drugs that affect the autonomic nervous systemSelf
The document discusses drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system. It describes how the autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary body functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. It then summarizes different types of drugs that act on these divisions, including cholinergic drugs that stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system, anticholinergic drugs that block the parasympathetic nervous system, adrenergic drugs that activate the sympathetic nervous system, and adrenergic blockers that inhibit the sympathetic nervous system. Clinical uses are provided for several of these drug classes.
clinical pharmacology,clinical,injections,pharmacological,what is pharmacology,lethal injection drugs,pharmacology definition,Plus review of anatomy of the ANS
The document discusses the pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system. It describes how the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions typically function in opposition to prepare the body for fight or flight responses versus rest and digestion. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter for preganglionic and parasympathetic fibers, while norepinephrine is released by postganglionic sympathetic fibers. Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors mediate the effects of acetylcholine. Cholinergic drugs can either directly activate these receptors or indirectly inhibit acetylcholinesterase to increase endogenous acetylcholine levels.
A good read for undergraduate students in Pharmacy studying at the University of Mumbai. I will highly recommend Essentials of Medical Pharmacology by KD Tripathi. All copyright to the original authors and publishers.
The document discusses drugs that affect the parasympathetic nervous system. It describes how acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter of the PNS and binds to muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Drugs that mimic acetylcholine are called cholinergic drugs and include direct-acting drugs like pilocarpine as well as indirect-acting anticholinesterases. Anticholinergic drugs block acetylcholine binding and examples include atropine. Side effects of excessive cholinergic drug activity include the "SLUDGE" symptoms. Precautions are needed in patients with myasthenia gravis to prevent cholinergic crisis.
Pharmacology parasympathetic nervous system- in briefraj kumar
The parasympathetic nervous system functions to conserve energy and promote rest. It decreases heart rate and promotes secretions from glands. Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter and binds to nicotinic receptors in the autonomic ganglia and muscarinic receptors in effector tissues. Parasympathetic stimulation contracts the iris sphincter muscle to accommodate vision.
The document summarizes the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter and activates the "fight or flight" response. The parasympathetic system uses acetylcholine and activates the "rest and digest" response. Cholinergic drugs stimulate the parasympathetic system while anticholinergic drugs block parasympathetic effects.
Drugs that affect the autonomic nervous systemSelf
The document discusses drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system. It describes how the autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary body functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. It then summarizes different types of drugs that act on these divisions, including cholinergic drugs that stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system, anticholinergic drugs that block the parasympathetic nervous system, adrenergic drugs that activate the sympathetic nervous system, and adrenergic blockers that inhibit the sympathetic nervous system. Clinical uses are provided for several of these drug classes.
clinical pharmacology,clinical,injections,pharmacological,what is pharmacology,lethal injection drugs,pharmacology definition,Plus review of anatomy of the ANS
The document discusses the pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system. It describes how the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions typically function in opposition to prepare the body for fight or flight responses versus rest and digestion. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter for preganglionic and parasympathetic fibers, while norepinephrine is released by postganglionic sympathetic fibers. Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors mediate the effects of acetylcholine. Cholinergic drugs can either directly activate these receptors or indirectly inhibit acetylcholinesterase to increase endogenous acetylcholine levels.
A good read for undergraduate students in Pharmacy studying at the University of Mumbai. I will highly recommend Essentials of Medical Pharmacology by KD Tripathi. All copyright to the original authors and publishers.
The document discusses drugs that affect the parasympathetic nervous system. It describes how acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter of the PNS and binds to muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Drugs that mimic acetylcholine are called cholinergic drugs and include direct-acting drugs like pilocarpine as well as indirect-acting anticholinesterases. Anticholinergic drugs block acetylcholine binding and examples include atropine. Side effects of excessive cholinergic drug activity include the "SLUDGE" symptoms. Precautions are needed in patients with myasthenia gravis to prevent cholinergic crisis.
Pharmacology parasympathetic nervous system- in briefraj kumar
The parasympathetic nervous system functions to conserve energy and promote rest. It decreases heart rate and promotes secretions from glands. Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter and binds to nicotinic receptors in the autonomic ganglia and muscarinic receptors in effector tissues. Parasympathetic stimulation contracts the iris sphincter muscle to accommodate vision.
drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system.ppt [autosaved] [autosaved]Sujit Karpe
This document provides an overview of the autonomic nervous system and discusses various adrenergic and cholinergic drugs. It defines the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and describes how adrenergic drugs stimulate the sympathetic system while cholinergic drugs stimulate the parasympathetic system. It then discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, effects and uses of various adrenergic and cholinergic drugs including catecholamines, alpha and beta receptor agonists and antagonists, anticholinesterases and direct acting cholinergic drugs. It also touches on myasthenia gravis and organophosphorus poisoning.
This document discusses several classes of drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system and neuromuscular junction. It describes drugs that act as agonists or antagonists at adrenergic and cholinergic receptors in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. It also discusses drugs that affect the release or reuptake of neurotransmitters, as well as ganglionic blocking drugs that inhibit transmission between pre- and postganglionic neurons. Finally, it summarizes drugs that enhance or block transmission at the neuromuscular junction.
Autonomic nervous system ( by Dr. Takele Beyene,DVM,MSc,@AAU)AAU
I have no contribution in any part of all my lecture notes on slideshare, but I've just saved them as to make them ma favorites, then 2get them anywhere I go!!! Here, one 've 2know that I never let him/her save the lectures & Every body is blocked of downloading the notes! When you read the notes online GIVE PRIOR THANKS FOR MY INSTRUCTORS & I NEED NO THANKS !!! Omega Kifle
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates involuntary functions and has two divisions: the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Both use two neurons - a preganglionic neuron that synapses in an autonomic ganglion and a postganglionic neuron that innervates the target organ. In the PNS, acetylcholine is released at both synapses to activate nicotinic then muscarinic receptors. In the SNS, acetylcholine is released at the ganglion, while norepinephrine is released at the organ to activate adrenergic receptors. The PNS activates "rest and digest" functions, while the SNS activates "fight
The document discusses the parasympathetic nervous system and parasympathomimetic drugs. It provides details on:
- The parasympathetic nervous system originates from the brainstem and sacral region and uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
- Parasympathomimetic drugs like acetylcholine, muscarine, and anticholinesterases act to stimulate parasympathetic responses. Direct acting drugs activate cholinergic receptors while indirect drugs inhibit acetylcholinesterase.
- These drugs have therapeutic uses for conditions like glaucoma, urinary retention, and myasthenia gravis. Combinations of drugs are sometimes used to achieve optimal effects while minimizing side effects.
This document discusses drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system. It focuses on the parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter acetylcholine and drugs that interact with acetylcholine receptors. Acetylcholine is the major neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system and activates muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Drugs that mimic acetylcholine, called cholinergic drugs, directly activate muscarinic receptors or indirectly increase acetylcholine levels by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Examples include pilocarpine, neostigmine, and organophosphate pesticides. Anticholinergic drugs such as atropine competitively block muscarinic receptors, producing effects like tachy
This document discusses drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system, specifically cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs. It begins by explaining that cholinergic drugs act on acetylcholine receptors, while anticholinergic drugs block these receptors. Acetylcholine is described as the neurotransmitter of the cholinergic system. Examples of direct and indirect acting cholinergic drugs are provided. Clinical uses and effects of specific cholinergic drugs like Bethanechol and Pilocarpine are summarized. Common anticholinergic drugs such as Atropine are also discussed in detail, outlining their mechanisms and therapeutic uses in conditions like peptic ulcer disease and asthma. Side effects of anticholinergic over
This document discusses drugs that act on the central nervous system (CNS), specifically sedative-hypnotic drugs. It covers the classification of CNS depressants like benzodiazepines and barbiturates. It describes their mechanisms of action, effects on the CNS, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and liver. It also discusses their therapeutic uses, adverse effects, dependence and abuse potential, as well as management of overdoses.
The document discusses drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system, including:
- Adrenergic drugs that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system by mimicking norepinephrine and epinephrine. This includes both catecholamines and non-catecholamines.
- Adrenergic blockers that block the actions of norepinephrine and epinephrine at adrenergic receptor sites. This includes both alpha-blockers and beta-blockers.
- Cholinergic drugs that stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system by mimicking acetylcholine, and anticholinergic drugs that block acetylcholine's actions. Cholinergic drugs can be direct-acting or indirect-
The document discusses synapses and the autonomic nervous system. It describes two types of synapses - chemical and electrical. The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems which regulate organs through the release of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and norepinephrine. The effects of these systems are described for various organs. Drugs can act as agonists or antagonists at cholinergic and adrenergic receptors to influence the autonomic nervous system.
This document discusses cholinergic agonists, which are drugs that act on receptors activated by acetylcholine in the autonomic nervous system. It describes the synthesis and mechanisms of acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. It then discusses various direct-acting cholinergic agonists like bethanechol, carbachol, and pilocarpine and their actions and uses. Pilocarpine is used topically to treat glaucoma by contracting the iris and ciliary muscles. The document also covers indirect agonists known as anticholinesterases, which inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and thereby increase acetylcholine levels. Physostigmine is an example of a reversible anticholinesterase
This lecture introduces the principles of neuropharmacology and the chemical signaling systems of the central nervous system (CNS). The key learning objectives are to understand the importance of neuropharmacology, explain the chemical signaling in the CNS, describe the targets of drug action and the role of the blood brain barrier. It then discusses the major neurotransmitters of the CNS including glutamate, GABA, glycine, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine and histamine. It explains the synthesis, mechanisms and functions of each neurotransmitter and examples of drugs that act on their receptors.
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are stress hormones involved in the fight or flight response. Norepinephrine is released by neurons and the adrenal gland, while epinephrine is produced solely in the adrenal gland. Both play essential roles in stress responses, blood pressure, and metabolism. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, sleep, and cognitive functions. Imbalances in serotonin have been linked to depression, suicide, impulsivity, and aggressiveness.
This document summarizes the pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system. It describes drugs that act on the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, including sympathomimetic drugs that cause norepinephrine release or block adrenergic activity, parasympathomimetic drugs, anticholinesterase drugs that potentiate parasympathetic effects, and antimuscarinic drugs that block cholinergic activity. It also discusses drugs that stimulate or block autonomic postganglionic neurons, such as acetylcholine, nicotine, and ganglionic blocking drugs like hexamethonium.
The document discusses the nervous system, specifically focusing on the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and its divisions - the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and somatic nervous system. It provides details on the ANS, including its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The parasympathetic system uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter which acts on nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Cholinergic drugs that act as parasympathomimetics are used to treat various conditions like glaucoma. Pilocarpine is commonly used as a parasympathomimetic eye drop to reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma by contracting the ciliary muscle and increasing drainage of aqueous humor through the trabecular
Introduction to Central Nervous system Pharmacology : Dr Rahul Kunkulol's Pow...Rahul Kunkulol
This document provides an introduction to the central nervous system (CNS) and its neurotransmitters. It discusses several topics, including:
- Non-specific CNS stimulants like cocaine, alcohol, and caffeine that act by blocking inhibitory neurotransmission or directly exciting the CNS.
- Different levels of CNS depression ranging from calming to respiratory/cardiovascular collapse and death.
- Major topics covered regarding the CNS including sedative hypnotics, anesthesia, opioid analgesics, antiepileptics, and psychopharmacology.
- Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters like glutamate, GABA, and dopamine systems in the brain.
- Dopamine pathways and
UNIT III_cholinergic neurotransmitter agonistSONALI PAWAR
The document discusses cholinergic neurotransmitters and parasympathomimetic agents. It begins by providing an overview of acetylcholine as the principal neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. It then discusses the classification of parasympathomimetic agents into direct-acting agents like acetylcholine and indirect-acting agents like cholinesterase inhibitors. The document also covers the structure and mechanisms of several parasympathomimetic drugs including carbachol, bethanechol, methacholine, pilocarpine, physostigmine, and neostigmine. It concludes by describing the cholinergic receptors, muscarinic and nicotinic, and their distributions in the body.
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary body functions through two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic division uses the neurotransmitter norepinephrine to activate the fight or flight response. The parasympathetic division uses acetylcholine primarily to restore and maintain bodily functions at rest. Both systems work in opposition through receptors to precisely control organs like the heart, lungs, and digestive system. Diseases like Horner's syndrome involving the ANS can impact functions like sweating and eye movement. Tests of the ANS evaluate responses like heart rate and blood pressure with activities like breathing and standing.
Sympathomimetics are drugs that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and mimic the effects of sympathetic neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and epinephrine. They act on adrenergic receptors in smooth muscles and produce effects like increased heart rate, blood pressure, and bronchodilation. Examples include epinephrine, albuterol, and isoproterenol. Sympatholytics block the effects of sympathetic neurotransmitters and include alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockers used to treat conditions like hypertension. Parasympathomimetics mimic acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system to slow the heart and increase gland secretion. They include direct-acting cholinergics and indirect-acting inhibitors
drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system.ppt [autosaved] [autosaved]Sujit Karpe
This document provides an overview of the autonomic nervous system and discusses various adrenergic and cholinergic drugs. It defines the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and describes how adrenergic drugs stimulate the sympathetic system while cholinergic drugs stimulate the parasympathetic system. It then discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, effects and uses of various adrenergic and cholinergic drugs including catecholamines, alpha and beta receptor agonists and antagonists, anticholinesterases and direct acting cholinergic drugs. It also touches on myasthenia gravis and organophosphorus poisoning.
This document discusses several classes of drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system and neuromuscular junction. It describes drugs that act as agonists or antagonists at adrenergic and cholinergic receptors in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. It also discusses drugs that affect the release or reuptake of neurotransmitters, as well as ganglionic blocking drugs that inhibit transmission between pre- and postganglionic neurons. Finally, it summarizes drugs that enhance or block transmission at the neuromuscular junction.
Autonomic nervous system ( by Dr. Takele Beyene,DVM,MSc,@AAU)AAU
I have no contribution in any part of all my lecture notes on slideshare, but I've just saved them as to make them ma favorites, then 2get them anywhere I go!!! Here, one 've 2know that I never let him/her save the lectures & Every body is blocked of downloading the notes! When you read the notes online GIVE PRIOR THANKS FOR MY INSTRUCTORS & I NEED NO THANKS !!! Omega Kifle
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates involuntary functions and has two divisions: the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Both use two neurons - a preganglionic neuron that synapses in an autonomic ganglion and a postganglionic neuron that innervates the target organ. In the PNS, acetylcholine is released at both synapses to activate nicotinic then muscarinic receptors. In the SNS, acetylcholine is released at the ganglion, while norepinephrine is released at the organ to activate adrenergic receptors. The PNS activates "rest and digest" functions, while the SNS activates "fight
The document discusses the parasympathetic nervous system and parasympathomimetic drugs. It provides details on:
- The parasympathetic nervous system originates from the brainstem and sacral region and uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
- Parasympathomimetic drugs like acetylcholine, muscarine, and anticholinesterases act to stimulate parasympathetic responses. Direct acting drugs activate cholinergic receptors while indirect drugs inhibit acetylcholinesterase.
- These drugs have therapeutic uses for conditions like glaucoma, urinary retention, and myasthenia gravis. Combinations of drugs are sometimes used to achieve optimal effects while minimizing side effects.
This document discusses drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system. It focuses on the parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter acetylcholine and drugs that interact with acetylcholine receptors. Acetylcholine is the major neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system and activates muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Drugs that mimic acetylcholine, called cholinergic drugs, directly activate muscarinic receptors or indirectly increase acetylcholine levels by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Examples include pilocarpine, neostigmine, and organophosphate pesticides. Anticholinergic drugs such as atropine competitively block muscarinic receptors, producing effects like tachy
This document discusses drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system, specifically cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs. It begins by explaining that cholinergic drugs act on acetylcholine receptors, while anticholinergic drugs block these receptors. Acetylcholine is described as the neurotransmitter of the cholinergic system. Examples of direct and indirect acting cholinergic drugs are provided. Clinical uses and effects of specific cholinergic drugs like Bethanechol and Pilocarpine are summarized. Common anticholinergic drugs such as Atropine are also discussed in detail, outlining their mechanisms and therapeutic uses in conditions like peptic ulcer disease and asthma. Side effects of anticholinergic over
This document discusses drugs that act on the central nervous system (CNS), specifically sedative-hypnotic drugs. It covers the classification of CNS depressants like benzodiazepines and barbiturates. It describes their mechanisms of action, effects on the CNS, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and liver. It also discusses their therapeutic uses, adverse effects, dependence and abuse potential, as well as management of overdoses.
The document discusses drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system, including:
- Adrenergic drugs that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system by mimicking norepinephrine and epinephrine. This includes both catecholamines and non-catecholamines.
- Adrenergic blockers that block the actions of norepinephrine and epinephrine at adrenergic receptor sites. This includes both alpha-blockers and beta-blockers.
- Cholinergic drugs that stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system by mimicking acetylcholine, and anticholinergic drugs that block acetylcholine's actions. Cholinergic drugs can be direct-acting or indirect-
The document discusses synapses and the autonomic nervous system. It describes two types of synapses - chemical and electrical. The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems which regulate organs through the release of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and norepinephrine. The effects of these systems are described for various organs. Drugs can act as agonists or antagonists at cholinergic and adrenergic receptors to influence the autonomic nervous system.
This document discusses cholinergic agonists, which are drugs that act on receptors activated by acetylcholine in the autonomic nervous system. It describes the synthesis and mechanisms of acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. It then discusses various direct-acting cholinergic agonists like bethanechol, carbachol, and pilocarpine and their actions and uses. Pilocarpine is used topically to treat glaucoma by contracting the iris and ciliary muscles. The document also covers indirect agonists known as anticholinesterases, which inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and thereby increase acetylcholine levels. Physostigmine is an example of a reversible anticholinesterase
This lecture introduces the principles of neuropharmacology and the chemical signaling systems of the central nervous system (CNS). The key learning objectives are to understand the importance of neuropharmacology, explain the chemical signaling in the CNS, describe the targets of drug action and the role of the blood brain barrier. It then discusses the major neurotransmitters of the CNS including glutamate, GABA, glycine, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine and histamine. It explains the synthesis, mechanisms and functions of each neurotransmitter and examples of drugs that act on their receptors.
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are stress hormones involved in the fight or flight response. Norepinephrine is released by neurons and the adrenal gland, while epinephrine is produced solely in the adrenal gland. Both play essential roles in stress responses, blood pressure, and metabolism. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, sleep, and cognitive functions. Imbalances in serotonin have been linked to depression, suicide, impulsivity, and aggressiveness.
This document summarizes the pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system. It describes drugs that act on the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, including sympathomimetic drugs that cause norepinephrine release or block adrenergic activity, parasympathomimetic drugs, anticholinesterase drugs that potentiate parasympathetic effects, and antimuscarinic drugs that block cholinergic activity. It also discusses drugs that stimulate or block autonomic postganglionic neurons, such as acetylcholine, nicotine, and ganglionic blocking drugs like hexamethonium.
The document discusses the nervous system, specifically focusing on the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and its divisions - the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and somatic nervous system. It provides details on the ANS, including its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The parasympathetic system uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter which acts on nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Cholinergic drugs that act as parasympathomimetics are used to treat various conditions like glaucoma. Pilocarpine is commonly used as a parasympathomimetic eye drop to reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma by contracting the ciliary muscle and increasing drainage of aqueous humor through the trabecular
Introduction to Central Nervous system Pharmacology : Dr Rahul Kunkulol's Pow...Rahul Kunkulol
This document provides an introduction to the central nervous system (CNS) and its neurotransmitters. It discusses several topics, including:
- Non-specific CNS stimulants like cocaine, alcohol, and caffeine that act by blocking inhibitory neurotransmission or directly exciting the CNS.
- Different levels of CNS depression ranging from calming to respiratory/cardiovascular collapse and death.
- Major topics covered regarding the CNS including sedative hypnotics, anesthesia, opioid analgesics, antiepileptics, and psychopharmacology.
- Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters like glutamate, GABA, and dopamine systems in the brain.
- Dopamine pathways and
UNIT III_cholinergic neurotransmitter agonistSONALI PAWAR
The document discusses cholinergic neurotransmitters and parasympathomimetic agents. It begins by providing an overview of acetylcholine as the principal neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. It then discusses the classification of parasympathomimetic agents into direct-acting agents like acetylcholine and indirect-acting agents like cholinesterase inhibitors. The document also covers the structure and mechanisms of several parasympathomimetic drugs including carbachol, bethanechol, methacholine, pilocarpine, physostigmine, and neostigmine. It concludes by describing the cholinergic receptors, muscarinic and nicotinic, and their distributions in the body.
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary body functions through two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic division uses the neurotransmitter norepinephrine to activate the fight or flight response. The parasympathetic division uses acetylcholine primarily to restore and maintain bodily functions at rest. Both systems work in opposition through receptors to precisely control organs like the heart, lungs, and digestive system. Diseases like Horner's syndrome involving the ANS can impact functions like sweating and eye movement. Tests of the ANS evaluate responses like heart rate and blood pressure with activities like breathing and standing.
Sympathomimetics are drugs that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and mimic the effects of sympathetic neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and epinephrine. They act on adrenergic receptors in smooth muscles and produce effects like increased heart rate, blood pressure, and bronchodilation. Examples include epinephrine, albuterol, and isoproterenol. Sympatholytics block the effects of sympathetic neurotransmitters and include alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockers used to treat conditions like hypertension. Parasympathomimetics mimic acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system to slow the heart and increase gland secretion. They include direct-acting cholinergics and indirect-acting inhibitors
Drugs acting on ANS By MIW sir ,department of pharmacy,university of rajshahi...drraju928
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions through its two main branches - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system is involved in the body's fight or flight response and activates processes like increased heart rate, while the parasympathetic nervous system is involved in rest and digest functions like digestion. Drugs can target the autonomic nervous system by acting on receptors in its pathways, like adrenergic receptors modulated by sympathomimetic drugs that mimic sympathetic effects or sympatholytic drugs that block sympathetic effects. These drugs have clinical applications in conditions like low blood pressure, asthma, and hypertension.
The document discusses drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system, including cholinergic drugs. It describes how acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. Cholinergic drugs can either directly activate cholinergic receptors as agonists or indirectly increase acetylcholine levels by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Direct agonists include choline esters and alkaloids which have longer duration than acetylcholine. Indirect agonists are reversible inhibitors like neostigmine or irreversible inhibitors such as organophosphates that can cause toxic effects by persistently increasing acetylcholine levels. These drugs have various therapeutic uses as well as adverse effects depending on their mechanism and selectivity
The document provides information about the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It describes that the ANS acts involuntarily to control organs like the heart, lungs, intestines and glands. The ANS has two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems which generally work in opposition. The sympathetic system prepares the body for "fight or flight" while the parasympathetic system helps with "rest and digest" functions. Key neurotransmitters that are discussed are norepinephrine for the sympathetic system and acetylcholine for the parasympathetic system. Drugs can mimic or block these neurotransmitters to affect ANS functions.
Cholinergic receptors and its modulators(agonists, antagonists etc)Asif Hussain
This document summarizes the autonomic nervous system and its parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions. It describes the cholinergic and muscarinic receptors involved in parasympathetic signaling and their roles. Anticholinergic drugs like atropine that block muscarinic receptors are discussed. Their clinical uses to treat conditions like asthma, Parkinson's disease, and GI disorders are highlighted. The document also notes side effects of anticholinergics and drug interactions to watch out for. Ganglion blocking drugs are briefly mentioned at the end.
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary body functions through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division uses norepinephrine as its neurotransmitter and is active during fight or flight responses. The parasympathetic division uses acetylcholine and is active during rest. Both have preganglionic and postganglionic neurons connected by autonomic ganglia. The ANS regulates functions of organs like the heart, blood vessels, lungs, GI tract and more to maintain homeostasis.
The document provides information about the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It describes the ANS as having two main divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses, while the parasympathetic system allows for "rest and digest" functions. Key differences between the two divisions are described, including their origins in the spinal cord/brain and targets in the body. The pathways of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons, as well as autonomic ganglia, are outlined. Neurotransmitters and receptors of each division are also detailed.
The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic system activates the fight or flight response and increases heart rate and metabolism. The parasympathetic system activates the rest and digest response and decreases heart rate and metabolism. Together they control involuntary functions like breathing and digestion. The autonomic nervous system operates through the release of acetylcholine and norepinephrine which bind to nicotinic, muscarinic, alpha, and beta receptors.
This document discusses the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and how drugs can influence it. The ANS is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The parasympathetic system uses acetylcholine at ganglionic and organ synapses. The sympathetic system uses acetylcholine at ganglionic synapses and norepinephrine at organ synapses. Drugs can mimic or block the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and norepinephrine, acting as agonists or antagonists respectively to influence the ANS.
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions through two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter and activates the fight or flight response. The parasympathetic system uses acetylcholine and activates rest and digest functions. Both systems target glands, muscles and organs through nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholinesterase terminates the action of acetylcholine at synapses.
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) modulates the activity of involuntary organs like the heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. It has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division prepares the body for emergencies through effects like increased heart rate and dilation of bronchioles. The parasympathetic division has opposite relaxing effects and prepares the body for rest. The ANS uses acetylcholine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters and targets organs through muscarinic, nicotinic, and adrenergic receptors. Drugs can mimic or block the effects of the ANS. Diseases and toxins can also impact the ANS.
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary body functions like heart rate, respiration, digestion and more. It has two divisions:
The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for "fight or flight" through responses like increased heart rate and dilated pupils. It uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter.
The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body "rest and digest" with functions like digestion, salivation and pupil constriction. It uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
Together these two divisions work to maintain homeostasis and control internal organs through a two-neuron pathway, with cell bodies located in the spinal cord or brainstem and ganglia between pre- and postganglionic neurons.
The document discusses the autonomic nervous system. It is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division is active during fight or flight responses and uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter. It targets smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and glands. The parasympathetic division is dominant at rest and uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. It targets glands and the digestive system. Both divisions contain two neurons in their pathways and signal through cholinergic or adrenergic receptors to elicit responses in target tissues.
This document provides an overview of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It describes the ANS as having sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions that work to regulate involuntary body functions like heart rate and digestion. The sympathetic nervous system uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter and prepares the body for "fight or flight" while the parasympathetic uses acetylcholine and allows the body to "rest and digest". The document discusses how drugs can mimic or block these neurotransmitters to stimulate or inhibit the ANS.
Sympathomimetic drugs mimic the effects of endogenous agonists of the sympathetic nervous system like epinephrine and norepinephrine. They can be classified based on their chemical nature, mode of action, receptor activation, and therapeutic use. Examples include catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine, as well as non-catecholamines. These drugs work by directly or indirectly activating alpha and beta receptors. Common uses include treatment of hypotension, bronchodilation for asthma, and cardiac stimulation. While helpful medications, they can also cause adverse effects like high blood pressure, arrhythmias, and anxiety if not carefully monitored.
1. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary functions like digestion, respiration, and heart rate. It is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
2. The ANS is composed of neurons with cell bodies located in the central nervous system that connect to peripheral ganglia. Its pathways involve two neurons, while somatic pathways only involve one neuron.
3. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response and generally accelerates functions. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to slow functions down and is associated with "rest and digest".
13062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
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केरल उच्च न्यायालय ने 11 जून, 2024 को मंडला पूजा में भाग लेने की अनुमति मांगने वाली 10 वर्षीय लड़की की रिट याचिका को खारिज कर दिया, जिसमें सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की एक बड़ी पीठ के समक्ष इस मुद्दे की लंबित प्रकृति पर जोर दिया गया। यह आदेश न्यायमूर्ति अनिल के. नरेंद्रन और न्यायमूर्ति हरिशंकर वी. मेनन की खंडपीठ द्वारा पारित किया गया
Youngest c m in India- Pema Khandu BiographyVoterMood
Pema Khandu, born on August 21, 1979, is an Indian politician and the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. He is the son of former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Dorjee Khandu. Pema Khandu assumed office as the Chief Minister in July 2016, making him one of the youngest Chief Ministers in India at that time.
Howard Fineman, Veteran Political Journalist and TV Pundit, Dies at 75
Human nervous system test
1. Human Nervous system
The nervoussystemcontrolsall the majorfunctionsof the body.Itis dividedintocentral andperipheral
nervoussystems.The peripheral nervoussystemincludesthe somaticand
autonomicnervoussystemswhichcontrol voluntaryand involuntaryfunctionsrespectively.
The ANS controlsthe vegetativefunctionsof the body.These include functionslike circulation,
respiration,digestionandthe maintenanceof bodytemperature
2. Peripheral NervousSystem
Cranial Nerves
12 pairs
Originate inbrainand leave the skull throughforamina.
Spinal Nerves
31 pairs
Originate inspinal cordand leave itthroughintervertebral foramina.
Spinal Cord
Cervical segment8pairs(C1-C8)
Thoracic segment12 pairs(T1-T12)
Lumbersegment5 pairs(L1-L5)
Sacral segment5pairs(S1-S5)
Coccygeal segment1pair
ANS AutonomicNervousSystem
The ANS issubdividedintotwomajorsub-divisions;thisclassificationisbasedonboth anatomicand
physiologicgrounds;the two subdivisionsare sympathetic(thoracolumbarT1-L2/L3)) and
parasympathetic(craniosacral S2-S4,Cranial Nerves3,7,9,10).
Autonomicnervesare actuallycomposedof twoneuronsystems,termedpreganglionicand
postganglionic,basedonanatomical locationrelative tothe ganglia.A preganglionicneuronhasitscell
bodyin the spinal cordor brain.
The sympatheticnervoussystemarisesfromthe thoracicandlumbarareas of the spinal cord
and the preganglionicfibersforthe parasympatheticnervoussystemarise fromthe cranial andsacral
nerves.The postganglionicneuronssendtheiraxonsdirectlytothe effectororgans(peripheral
involuntaryvisceral organs).
AutonomicNervous System
ANS acts on smooth muscles & glands
- Controls& regulationof the heart,respiratory.system, GItract,bladder,eyes&glands
- Involuntary - personhaslittle ornocontrol
Somatic- voluntary - personhascontrol (skeletal muscle)
AutonomicNervous System
Central NervousSystem(CNS) - Brainandspinal cord
Peripheral NervousSystem(PNS)- Locatedoutside the brain&spinal cord
* AutonomicNervousSystem(ANS) &the somatic
The PNS receivesstimulifromthe CNS& initiatesresponsestothe stimuli afterit’sinterpretedbythe
brain
ANS
2. ANShas 2 setsof neurons:
1. Afferent(sensory) - sendsimpulsestothe CNSforinterpretation
2. Efferent- receivesimpulses(info.) fromthe brain&transmitsfromthe spinal cordto the effector
organ cells
- 2 branches - sympathetic& parasympatheticnervoussystem
Figure 20-2.
SympatheticandParasympatheticEffectsonBodyTissues
In termsof function,the parasympatheticnervoussystemisconcernedprimarilywith
conservationandrestorationof function.
In contrast,the sympatheticnervoussystemisconcernedwiththe expenditure of energy,i.e
ANS- Sympatheticnervous system(Adrenergic)
SympatheticNervousSystem(adrenergic) Norepinephrine =neurotransmitter
- Drugs that mimic= adrenergicdrugs,sympathomimetic,oradrenomemetics
* Adrenergicagonists- Drugsinitiatea response
- Drugs that block= adrenergicblockers,sympatholyticoradrenolytics
* Adrenergicantagonists - preventaresponse
Receptorsthatrespondto adrenergicnerve transmitterare termedadrenergicreceptors.These
receptorsare subdividedintoalphaandbetaadrenoreceptortypesonthe basisof bothagonist
and antagonistselectivity.The receptorshave subclassesdependingondrugselectivity.These
are alpha1 and2 and beta1, 2 and 3.
ANS
4 typesof adrenergicreceptororgancells:
1. Alpha-1= vasoconstrictionof bloodvessels
inc.bloodreturnto heart,inc.circulation,inc.BP
2. Alpha-2= inhibitsreleaseof norepinephrine
dec. invasoconstriction,dec.BP
3. Beta-1 = inc.inheart rate & force of contraction
4. Beta-2 = relaxationof smoothmuscle inbronchi,uterus,peripheral bloodvessels
3. ANS - ParasympatheticNervous System(Cholinergic)
ParasympatheticorCholinergicNervousSystem
Acetylcholine =neurotransmitter
- Drugs that mimic= cholinergicdrugs,parasympathomimetics
Cholinergicagonists - initiatesaresponse
- Drugs that block= anticholinergic,parasympatholytics
Cholinergicantagonists - preventsaresponse
Sympathomimetic
pathway
Norepinephrine
From adrenergicneuron
Inc. heartrate
Pupil dilation
Adrenergic(sympathomimetic) agents
Fightor Flight
Parasymathomimetic
pathway
Acetylcholine
From cholinergicneuron
Dec. heartrate
pupil constriction
Cholinergic(parasympathomimeticagents)
AdrenergicsandAdrenergicBlockers
Drugs that Stimulate the sympatheticNervousSystem(adrenergics,adrenergicagonists,
sypathomimetics,oradrenomimetics)
Mimic the sympatheticneruotransmittersnorepinephrine andepinephrine
Act on one or more adrenergicreceptorsiteslocatedonthe cellsof smoothmuscles - heart,
bronchioles,GItract,bladder,eye.
4 mainreceptors(alpha-1,alpha-2,beta-1,beta-2)
SYMPATHETIC RESPONSES
4. Sympathomimetics/Adrenomimetics
Stimulate adrenergicreceptors:3categories
1. Direct-acting= directlystimulatesreceptors
(epinephrineornorepinephrine)
2. Indirect-acting=stimulatesrelease of norep.fromvesiclesof adrenergicneuron,blockthe reuptake of
noradrenaline (amphetamine)
3. Mixed-acting(indirect&direct) =stimulatesreceptorsites&releaseof norep.fromadrenergic
neuron(Ephedrine)
SympathomimeticAgents/ Adrenergics
Action- Many of the adrenergicdrugsstimulate more thanone of the adrenergicreceptorsites(alpha&
Beta)
Response =Inc. BP,pupil dilation,inc.HR,&bronchodilation
Use = Cardiac stimulation,bronchodilator,decongestant
Side effects=State of hyperactivityinbody
Sympathomimetics/Adrenergics
Albuterol - Beta-2agonist(bronchodilation)(Increasesairflow tolungs)
5. Use - bronchospasm,asthma,bronchitis
SE – headache,dizziness,NVD,Sleepproblems
Epinephrine - stimulatesalpha&betareceptors(ActsquicklytoconstrictBloodvessels,broncodilation
, helpstostop swellingonface)
Use -Severe allergicreaction(Anaphylaxis),cardiac arrest
SE - nervousness,agitation(anxietyornervousexcitement)
AdrenergicAgents
Dopamine - alpha-1& beta-1stimulation(Increase contractilityandCardiacoutput,Vasoconstriction
alpha1 effect,Increase bloodflow tokidneys)
Use – Hypotensionthatoccur wheninshockwhichmaybe causedbyheart attack , trauma andother
seriousconditions.Itincreasescardiacoutput,improve perfusiontovital organs
ADRENERGIC DRUGS
Review of functions of sympathetic nervous system receptors
Alpha 1—vasoconstriction, increase BP
Alpha 2-negative feedback causes less norepinephrine to be released so BP is reduced
Beta 1—increased heart rate
Beta 2—bronchodilation, Relaxation of smooth muscles of bronchi, uterus
Beta 3—actual site for lipolysis
What is AdergenicDrug?
As their name suggests, these drugs resemble sympathetic nerve stimulation in their effects;
They may be divided into two groups on the basics of their chemical structure.
1. CATECHOLAMINES:-these are compounds which have the catechol nucleus.
Catecholamines have a direct action on sympathetic effectors cells through interactions with
receptor sites on the cell membrane.
The group includes adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, isoprenaline, and dobutamine
2. NONCATECHOLMINES:- lack the catechol nucleus.
They may directly act on the receptors or may indirectly release the physiologic
catecholaminese.{ephedrine, phenylephrine, amphetamine}
Adrenergic drugs, like cholinergic drugs, can be grouped by mode of action and by the
spectrum of receptors that they affect.
Oral Usability:-Catecholamines are ineffective orally because they are quickly metabolized by
COMT and MAO whereas noncatecholamines are effective orally because they are metabolized
slowly.
Durationofaction: Catecholamines have shorter duration of action whereas
noncatecholamines have longer duration.
CNS penetration:Catecholamines have poor penetration into CNS whereas non catecholamines
are less polar so more penetration in CNS.
6. Sympathomimetics/Adrenomimetics
Stimulate adrenergicreceptors:3categories
1. Direct-acting= directlystimulatesreceptors(epinephrine ornorepinephrine,Phenylephrine)
2. Indirect-acting=stimulatesrelease of norep.fromvesiclesof adrenergicneuron,blockthe reuptake
of noradrenaline (amphetamine,cocaine)
3. Mixed-acting(indirect&direct) =stimulatesreceptorsites&releaseof norepinephrinefrom
adrenergicneuron(Ephedrine,Psedoephederine)
Organ-systemEffectsof Activationofthe AdrenergicSystem
1. CVS:
a. Heart: increasedrate andforce of contraction,increasedcardiacoutput,myocardial demand,andAV
conduction
b. BloodVesselsandBloodpressure:constrictionof bloodvessels,increase inBP
2. SmoothMuscle:
a. Bronchi:relaxation.
b. Uterus:relaxationof the pregnantuterus
c. GIT: relaxationof wall musclesanddecrease motility
d. Bladder:relaxationof detrusormuscle;urinaryretention
7. 3. Eye: mydriasis;reductionof intraocularpressure innormal andglacucomatouseyes
4. Respiration:Bronchodilatation;reliefof congestion;mildstimulationof respiration
5. Metabolic:Increasedhepaticglycogenolysis;increasedfree fattyacidsinthe blood(lipolysis)
6. CNS: excitement,vomiting,restlessness
ADRENALINE
Pharmacokinetics
Adrenalineisrapidlydestroyedinthe gastrointestinaltract,conjugated,andoxidizedinthe liver.
It istherefore ineffective whengivenorallyandshouldbe givenintramuscularlyorsubcutaneous.
Intravenousinjectionishighlydangerousandislikelytoprecipitate ventricularfibrillation
Individualadrenergicdrugs
Epinephrine—prototype
Effectsinclude:increasedBP,increasedheartrate,relaxationof bronchial smoothmuscle,
vasoconstrictioninperipheral bloodvessels
Pharmacodynamics
Adrenalinedirectlystimulatesall the adrenergic receptorsbothandbringsabouteffectsof sympathetic
nerve stimulation.Itsactionmaybe dividedintotwo,dependingonthe type of receptorstimulated.
The α effectsconsistof vasoconstrictioninskinandviscera,mydriasis,plateletaggregationand some
increase inbloodglucose.
The ß effectsconsistsof increasedcontractilityandrate of heart,bronchial relaxation(ß2) uterine
relaxation(ß2),hyperglycemiaandincreasedcirculatingfree fattyacids.
Indications
1. Anaphylaxis
2. Acute bronchial asthma
3. Cardiac arrest
Contraindication
1. Coronarydiseases
2. Hyperthyroidism
3. Hypertension
4. Digitalistherapy
5. Injectionaroundendarteries
NOR ADRENALINE
Nor adrenaline isthe mediatorreleasedbynerve impulsesandvariousdrugsfromthe postganglionic
adrenergicnerves.
It alsoconstitutes20%of the adrenal medullacatecholamineoutput.
Pharmacokinetics
Like adrenaline,noradrenaline isineffective orallysoithas tobe givenintravenouslywithcaution.
It isnot givensubcutaneous orintramuscularlybecauseof itsstrongvasoconstrictoreffect.
The metabolismissimilartoadrenaline;onlyalittle is
excretedunchangedinurine.
Pharmacodynamics
Nor adrenaline isapredominantlyα receptoragonistwithrelativelylessβagonist actionwhen
comparedto adrenaline.
Indication
Nor adrenalinesisusedashypertensiveagentinhypotensive states
8. Adverseeffectsinclude:
- Anxiety,headache,bradycardiaare commonside effects
- Severe Hypertensioninsensitive individuals
ISOPRENALINE DOPAMINE, DOBUTAMINE.
These are the othercatecholamineswhichhave similarpropertiestoadrenalineandnoradrenaline.
Dopamine isnaturallyoccurringandisa precursor of noradrenaline.The othertwo-isoprenalineand
dobutamine- are synthetic.
These drugshave advantage overthe othersbecause theyare more selective intheiractionsothat
theyhave fewerside effectsthanadrenaline andnoradrenaline.
Dopamine anddobutamine are veryusefuldrugsforthe treatmentof shock.Isoprenaline isused for
bradycardia.
Anti-adrenergics
Sympatholytic
Blockor decrease the effectsof sympatheticnerve stimulation,endogenouscatecholaminesand
adrenergicdrugs
Antiadrenergics—mechanisms ofactionand effects
Can occur by blockingalpha1 receptorspostsynaptically,Orbystimulationpresynapticalpha2
receptors.
Resultsinreturnof norepineprhinetopresynapticsite.Activatesalpha2resultinginnegative feedback.
Decreasesrelease of additionalnorepinephrine.
Alpha-Adrenergic Agonists and blockingagents
Alpha2 agonistsinhibitrelease of norepinephrineinbrain;thus,decrease effectsonentire body
Resultsindecrease of BP
Alsoaffectspancreaticisletcells,thussome suppressionof insulinsecretion
Alpha1 adrenergicblockingagents
Act on bloodvessels,eye andGItract
Effects:
Dilationof arteriolesandveins
Decreasedbloodpressure,
Pupillaryconstriction,
Increasedmotilityof GItract
Alpha 1 antagonists:
Minipress(prazosin)—prototype.
TerazosinandDoxasocin—bothare longeractingthanMinipress.
All of these drugsdecreasesbloodpressureandare usedintreatinghypertension
Beta adrenergicblockingmedications
Preventreceptorsfromrespondingtosympatheticnerve impulses,catecholaminesandbetaadrenergic
drugs.
Effectsofbeta blockingdrugs
Decreasedheartrate
Decreasedforce of contraction
DecreasedCO
Slowcardiac conduction
Decreasedreninsecretionfromkidneys
DecreasedBP
Bronchoconstriction
9. Lesseffective metabolismof glucose.Mayresultinmore pronouncedhypoglycemiaandearlys/sof
hypoglycemiamaybe blocker(tachycardia)
Regitine (phentolamine)
Usedfor extravasationof potentvasoconstrictors(dopamine,norepinephrine) intosubcutaneous
tissues
Beta blockingmedications
Mainlyfor cardiovasculardisorders(angina,dysrhythmias,hypertension,MI)
In angina,betablockersdecrease myocardial oxygenconsumptionbydecreasingrate,BPand
contractility.SlowconductionbothinSA node andAV node.
Beta blockers
Possiblyworkbyinhibitionof renin,decreasingcardiacoutputandbydecreasingsympathetic
stimulation
May worsenconditionof heartfailure May reduce riskof “suddendeath”
Beta blockers
Inderal (propranolol) isprototype
Useful intreatmentof hypertension,dysrhythmias,anginapectoris,MI
Receptor selectivity
Acetutolol,atenolol,betaxolol,esmolol,andmetoprolol are relativelycardioselective
These agentslose cardioselectionathigherdosesasmostorganshave both beta1 andbeta 2 receptors
Non-Receptorselectivity
Carteolol,levobunolol,metipranolol,nadolol,propranolol,sotalol andtimololare all non-selective
Can cause bronchoconstriction,peripheral vasoconstrictionandinterference withglycogenolysis
Combinationselectivity
Labetalol andcarvedilol (Coreg) blockalpha1receptorstocause vasodilation,reducingBPandbeta1
and beta2 receptorswhichaffectheartandlungs.
Both alphaand betapropertiescontributetoantihypertensive effect
Q.Whichof the followingdrugisusedfornasal congestion
A. Atenolol
B. Pseudoephederine
C. Prazocin
D. Inderal
Q. Whichof the followingistreatmentof shock?
A. Prazocin
B. Dopamine
C. Isoproterenol
D. Pseudoephedrine
Q. Phenylephrine is
A. Pure alphablocker B. Pure alphaagonist C. Pure betablocker D. Pure beta agonist
Q. Whichof the followingispropertyof catecholamines?
A. Itis orallyeffective because itisnotmetabolizedbyMAOand COMT
B. It hasshorterdurationofactionbecauseit is metabolizedbyMAOand COMT
C. It crossesbloodbrainbarrier D. None of the above
CHOLINERGIC DRUG
10. CHOLINERGIC ALKALOIDS.
1. Those withchieflynicotinicactionsincludenicotine,lobeline etc.
2. Those withchieflymuscarinicactionsinclude muscarine,pilocarpine,etc.
PILOCARPINE:
Pharmacokinetics
Thisdrug isreadilyabsorbedfromthe gastrointestinaltractand itis nothydrolyzedbycholinesterase
enzyme.Itisexcretedpartlydestroyedandpartlyunchangedinthe urine.
Pharmacodynamics
The drug directlystimulatesthe muscarinicreceptorstobringaboutall the muscariniceffectsof
acetylcholine.
Indications
• Glaucoma
ANTICHOLINESTERASE DRUGS
The commonlyusedcholinesteraseinhibitorsfall intothree chemical groups:
1. Simple alcoholsbearingquaternaryamines,e.g.,edrophonium
2. Carbamate and relatedquaternaryortertiaryamines,e.g.,neostigmine,physostigmine
3. Organic derivativesof phosphates,e.g.,isofluorophate,echothiophate
PHYSOSTIGMINE
Pharmacokinetics
Thisdrug iscompletelyabsorbedfromthe gastrointestinaland ishighlydistributedthroughout
the body;it can pass the bloodbrainbarrier.
Pharmacodynamics:
Inhibitsthe enzyme cholinesterase;therefore,itincreasesandprolongsthe effectof
endogenousacetylcholine atthe differentsites.Ithasnodirecteffectoncholinergicreceptors.
Indications
• Glaucoma
• Atropine overdosage
NEOSTIGMINE
Pharmacokinetics
Thisdrug ispoorlyabsorbedfromthe gastro intestinal tractandispoorlydistributedthroughout
the body;it cannot passthe bloodbrainbarrier.
Pharmacodynamics
Justlike physostigmine,itinhibitscholinesterase enzyme;butunlikephysostigmine,ithasa
directnicotinicactiononskeletal muscles.
INDICATIONS
• Myastheniagravis
• ParalyticIleus
• Reversal of effectof muscle relaxants,e.g.tubocurarine
• Postoperative urine retention
Organophosphates such as echothiophate, isofluorophate, etc. combine with
cholinesterase
Irreversiblyandthushydrolysisisveryslow.Theymaybe usedinglaucoma.Otherorganophosphates
like parathionandmalathionare usedasinsecticides.Poisoningwithorganophosphatesisanimportant
cause of morbidityandmortalityall overthe world.Itusuallyresultsfrom:
11. • Occupational exposure asinpersonsengagedinsprayinginsecticides,
• Accidental exposure,and Ingestionof anyof these compoundswithsuicidalintent
CholinergicOpSideEffectsDUMBBELS
I. Darrhea
II. Utination
III. M/muscle weaknes
IV. Bronchorrea
V. B radycardia
VI. E mos's
MG crisisvsCholinergiccrisis
Myastheniccrisis
Respiratorydistress
Increasedpulse and
bloodpressure
Poorcough
Secretionaspiration
Weakness –
Worse withedrophonium
• Cholinergiccrisis
Abdominal cramps
<-Diarrhes
Nausesandvomiting
-Excessive secretions
Miosis
Fasciculations
Dysphagia,Welnes
CholinergicDrugs-1(Summary)
▪ Twotypesof cholinergicreceptors(muscarinic&nicotinic)
▪ Muscarinicreceptors-smoothmuscles/cardiacmuscle/glands/CNS
Nicotinicreceptors-skeletalmuscles/ganglia/CNS
CholinergicDrugs(Direct& Indirect-acting)
AChactionson variousorgan systems
Choline esters&cholinomimeticalkaloids
What are the twotypesof cholinergicreceptors?
A. NicotinicandMuscarinic
B. NicotinicandAdrenergic
C. Alpha1 and Alpha2
D. None of the above
Which of the followingisnotthe side effectof ODof cholinergic effects?
A. Diarrhea
B. Urination
C. Miosis
D. Mydriasis
M2 receptorsact on
A. GI tract
B. Heart
C. Eye
D. Urinary tract
Betanechol isbetterthanCarbachol because?
A. It has fewersideeffects becauseofless nicotinicreceptors
B. It has fewerside effectsbecauseof lessmuscarinicreceptors
C. It has fewerside effectsbecause of more nicotinicreceptors
D. It has fewerside effectsbecauseof more muscarinicreceptors
12. Anticholinergic Drugs
Action
Usedto blockthe effectsof acetylcholine
Lyse,or blockeffectsof the PNS;alsocalledparasympatholyticagents
Uses (betterdrugsare available now)
Decrease GI activityandsecretions(treatulcers)
Decrease parasympatheticactivitiestoallow the sympatheticsystemtobecome more dominant
Anticholinergics/Parasympatholytics
Derivedfromthe plantBelladonna
Blockonlythe muscariniceffectorsinthe PNSandcholinergicreceptorsinthe SNS
Act by competingwithacetylcholineforthe muscarinicacetylcholine receptorsites
Do not blockthe nicotinicreceptors
Have little orno effectatthe neuromuscularjunction
EffectsofBlockingtheParasympatheticSystem
• Increase inheartrate
• Decrease inGI activity
Decrease inurinarybladdertone and function
Pupil dilation
Cycloplegia
ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS
Are those whichantagonise the effectof neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine (ACh) onautonomiceffectors&inthe CNSexertedthrough"Muscarinicreceptors".
Thoughnicotinicantagonistsalsoblockcertainactionsof Ach,theyare referredtoas "Ganglion
blockers"&"Neuromuscularblockers"
Muscarinicreceptorsite
Heart
Salivaryglands
Smoothmusclesof GIT
Genitourinarytract
Urinary bladder
Whichblockthe actionsof Ach on autonomiceffectorsandin the CNS;exertedthroughmuscarinic
receptors.• Nicotinicantagonistsare referredtoasganglionblockersandneuromuscularblockers.•
Prototype isATROPINE• Highlyselectiveformuscarinicreceptors.•Syntheticsubstitutespossess
nicotinicblockingproperties also.
Classification
Natural alkaloid - Atropine,Scopolamine(hyoscine)
Semi-syntheticderivative- Homatropine,
Atropine mithonitrate,Ipratropiumbromide.
Syntheticcompound -
a) Mydriatics:Cyclopentolate,tropicamide
b)Anti-seceretory –
13. Quarternary:Glycopyrolate,Propantheline,Isopropamide.
Tertiaryamines:Pirenzepine,Dicyclomine
c) Vasicoselective:Oxybutynin,flavoxate.
d)Anti-parkinsonian:Benzhexol,biperiden.
Actions
Blocksthe acetylcholinereceptorsatthe muscariccholinergic receptorsite
Indications
Decrease secretions
Restore cardiacrate and bloodpressure
Pylorospasmandhyperactivebowel.
Relax uterine hypertonicity
• Pharmacokinetics
Well absorbed
Widelydistributedthroughoutthe body
Crossthe bloodbrainbarrier
T ½ variesbasedonroute and drug
Excretedinthe urine
Anticholinergic Agents and Their Indications
Atropine
- Blocksparasympatheticeffectsinmanysituations
• Dicyclomine(Antispas,Dibent,andothers)
RelaxesGItract; treatshyperactive orirritable bowel
Glycopyrrolate(Robinul):Adjunctinthe treatmentof ulcers
Propantheline(Pro-Banthine):Adjunctinthe treatmentof ulcers
ATROPINE
Atropine isfoundinthe plantAtropabelladonnaanditis the prototype of muscarinicantagonists.
Pharmacokinetics
Atropine isabsorbedcompletelyfromall sitesof administrationexceptfromthe skinwall,where
absorptionisforlimitedextent;ithasgooddistribution.About60% of the drug is excretedunchangedin
urine.
Pharmacodynamics
Atropine antagonizesthe effectof acetylcholinebycompetingforthe muscarinicreceptors
peripherallyandinthe CNS;therefore the effectsof atropine are opposite tothe acetylcholine
effects.
Administrationof atropine cause fever?????????
Organ-system Effects:
Eyes: - Dilationof pupil(relaxationof constrictorpupillae)(mydriasis)
relaxationorweakeningof ciliarymuscle (cycloplegia-lossof the abilitytoaccommodate
Body Temperature:Increasedbodytemperaturedue tolossof sweatingand stimulationof temp
centersinhypothalamus
CVS:- Small doses:Decreaseheartrate
Large doses:Increasedheartrate,FacilitatesAV conduction
Respiratory:- bronchodilatationandreductionof secretion
14. GIT: - decreasedmotilityandsecretions
GUS:- Relaxessmoothmuscle of ureterandbladderwall;voidingisslowed.
SweatGlands,Salivary glands andLacrimation: - suppressessweating,salivationandlacrimation
Atropine
Depressessalivationandbronchial secretions
. Dilatesthe bronchi
• Inhibitsvagal responsesinthe heart
• Relaxesthe GIandgenitourinarytracts
InhibitsGIsecretions
Causesmydriasis
• Causescycloplegia
Clinical Indications
Pre anestheticmedication:Reducesexcessivesalivationandrespiratorysecretions
Ophthalmic:MydriaticandCycloplegiceffect
Anti spasmodic:Itisusedas an anti-spasmodictorelax GItract
CVS:It is usedto treatbradycardia
Anti-secretory agent: Blocksecretionsof upperandlowerrespiratorytractpriorto surgery
Anti-dotefor cholinergicagonist:Atropineisusedforthe treatmentof organophospate and
overdose of physostigmine.
Sideeffects
• Belladonapoisoningdue todrugoverdose.
• Dry mouth,difficutlyinswallowingandtalking.
Dry,flushedandhotskin.
Feverdifficultyinmicturition,decreasedbowel sounds.
Dilatedpupil,photophobia,blurringof nearvision.
Excitement,ataxia,delirium,hallucination.
Convulsionandcomamayoccur insevere poisoning
Drynessof the mouth
Tachycardia
Blurredvision
• Retentionof urine
CNS:confusionhallucinations,restlessnessmayprogresstodepression
Treatment: Physostigmine
Contraindications:Glaucoma&Bladderoutletobstruction
Anticholinergics
Anticholinergicseffectthe CNS&benefitpeople prone tomotionsickness
Scopolamine Patch- Classifiedasanantimuscarinicformotionsickness
- Topical skinpatchbehindthe earfor 3 days
Use = Preventionof motionsickness,cruisingonwater,flying,carsickness
Postoperative nauseaandvomiting
SE = Dry mouth,visual disturbances,pupil dilation,same asatropine
HYOSCINE (SCOPOLAMINE)
Thisdrug has the same effectasatropine exceptforsome differenceswhichincludes:-
- It has LONGER durationof action
- GreaterActionon CNS
15. 3. Betterforpreanestheticmedicationbecause of strongantisecretoryandantiemeticactionandalso
bringsaboutamnesia.
4. Can be usedforshort- travel motionsickness
SYNTHETIC ATROPINE DERIVATIVES
There are a numberof syntheticatropine derivatives,whichare usedinthe treatmentof various
conditions,theiractionsare similartothat of atropine buthave fewerside effects.Thesegroupsof
drugsinclude
In ophthalmology to producemydriasisand cycloplegia priortorefraction:Tropicamide and
Cyclopentolate
Anti parkinsonianatropinesubstitute: Benztropine,biperidine
Treatment of COPD and BronchialAsthma:IpratropiumandTiotropium
Atropinesubstitutes which decreaseurinary bladderactivity:Oxybutynin
Contraindications
Allergy
Anyconditionthatcouldbe exacerbatedbyblocking of the parasympatheticnervoussystem
• Glaucoma
• Pepticulcerdisease
Prostatichypertrophy
Bladderobstruction
AdverseReactions
Blurredvision
Mydriasis
Cycloplegia
Photophobia
Palpitations,bradycardia
Dry mouth,alteredtaste perception
Urinary hesitancyandretention
Decreasedsweating;predispositiontoheatprostration.
Quiz1: What isthe effectof atropine onheart?
A. It decreases heartrate insmalldoses and increases heartrateinlarge doses
B. It increasesheartrate in small dosesanddecreasesheartrate inlarge doses
C. Increasedcardiacactivityinbothsmall and large doses
D. Decreasedcardiacactivityinbothsmall and large doses
Quiz2: Whichof the followinganti cholinergicdrugisusedinmotionsickness?
A. Oxybutynin
B. Ipratropium
C. Scopolamine
D. Benztropine
Quiz3: Whichof the followinganti cholinergicdrugisusedinbronchial asthmaand COPD?
A. Oxybutynin
B. Ipratropium
C. Scopolamine
D. Benztropine
Quiz4:Which of the followinganti cholinergicdrugisAnti parkinsonian?
A. Oxybutynin
B. Ipratropium
C. Scopolamine
D. Benztropine
Quiz5
Atropine substituteswhichdecreasesurinarybladderactivity?
A.Oxybutynin
B. Ipratropium
C. Scopolamine
D. Benztropine