Uterine prolapse occurs when the uterus descends from its normal position due to weakened pelvic muscles and tissues. It is often caused by pregnancy, childbirth, obesity, menopause, or chronic conditions like coughing or constipation. Symptoms range from a feeling of heaviness to organs protruding from the vagina. Treatment options include pelvic floor exercises, pessaries, hormone therapy, and surgery to repair damaged tissues or remove the uterus. Surgical risks include infection, incontinence, and prolapse recurrence.
Uterine prolapse occurs when weakened or damaged muscles and connective tissues such as ligaments allow the uterus to drop into the vagina. Common causes include pregnancy, childbirth, hormonal changes after menopause, obesity, severe coughing and straining on the toilet.
Uterine prolapse occurs when weakened or damaged muscles and connective tissues such as ligaments allow the uterus to drop into the vagina. Common causes include pregnancy, childbirth, hormonal changes after menopause, obesity, severe coughing and straining on the toilet.
When fetal head is delivered, but shoulders are stuck and cannot be delivered it is known as shoulder dystocia.
The anterior shoulder becomes trapped behind on the symphysis pubis, whilst the posterior shoulder may be in the hollow of the sacrum or high above the sacral promontory.
Hydatidiform Mole (HM) is a rare mass or growth that forms inside the uterus at the beginning of a pregnancy. It is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD).
When a normal sperm cell fertilizes one of these oocytes, the resulting embryo has only one set of chromosomes. Because the embryo has no genes from the mother, the pregnancy cannot develop normally, resulting in a hydatidiform mole.
This topic contains detailed description about labour, its definition, date of onset of labour, calculations of date of delivery, causes of onset of labour, physiology of normal labour, and events, clinical course and management of each stages of labour.
When fetal head is delivered, but shoulders are stuck and cannot be delivered it is known as shoulder dystocia.
The anterior shoulder becomes trapped behind on the symphysis pubis, whilst the posterior shoulder may be in the hollow of the sacrum or high above the sacral promontory.
Hydatidiform Mole (HM) is a rare mass or growth that forms inside the uterus at the beginning of a pregnancy. It is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD).
When a normal sperm cell fertilizes one of these oocytes, the resulting embryo has only one set of chromosomes. Because the embryo has no genes from the mother, the pregnancy cannot develop normally, resulting in a hydatidiform mole.
This topic contains detailed description about labour, its definition, date of onset of labour, calculations of date of delivery, causes of onset of labour, physiology of normal labour, and events, clinical course and management of each stages of labour.
Uterus Is thick muscular walls adapt to the growth of the fetus and then pro...tekalignpawulose09
The non-gravid (not pregnant) uterus is approximately 7.5 cm
long, 5 cm wide & usually lies in the lesser pelvis (during
pregnancy, it is abdominal organ)
but the size, thickness & position varies considerably during
the various changes of life
female reproductive organ, gross anatomy of uterus, its parts,position, internal structure, its attachments, supports of uterus, blood supply and lymphatic drainage.
Retroversion is the term used when the long axis of the Corpus or body and cervix are inline and the whole organs backwards in relation to the long axis of birth canal.
Retroflexion signifies bending backwards of the Corpus on the cervix at the level of internal OS.
These two conditions are usually present together and are loosely called retroversion or retro displacement.
It is discussed in briefly.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
How to Give Better Lectures: Some Tips for Doctors
Uterine prolapse
1.
2. Uterine prolapse is the downward
displacement of the uterus, into the vaginal
canal, or a gradually descends of the uterus
in the axis of the vagina, taking the vaginal
wall with it.
OR
Prolapse of uterus refers to a collapse,
descend or change in the position of the
uterus in relation to surrounding structures
in the pelvis.
3. Uterine prolapse results from the weakening of pelvic
muscles and supportive tissues. Causes of weakened
pelvic muscles and tissues include:
Pregnancy.
Difficult labor and delivery or trauma during childbirth.
Delivery of a large baby.
Being overweight or obese.
Lower estrogen level after menopause.
Chronic constipation or straining with bowel
movements.
Chronic cough or bronchitis.
Repeated heavy lifting.
4. Uterine prolapse is often associated with prolapse of other
pelvic organs. They might experience:
Anterior prolapse (cystocele). Weakness of connective
tissue, separating the bladder and vagina may cause the
bladder to bulge, into the vagina. Anterior prolapse is also
called prolapsed bladder.
Posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele). Weakness of
connective tissue separating the rectum and vagina may
cause the rectum to bulge into the vagina. They might
have difficulty having bowel movements.
Severe uterine prolapse can displace part of the vaginal
lining, causing it to protrude outside the body. Vaginal
tissue that rubs against clothing can lead to vaginal
sores (ulcers.) Rarely, the sores can become infected.
5. Factors that can increase the risk of uterine prolapse
include:
One or more pregnancies and vaginal births.
Giving birth to a large baby.
Increasing age.
Obesity.
Prior pelvic surgery.
Chronic constipation or frequent straining during
bowel movements.
Family history of weakness in connective tissue.
Being Hispanic or white.
6. Prolapse of the uterus may be one of three
types, depending on severity.
1.FIRST DEGREE : The uterus sags
downward from the normal anatomic position
into the upper vagina. The external os
remains inside the vagina.
OR
The cervix rests in the lower part of the vagina.
7. 2. SECOND DEGREE : The cervix is at or outside
the vagina introitus , but the uterine body remains
inside the vagina.
OR
The cervix is at the vaginal opening.
3.THIRD DEGREE: This type is also referred to as
complete prolapse or procidentia. The entire
descends to lie outside the introitus.
OR
The uterus protrudes though the introitus.
8.
9.
10. Mild uterine prolapse generally doesn't cause signs or
symptoms. Signs and symptoms of moderate to
severe uterine prolapse include:
Sensation of heaviness or pulling in the pelvis.
Tissue protruding from the vagina.
Urinary problems, such as urine leakage
(incontinence) or urine retention.
Trouble having a bowel movement.
Feeling as if you're sitting on a small ball or as if
something is falling out of the vagina.
Sexual concerns, such as a sensation of looseness in
the tone of the vaginal tissue.
11. 1. Inspection and palpation :Vaginal , rectal and
rectovaginal examination.
2. Pelvic examination in dorsal and standing
positions. Patient may be asked to perform
Valsalva’s maneuver during examination.
3. Examination in squatting position , if
reconfirmation is required.
4. Examination under anesthesia, if difficult to arrive
at a conclusion.
12. PREVENTIVE
Adequate antenatal and intranatal care:
To avoid injury to the supporting structures during
vaginal delivery either spontaneous or instrumental
Adequate postnatal care: To encourage early
ambulation and pelvic floor exercises[kegel exercise]
during puerperium .
General measures : To avoid strenuous activities,
chronic cough , constipation and heavyweight lifting.
Limiting and spacing pregnancies help avoid pelvic
relaxation.
13. Estrogen replacement therapy may improve minor
degree prolapse in postmenopausal women
In mild cases, exercises to strengthen pelvic floor
muscles may help
Obese patients may be instructed to reduce
weight in order to reduce pressure on pelvic
organs.
To avoid wearing constrictive clothing such as
girdles.
14. A Pessary may be placed inside the vagina to
support the pelvic organs for patients who do not
desire surgery.
This serves to relieve the symptoms , but does not
cure the condition. Pessary may also be used for
patients waiting for surgery or unfit for surgery.
15.
16. Surgical management depends on the anatomical
alteration of structures and the degree of
prolapse. Patient’s age , reproductive and sexual
functions are also considered:
Repair of weakened pelvic floor tissues. This
surgery is generally approached through the
vagina but sometimes through the abdomen. The
surgeon might graft your own tissue, donor tissue
or a synthetic material onto weakened pelvic floor
structures to support the pelvic organs.
17. Removal of the uterus
(hysterectomy). Hysterectomy might be
recommended if uterine prolapse is severe.
But hysterectomy is major surgery, and
recent research suggests the surgery poses
long-term health risks, including an
increased risk of heart and blood vessel
(cardiovascular) diseases and certain
metabolic conditions.
18. IMMEDIATE
Hemorrhage within 24hours following
surgery[primary]or between 5th and 10th day
[secondary].
Retention of urine.
Infection leading to cystitis.
Wound sepsis.
Vault cellulits .
20. Pessaries or plastic rings, pulls or more, complex
structures that are inserted vaginally to prevent
descent of the pelvic organs.
Provide adequate comfortable devices
Change the Pessaries every 3-4 months
To teach the pelvic floor muscle exercise
Promote the client wash hand before and after
Maintain the personal hygienerich in iron, fiber
diet.