Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy are the adaptations during pregnancy that a woman's body undergoes to accommodate the growing embryo or fetus. ... The pregnant woman and the placenta also produce many other hormones that have a broad range of effects during the pregnancy.
physiology of labor includes the contraction and retraction of the muscles of uterus. I hope this presentation will help the persons of concerned subject.
physiology of labor includes the contraction and retraction of the muscles of uterus. I hope this presentation will help the persons of concerned subject.
Physiological changes in second stage of laborDR MUKESH SAH
There is an interplay of physiological processes occurring during the second stage of labour. Second stage is said to have two phases, latent and active. It is during the latent phase that the presenting part passes through the fully dilated cervix to the birth canal.
This topic contains detailed description about labour, its definition, date of onset of labour, calculations of date of delivery, causes of onset of labour, physiology of normal labour, and events, clinical course and management of each stages of labour.
physiological changes during pregnancy
effect of pregnancy on physiological functions during pregnancy
cardiovascular, respiratory and hormonal changes
Shifa Riaz
gynecology
obstetrics
females
Physiological changes in second stage of laborDR MUKESH SAH
There is an interplay of physiological processes occurring during the second stage of labour. Second stage is said to have two phases, latent and active. It is during the latent phase that the presenting part passes through the fully dilated cervix to the birth canal.
This topic contains detailed description about labour, its definition, date of onset of labour, calculations of date of delivery, causes of onset of labour, physiology of normal labour, and events, clinical course and management of each stages of labour.
physiological changes during pregnancy
effect of pregnancy on physiological functions during pregnancy
cardiovascular, respiratory and hormonal changes
Shifa Riaz
gynecology
obstetrics
females
Assessment and management of pregnancy (antenatal) ppt.pptxMeenakshiJohn1
In this assessment and management describe about the reproductive health ,disorder of reproductive health and about pre conception ,genetic counseling and the physiological changes in the reproductive system of pregnant women .briefly knowledge about hematological changes and also the changes of cardiovascular system during pregnancy . the important role of endocrine gland during pregnancy .thyroid and the important role of a hormones and their maintenance .and their minor ailments in pregnancy or discomforts of pregnancy .sign and symptoms of pregnancy
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Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis. This is a state of equilibrium. A healthy internal body temperature falls within a narrow window.
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When the body is exposed to extreme heat conditions, the body most important mechanism to dissipate heat and prevent an increase in core temperature is sweating but when in cold conditions, in order to prevent hypothermia, the body's main objective is heat conservation predominantly through peripheral vasoconstriction
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Then there are factors such as temperature, allergens, pollution and altitude that cannot be controlled and can have serious effects on human performance. Environmental factors such as temperature during competition can hinder performance if not taken seriously. The average body temperature is 37°C
Heat and humidity themselves force athletes to slow down, as does subsequent dehydration (which is especially relevant to long course racing). ... Instead, athletes should rely more heavily on rated perceived exertion and heart rate within the race, both of which will be higher than on mild days.
Heat acclimatization occurs when repeated exercise-heat exposures are sufficiently stressful to invoke profuse sweating and elevate body temperatures. Generally, about 1-2-wk of daily exposures of 90 min are required; but highly aerobic fit athletes can heat acclimatize in half that time.
Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis. This is a state of equilibrium. A healthy internal body temperature falls within a narrow window.
When the body is exposed to extreme heat conditions, the body most important mechanism to dissipate heat and prevent an increase in core temperature is sweating but when in cold conditions, in order to prevent hypothermia, the body's main objective is heat conservation predominantly through peripheral vasoconstriction
Then there are factors such as the temperature, allergens, pollution and altitude that cannot be controlled and can have serious effects on human performance. Environmental factors such as temperature during competition can hinder performance if not taken seriously. The average body temperature is 37°C
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These two categories of the theory are also referred to as non-programmed ageing theories based on evolutionary concepts (where ageing is considered the result of an organism's inability to better combat natural deteriorative processes), and programmed ageing theories (which consider ageing to ultimately be the result o
Gynecological surgery refers to surgery on the female reproductive system. Gynecological surgery is usually performed by gynecologists. It includes procedures for benign conditions, cancer, infertility, and incontinence. Gynecological surgery may occasionally be performed for elective or cosmetic purposes.
Elder Abuse Laws
Both federal and state laws address elder abuse, neglect and exploitation, but state law is the primary source of sanctions, remedies and protections related to elder abuse. Several tribes also have codes that address elder abuse (see the Native Indigenous Elder Justice Initiative for information on tribal codes and other resources). This page provides a brief overview of the major areas of federal and state law related to services for elder abuse victims, crimes against older persons, and civil remedies for elder abuse, neglect and exploitation. For information on laws related to elder abuse and guardianship for each of the states, see the state law map.
Cardio and muscle endurance
Aerobic exercise (also known as cardio) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. Aerobic literally means "relating to, involving, or requiring free oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen to adequately meet energy demands during exercise via aerobic metabolism. Generally, light-to-moderate intensity activities that are sufficiently supported by aerobic metabolism can be performed for extended periods of time
The below training fitness standards are different from the Applicant Physical Abilities Test (APAT) fitness standards.
This hand-out has been designed to educate the reader on the United States Secret Service Physical Fitness standards and the proper protocols necessary to accomplish those standards. Recruits who will be attending training at the James J. Rowley Training Center (JJRTC) are expected to arrive in good physical condition, ready to begin a functional fitness program.
The fitness evaluation measures strength, endurance, and aerobic capacity in four core elements. The core elements are Push-ups, Sit-ups, Chin-ups, and the 1.5 mile run. The fitness evaluation will be administered at the beginning, during, and end of training. Secret Service weapon carrying employees are additionally required to participate in the USSS Physical Fitness Evaluation quarterly.
The following point system will be applied to the fitness category level achieved by the student in accordance with their age and gender. The point system will be applied to the four (4) core elements of the U.S. Secret Service Individual Fitness Profile Evaluation.
A person may be referred to pelvic floor physical therapy to treat incontinence, difficulty with urination or bowel movements, constipation, chronic pelvic pain, and painful intercourse. Women may see a pelvic floor physical therapist for treatment of vaginismus or endometriosis.
The term metrorrhagia is often used for irregular menstruation that occurs between the expected menstrual periods. Oligomenorrhea is the medical term for infrequent, often light menstrual periods (intervals exceeding 35 days). Amenorrhea is the absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age.
Menopause is signaled by 12 months since last menstruation.
Common symptoms include hot flashes and vaginal dryness. There may also be sleep disturbances. The combination of these symptoms can cause anxiety or depression.
Menopause is a natural process with treatments that focus on symptomatic relief. Vaginal dryness is treated with topical lubricants or estrogen. Medications can reduce the severity and frequency of hot flushes. In special circumstances, oral hormone therapy may be used.
Job simulations are employment tests that ask candidates to perform tasks that they would perform on the job. Applicants complete tasks that are similar to tasks they would complete when actually working in the position on a day to day basis
Stay strong, be safe,geriatrics, fitness options and maintain your independence by integrating these top fitness options into your training plan. No matter your age, the best exercise for you is the one you enjoy the most. ...
Exercise tolerance testing (also known as exercise testing or exercise stress testing) is used routinely in evaluating patients who present with chest pain, in patients who have chest pain on exertion, and in patients with known ischaemic heart disease.
CBR vs IBR-CBR subject. Download [15.00 KB]. Author Amisha Angle Posted on December 2, 2016. Leave a Reply Cancel reply.Community Based Rehabilitation: With CBR, the locus of control should be with the community.
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Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
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One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
2. During pregnancy there is progressive anatomical
physiological, biochemical change not only
confined to genital organs but also to all other
systems of the body.
• Reproductive system
• Cardiovascular system
• Respiratory system
• Urinary system
• Breasts
• Weight gain
• Endocrine system
• Nervous system
• Digestive system
• Musculoskeletal
system
• Skin
3. INTRODUCTION
The changes of pregnancy are the direct result of the
interaction of 4 factors.
1. Hormonally mediated changes in the collagen and
involuntary muscle.
2. Increased total blood volume with increased blood flow
to the uterus and kidneys.
3. Growth of fetus enlargement and displacement of
uterus.
4. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• Changes of pregnancy are orchestrated by hormones and
their action.
• Progesterone, oestrogens and relaxin are the important
hormones.
5. • Progesterone is produced first by corpus luteum, then
by placenta.
• Output of corpus luteum reach maximum of 30 mg/24 hrs at
about 10 weeks and then declines.
• Placenta begins increasing production from 10 weeks.
• The amount produced rises from 75mg/24 hrs at 20 weeks
to 250-300mg/24 hrs at 40 weeks.
6. • Oesterogen is produced first by corpus
luteum, then by placenta.
• Output of about 5mg/24 hrs at 20 weeks and
50mg/24 hrs at 40 weeks.
• Relaxin is thought to be synthesized in the
corpus luteum and later in the decidua.
• It is produced as early as 2 weeks of
gestation, it is at highest level in the 1st
trimester and then drops by 20% to remain
steady till delivery
7. • Effect of progesterone
1. Reduction in tone of smooth muscle:
food may stay longer in stomach, nausea,
peristaltic activity reduced, increased water
absorption in colon, constipation, uterine
tone reduced, bladder tone reduced.
2. Increase in temperature
3. Reduction in alveolar & arterial Pco2
tension, hyperventilation.
4. Development of breasts, alveolar and
glandular milk producing cells.
8. • Effect of Oestrogens
1. Increase in growth of uterus and breast ducts.
2. Increasing level of prolactin to prepare breasts for
lactation.
3. Increased water retention, may cause sodium to be
retained.
9. • Effect of Relaxin
1. Gradual replacement of collagen in target
tissues with a remodelled modified form that
has greater extensibility and pliability.
2. Role in mammary growth
3. May have a role in cervical ripening
10.
11. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Amenorrhoea is first sign of pregnancy.
• Within few days of conception the color of the cervix will
change from pink to bluish shade.
• Cervix in the final weeks involves changes like- softening,
greater distensibiity and dilatation of cervix.
• Growing uterus rises out of pelvis to become an
abdominal organ at about 12 weeks of gestation
displaces the intestines
12. • In the final 2-3 weeks the fetal head comes in pelvic inlet.
The uterus increases in size.
• The weight of the uterine tissue increases from 50-1000g
at term.
• Increase in elasticity by hormonal influence.
• Isthmus develops to become the lower uterine segment.
• Muscle fibres of the uterus increase in activity and
coordinated contraction of the uterus, detected by 20
weeks of gestation.
13. • Bursts of irregular, short, usually painless
contractions become evident and systematic.
These are called Braxton Hicks
contractions.
• At some stage regular and increasingly painful
contractions establish and labour is said to
begin.
• The fetal heart can be heard using sonic- aid
from about 14 weeks and by stethoscope at
about 24-26 weeks.
• Fetal movement felt by multigravida between
16-18 weeks and by primigravida between 18-
20 weeks.
14.
15. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Blood volume increases by 40% or more to
cope up with increasing requirements of
uterine wall, placenta.
Increase in plasma than in red cells, hence
hemoglobin level falls by 80%.
Called physiological anemia, this causes
tiredness and malaise from early pregnancy
16. • Progestrone acts on smooth muscle of vessel wall to
produce hypotonia and cause rise in temperature.
Pregnant women have a good peripheral circulation
hence they don’t feel cold.
• Heart increase in size increase in stroke volume &
cardiac output by 30-50%. Small increase in heart rate.
• In 2nd trimester, little fall in BP. Hence fainting can occur.
17. • In 3rd trimester, wt of fetus may compress aorta & inferior
vena cava against lumbar spine in supine position.
• Dizziness and unconsciousness
• Pregnancy hypotensive syndrome
• Exercise in heat should be avoided as there are chances
of teratogenic effect of raised core temp in early weeks.
18. • Reasons for varicose veins and gravitational oedema are-
1. Vascular hypotonia
2. Downward pressure of the enlarging uterus
3. Weight gain
4. Raised intra-abdominal pressure
5. Progestrone and relaxin mediated changes in collagen
• Varicosites of vulva and anus (haemorrhoids,piles) may
occur.
19. • Oestrogens are responsible for fluid retention in body
tissue
• Shape of the eye changes.
• Increased peripheral circulation and hormonal stimulation,
mucous membranes (eg. Nasal, vaginal) become more
active n lush snuffy nose and increase vaginal
discharge.
20. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Resting respiratory rate - from 15 to 18 bpm
• Tidal volume - upto 40%
• Alveolar ventilation –
• Expiratory reserve volume –
• In 3rd trimester because of enlarging uterus the diaphragm
descents, by the term it displaces the diaphragm upward
by 4cm or more.
21. • Upward pressure of fetus causes flaring of ribs
• Subcostal angle increased by 10-15 cm.
• Relaxin softens costochondral junction and makes them
mobile
22. BREASTS
• By 3-4 weeks, enlargement begins. Stimulated by rising
level of oestrogens, progesterone and relaxin.
• Increases in Breasts weight in pregnancy is around 500-
800g.
• Sebum secreted assists the nipple to become more softer
and pliable.
• By 12th week pigmentation starts.
23. • Pigmentation is d/t stimulation of melanin production by
anterior pituitary.
• By 16th week colostrum can be expressed.
• Human milk ‘comes in’ about 3rd or 4th postpartum day.
24. SKIN
• Pigmentation is seen in linea alba, vulva and face.
• Stretch marks developed over buttocks, abdomen and
breast
• Increase in blood flow to the skin which increases the
activity of sebaceous and sweat glands
• Females are expected to drink more to compensate
• Fat is laid on thighs, upper arms, abdomen & buttocks
25.
26. URINARY SYSTEM
• Increased blood supply to kidney and urinary tract
• Increase in size of kidney by 1cm & Dilation of ureter , renal pelvis.
• In later pregnancy , uterus compresses the ureters at the pelvis brim ,
causing slowing of urine flow.
• Increases in urine output, small changes in tubular
• resorption .
• Increases frequency of micturition is noticed at 6-8 weeks of
pregnancy, which subsides after 12weeks .
• Stress incontinence may occur due to urethral sphinter weakness.
27. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Nausea, vomiting occur most commonly in early
pregnancy.
Muscle tone and motility of entire GI tract decrease due to
high progesterone level.
Decreased gastric secretions, increased gastric emptying
time.
Increased relaxation of smooth muscle and water
absorption in colon leads to constipation.
28. NERVOUS SYSTEM
Anxiety , increased mood lability , vivid nightmares, food
fads and insomnia are common.
More prone to compression of distal nerves because of
increase in fluid. Eg. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.
29. BODY WEIGHT GAIN
• Weight gain in first 20 weeks of pregnancy is small (0-
2)kg.
• It then increases to 1.0 kg/month to 30 weeks , then
increasing to 1.0kg/fortnight between 30 and 40 weeks.
30.
31. The total weight gain during the course of pregnancy for
woman averages 10-12 kg.
Weight distribution :
Breasts : 0.5 kg
Foetus : 3.3 kg
Blood volume : 1.2 kg
Placenta : 0.6 kg
Amniotic fluid : 0.8 kg
Uterus : 0.9 kg
Fat deposits : 4.0 kg
Extracellular fluid : 1.2 kg
32. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
• Generalized increase in joint laxity .
• The muscles of abdominal wall adapt to increasing foetal growth
with stretching of muscle fibres.
• Maternal COG shifts posteriorly to accommodate the increase
in abdominal size. this reduces stability & may results in
‘waddling gait’ .
• Women usually walks with wider base of support.
• Back pain is a common symptom in pregnancy.
33. • Thoracic and lumbar curves increase.
• Upper back become rounded , with scapular protraction ,
tightness of pectoralis muscles and scapular muscle
weakness
• Cervical lordosis increased which leads to forward head
posture.
• Many women experience painful muscle cramps during
pregnancy , mainly in lower limbs.