During pregnancy, the woman's body undergoes many physiological changes to support the growing fetus. The reproductive system changes include increased blood flow and size of the vagina, cervix, and uterus. The uterus grows enormously from about the size of a fist to over 1000 times larger by term. Other systems affected are cardiovascular (increased heart rate and blood volume), respiratory, digestive, urinary, endocrine, and musculoskeletal. Hormonal changes produced by the placenta, such as human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and human placental lactogen, cause these adaptations to pregnancy.
Physiological changes in second stage of laborDR MUKESH SAH
There is an interplay of physiological processes occurring during the second stage of labour. Second stage is said to have two phases, latent and active. It is during the latent phase that the presenting part passes through the fully dilated cervix to the birth canal.
Physiological changes in second stage of laborDR MUKESH SAH
There is an interplay of physiological processes occurring during the second stage of labour. Second stage is said to have two phases, latent and active. It is during the latent phase that the presenting part passes through the fully dilated cervix to the birth canal.
Puerperium is the period following childbirth during which the body tissues, specially the pelvic organs revert back approximately to the pre-pregnant state both anatomically and physiologically. puerperium begins as soon as the placenta is expelled and lasts for approximately 6 weeks when the uterus becomes regressed almost to the non-pregnant size.
It explains the mechanism of normal labour to medical and para-medical staff.It also puts light on principle movements underlying mechanism of normal labour with pictures.Thank You Like an share it to the maximum.
Many women experience some minor disorders during pregnancy.
Every system of the body may be affected during pregnancy. These disorders, however , are not minor to the pregnant woman.
Hydatidiform Mole (HM) is a rare mass or growth that forms inside the uterus at the beginning of a pregnancy. It is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD).
When a normal sperm cell fertilizes one of these oocytes, the resulting embryo has only one set of chromosomes. Because the embryo has no genes from the mother, the pregnancy cannot develop normally, resulting in a hydatidiform mole.
Puerperium is the period following childbirth during which the body tissues, specially the pelvic organs revert back approximately to the pre-pregnant state both anatomically and physiologically. puerperium begins as soon as the placenta is expelled and lasts for approximately 6 weeks when the uterus becomes regressed almost to the non-pregnant size.
It explains the mechanism of normal labour to medical and para-medical staff.It also puts light on principle movements underlying mechanism of normal labour with pictures.Thank You Like an share it to the maximum.
Many women experience some minor disorders during pregnancy.
Every system of the body may be affected during pregnancy. These disorders, however , are not minor to the pregnant woman.
Hydatidiform Mole (HM) is a rare mass or growth that forms inside the uterus at the beginning of a pregnancy. It is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD).
When a normal sperm cell fertilizes one of these oocytes, the resulting embryo has only one set of chromosomes. Because the embryo has no genes from the mother, the pregnancy cannot develop normally, resulting in a hydatidiform mole.
DEVELOPMENT OF PLACENTA,PLACENTA AT TERM , DECIDUA,PLACENTAL MEMBRANE , PLACENTAL CICULATION,PLACENTAL ENDOCRINE SYNTHESIS,ABNORMAL PLACENTA,FUNCTIONS.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
3. TERMINOLOGIES
HYPERPLASIA: it is a proliferation of cells within
tissue resulting in enlargement.
CHLOASMA: pigmentation on the face & forehead
during pregnancy especially around 24th weeks of
pregnancy.
GOODELL’S SIGN: softening of cervix
7. b) Vagina : becomes vascular and
hypertrophied, looks bluish, felt soft.
Vaginal secretion, increases in amount
and is acidic due to the production of
lactic acid.
8. (JACQUEMIER’S SIGN): Increased
blood supply of the venous plexus
surrounding the walls gives a bluish
colouration of the mucosa of Vagina.
The pH becomes more acidic (3.5-6) due to
more conversion of glycogen into lactic acid
by the lactobacillus acidophilus consequent
on high oestrogen level. This acidic pH
prevents multiplication of pathogenic
organisms.
9. c) Cervix : remains 2.5 cm long
throughout pregnancy, but the
hygroscopic properties of
oestrogen cause it to increase in
width.
Oestrogen increases cervical
vascularity and if viewed through
a speculum the cervix looks
purple
10. Cervical mucosa undergo
hypertrophy and hyperplasia and
occupies inner half of cervix.
A mucus plug called
“operculum” is formed between
the maternal and external os .
12. d) Uterus:
Gravid uterus gradually enlarges
from 50 gm muscular organ to 900
gm at term pregnancy.
Length becomes 30 cm; breadth 22.5
cm and thickness 20 cm.
Uterine wall forms a sac containing
amniotic fluid and foetus
13. The perimetrium is the outermost layer
of the uterus. It does not totally cover the
uterus.
The myometrium or muscle coat
surrounds the lower uterine segment
and cervix during labour.
The muscle layer is involved in the
contraction necessary to expel the fetus
at the end of the pregnancy
14. The outer longitudinal layer of
muscle fibres contract and retract
during labour causing upper
segment to thicken.
The thickened upper segment acts
as a piston to force the foetus into
the receptive, passive lower segment.
15. The endometrium lines the body of
the uterus and is rich in blood
supply. It is known as the decidua
when the fertilised ovum gets
embedded in it.
18. By 12th week-the uterus rises out of pelvis &
becomes upright, no longer anteverted & out
flexed size of grape fruit, palpated
abdominally above the symphysis pubis.
By 16th week- the concepts has grown
enough to put pressure on the isthmus,
causing it to open out so that the uterus
become more globular in shape.
19. By 20th week- the uterus becomes spherical in shape
& has a thicker, more rounded fundus so the fundus
of the uterus may be palpated at or below the
umbilicus.
By 30th week – the lower uterine segment can be
identified. It is the portion of the uterus above the
internal os of the cervix. The fundus can be palpated
midway between the umbilicus & xiphsternum.
20. By 38th week – the uterus reaches the level
of the xiphisternum. A reduction in fundal
height, known as lightening, may occur at
the end of the pregnancy when the foetus
sinks into the lower pole of the uterus. This
is due to softening of the tissues of the pelvic
floor & further formation of the lower
uterine segment.
22. e) Ovaries :
Ovulation ceases throughout pregnancy.
Corpus luteum of usual menstrual cycle
persists and enlarges to 2.5 cm till 8th
week due to the changes in the fertilized
ovum (trophoblast) and helps in
producing hormones.
23. f) Breasts : under the stimulation of
estrogen and progesterone the breasts
increase in size, nodularity and
sensitivity throughout pregnancy with
increased vascularitis .
The nipples enlarge, become dark, erect
and the gland of Montogomery enlarges.
Total weight becomes 0.4 kg volume.
Enlargement is due to alveolar
proliferation and deposition of fat.
24. Areola becomes dark pigmented, which is
primary areola,
and a second zone of pigmentation
appears around the primary areola in
second trimester, which is secondary
areola.
The breast ductal system has intense
growth during the 1st three months of
pregnancy. As pregnancy progresses, the
alveolar cell becomes secretory.
28. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Heart works more during pregnancy.
increase in the cardiac volume by 10%
no change in E.C.G.
WHAT IS RELATION
BETWEEN CARDIAC
OUTPUT AND HEART
RATE ?
29. Cardiac output increases by 15-30% due
to increased heart rate and increase
stroke volume.
Pulse rate near term increases by 10 per
minute.
Platelet count shows slight decrease due
to increased concentration .
30. Blood Pressure and Blood volume
Blood pressure remains within normal limits
due to pressure of gravid uterus on pelvic
veins Venous pressure– Femoral venous
pressure rises from 10 cm water to 30 cm
water.
Blood volume increases from 3rd month and
reaches a peak of 25% rise at 32 weeks.
The red cell volume increases by 200 ml,
plasma volume increases to 1000 ml .
31. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
increased inspiration so the increased
oxygen intake results in improved oxygen
supply to the foetus.
increased expiration, more carbondioxide is
expelled, there is low maternal
carbondioxide leading to easy transfer of
CO2 from foetus to mother’s blood.
breathing difficulty which is relieved after
lightening.
33. regurgitation of stomach juice
and heart burn
slow emptying of stomach
constipation.
Gums become spongy and
vascular and may bleed during
brushing in many women.
34. NERVOUS SYSTEM
Slumpliness is common and mood changes
occur in many.
Pregnancy is one of the periods in a woman’s
life when there seems to be lowering of the
ability to cope with emotional experiences in
life.
Even the cases where the coming of the baby
is welcome a mild degree of depression or
irritability may be evident during the early
months.
35. URINARY SYSTEM
Frequency of micturition
Stress incontinence
Due to dilatation of uterus and renal pelvis
during early pregnancy which continues till
mid-pregnancy there is a tendency for
urinary stasis and these favours infection.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR ) increases
by 50% early in pregnancy, increasing
creatinine clearance. Serum creatinine and
urea will fall by about 25%.
36. Increased GFR also increases filtered
sodium. Aldosterone levels rise by 2-3
times to reabsorb the filtered sodium.
Increased GFR and impaired tubular
reabsorption of glucose produce
glucosuria in approximately 15% of
normal pregnancies.
Proteinuria is abnormal in pregnancy.
37. LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
Due to Lordisis of pregnancy and
relaxation of joints under the influences
of relaxin hormone backache is
common.
Leg cramps occur due to pressure on
sacral and lumbar plexus.
Gait becomes waddling.
38.
39.
40.
41. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Gonadotrophine:
FSH, LH are inhibited by placental
steroids. Prolactin rises throughout
pregnancy.
Protein hormones, HCG appears in
blood and urine from 8th day of
fertilisation, and reaches a peak at 9th-
10th week, thereafter drops rapidly and
remains at a plateau for the rest of
pregnancy.
42. HCG values are increased in presence of
multiple pregnancies.
Oestrogen and progesterone levels increase
and continue to be secreted from the
placenta during the last 6 months of
pregnancy.
Progesterone is produced by all steroid-
forming glands including ovaries, testes and
adrenal. It acts as an immediate or precursor
for other hormones.
43. During pregnancy, progesterone is
secreted by corpus luteum up to six
weeks of pregnancy.
Thereafter, the placenta takes over the
function of progesterone production up
to term.
44. Prolactin: During pregnancy,
prolactin values rise to about 100
mg/ml due to maternal pituitary
activity.
The decidual lining of the uterus
contributes to amniotic fluid content of
prolactin.
45. Oestriol: Oestriol levels reach 25-30
mg/day.
Extremely low Oestrol denotes foetal
death or anencephaly.
High circulating oestrol values are
associated with multiple pregnancies or
Rh isoimmunisation.
A normal oestrol level signifies foetal
well being.
46. HPL (Human Placental
Lactogen): HPL levels vary directly
according to placental mass. Therefore
HPL levels are higher in multiple
pregnancy.
Secretion of oxytocin (stimulates
uterine contraction)
47. Thyroid activity is increased – In
normal pregnancy thyroid gland
increases in size by about 13 % due to
hyperplasia and increased vascularity.
There is normaly an increased uptake
of iodine during pregnancy , which may
be due to compensate for renal
clearance of iodine leading to a reduced
level of plasma iodine.
48. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
The body's posture changes as the
pregnancy progresses.
The pelvis tilts and the back arches to help
keep balance.
Poor posture occurs naturally from the
stretching of the woman's abdominal
muscles as the fetus grows. These muscles
are less able to contract and keep the lower
back in proper alignment.
49. The pregnant woman has a different pattern
of gait. The step lengthens as the pregnancy
progresses, due to weight gain and changes
in posture..
The influences of increased hormones such
as estrogen and relaxin initiate the
remodeling of soft tissues, cartilage and
ligaments.
50. Increased ligamental laxity caused by
increased levels of relaxin contribute to back
pain and pubic symphysis dysfunction.
Shift in posture with exaggerated lumbar
lordosis leading to the typical gait of late
pregnancy.
51. HEMATOLOGY
During pregnancy the plasma volume
increases by 50% and the red blood cell
volume increases only by 20-30%.
Consequently, the hematocrit decreases on
lab value; this is not a true decrease in
hematocrit, however, but rather due to the
dilution.
52. A pregnant woman will also become
hypercoagulable , leading to increased risk
for developing blood clots and embolisms,
due to increased liver production of
coagulation factors, mainly fibrinogen and
factor VIII (this hypercoagulable state along
with the decreased ambulation causes an
increased risk of both DVT and PE).
58. Women are at highest risk for developing
clots during the weeks following labor.
Clots usually develop in the left leg or the
left iliac venous system.
The left side is most afflicted because the left
iliac vein is crossed by the right iliac artery.
The increased flow in the right iliac artery
after birth compresses the left iliac vein
leading to an increased risk for thrombosis
(clotting) which is exacerbated by the
aforementioned lack of ambulation
following delivery .
59. Edema , or swelling, of the feet is
common during pregnancy, partly
because the enlarging uterus
compresses veins and lymphatic
drainage from the legs.
64. Average weight gain during pregnancy
is about 10 kilogram in the
pregnant Indian woman of average
built .
And can be accounted for the weight of
foetus, placenta, amniotic fluid,
increase in weight of breasts and
uterus, increase in blood value, extra
cellular fluid and fat.
65. There is a wide range of normality
in weight gain and many factors
influence it which include
maternal edema ,
maternal metabolic rate ,
dietary intake ,
vomiting and
diarrhea etc.
66. Poor weight gain is due to
nausea, vomiting,
indigestion,
underweight woman
Inadequate food,
overwork,
maternal illness,
intra-uterine growth retardation
foetal death
67. Excessive weight gain is due to
overeating,
excess water intake,
oedema,
large foetus,
multiple pregnancy and
overweight of woman.
69. Net maternal weight gain :
Increase blood volume – 1.3 kg ,
Increase in extracellular fluid -
1.2 kg ,
Accumulation of fat and protein
– 3.5 kg
70. GENERAL METABOLISM
The basal metabolic rate increases by 15-
20%.during the later half of pregnancy in
response to the demands of the growth fetus
and maternal tissues and so energy
requirement is higher.
WHAT IS DAILY
ENERGY
REQUIREMENT
OF PREGNANT
WOMAN ?
71. In women with normal BMIs,
energy requirement does not increase
significantly during the first trimester,
increases by about 350 Kcal/day in the
second trimester
and 500 Kcal/day in the third.
72. About 40% of women develop physiological
ankle oedema during the last 12 weeks of
pregnancy which disappears with rest and is
rarely present in the morning.
However, oedema in pregnancy should
never be considered physiological until all
pathological causes have been ruled out.
73. SKIN CHANGES
Pigmentation becomes visible at
various places of the body, i.e. breasts,
face, skin, abdominal wall and external
genitalia. Pigmentation of face is called
chloasma, others are striae gravidarum
and linea nigra .