Bioentrepreneurship
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This document defines entrepreneurship and discusses why people become entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship is defined as pursuing opportunities without regard to current resources in order to create future goods and services. People often become entrepreneurs to be their own boss, pursue their own ideas, or seek financial rewards. The document also discusses types of start-up firms, changing demographics of entrepreneurs like women and minority entrepreneurs, positive and negative effects of entrepreneurship, and the entrepreneurial process.
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The document outlines India's biosafety guidelines for genetically engineered organisms (GEOs). It discusses the various committees that implement the guidelines: the Institutional Biosafety Committee regulates research, the Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation reviews high-risk research, and the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee approves large-scale use of GEOs. The guidelines establish containment levels and review processes to minimize risks from GEOs and ensure public health and environmental safety.
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Entrepreneur is the one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise.” In other words, the entrepreneur is the owner and manager of the business risks.In Bioentrepreneurship we require individual with duplicity of roles requires an individual who understands both risks.
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Bioentrepreneurship
This document discusses bioentrepreneurship, which involves commercializing biotechnology innovations from academia. Bioentrepreneurs take on both business and scientific risks. Examples are given of human drugs developed from biotechnology like insulin and interferons. Plants developed through biotechnology include herbicide-tolerant and pest-resistant crops. While biotechnology development and product consumption varies globally, the US leads in biotech sales and drug development. Bioentrepreneurs rely on founders, friends, family, and federal support. Essential skills include leadership, resilience, learning, and teamwork. Challenges to bioentrepreneurship in Pakistan include a lack of financial support, slow government processes, and disconnect between academia and industry.
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nuclear transfer procedures are similar.
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Cultured and genetically modified methods.
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Used to fuse adult cattle fibroblasts with enucleated oocytes.
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Abnormlities such as increased birth weight.
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This document discusses the key components required for microbial growth and fermentation, including carbon, nitrogen, minerals, vitamins and oxygen. It outlines the goals of optimizing fermentation media to maximize product yield while minimizing undesirable byproducts. Finally, it examines various carbon sources, nitrogen sources, minerals, trace elements and antifoaming agents used in fermentation media formulation.
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(DSP) stages. USP involves all factors and processes leading to and including the
fermentation. It consists of three main areas: the producer organism, the medium
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1. There are two main methods of gene transfer - direct and indirect gene transfer. Indirect transfer uses Agrobacterium-mediated transformation while direct transfer uses physical or chemical methods.
2. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation uses Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer T-DNA containing the gene of interest into the plant genome. The process involves co-cultivation of plant explants with Agrobacterium followed by selection and regeneration of transgenic plants.
3. Direct physical methods include biolistic transformation, microinjection, electroporation, and macroinjection. Direct chemical methods include PEG-mediated, calcium phosphate co-precipitation, and liposome-mediated transformation
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Introduction
What is cloning?
Why we want to do cloning?
History
Technique of cell cloning
Dolly – the sheep
Species cloned
Why persue animal cloning research?
Conclusion
Introduction
What is cloning?
Why we want to do cloning?
History
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Dolly – the sheep
Species cloned
Why persue animal cloning research?
Conclusion
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Polysaccharides produced by microorganism during their growth and especially at the stationary phase of growth when there is excess of carbon source in the medium.
High molecular weight carbohydrate polymers mainly produced by bacteria and fungi.
Microbial polysaccharides are of two types:
Storage polysaccharides like glycogen, inulin etc.
Exopolysaccarides like xanthans, dextrans, levans which are secreted by the cells.
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This document summarizes a presentation about a genetically engineered microorganism called a "super bug" developed to degrade hydrocarbons in petroleum waste. The super bug was constructed by Anand Chakrabarty et al. in 1979 through conjugative transfer of plasmids containing genes from Pseudomonas putida strains that degrade various hydrocarbons like camphor, octane, xylene, and naphthalenes. This created a strain with three plasmids allowing it to break down multiple pollutants. The super bug was selected and mass cultured, then used to treat oil spills by applying inoculated straw to spread the bacteria and degrade the oil over time.
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Sheep named Dolly was cloned by transfer of a nucleus from a mammary (Udder) cell of an adult sheep into an egg cell.
mammary cell
Nucleus
insert into
a egg cell
First demonstration of pluripotency (totipotency) of a nucleus of a differentiated adult cell.
Cloning of dolly somatic cell nuclei
clone cattle, sheep, goats, pigs.
nuclear transfer procedures are similar.
Adult donor cells from a variety of cell types(mammary epithelial and ovarian cells, fibroblasts, lymphocytes) are isolated
Cultured and genetically modified methods.
individual donor cells are fused to an enucleated oocyte with short-duration electric pulse.
eg: two 2.5 kilovolt /cm pulses for 10microseconds
Used to fuse adult cattle fibroblasts with enucleated oocytes.
The pulses simultaneously induce cell fusion and oocyte activation.
Blastocyst stage before transferred into the uterus of a pseudopregant female.
Confirmed transgene at the time of birth
Surviving animals produced by nuclear transfer are healthy.
There, is a substantial loss of individual before and after birth some of the cloned animals display abnormalities.
Abnormlities such as increased birth weight.
Dna methylation and histone modification of the original donor cell is inappropriate maintained in the cells of the recipient animals.
MEDIA FORMULATION
This document provides an overview of media formulation for fermentation and bioprocessing. It discusses the types of media, including complex and synthetic media. The key requirements for formulated media are then outlined, including carbon sources, oxygen sources, water, nitrogen sources, minerals, growth factors, and antifoams. Specific examples are given for each requirement. The document emphasizes that media formulation is essential for successful laboratory experiments and manufacturing processes.
Media formulation
This document discusses the key components required for microbial growth and fermentation, including carbon, nitrogen, minerals, vitamins and oxygen. It outlines the goals of optimizing fermentation media to maximize product yield while minimizing undesirable byproducts. Finally, it examines various carbon sources, nitrogen sources, minerals, trace elements and antifoaming agents used in fermentation media formulation.
10. Scaling up of cell culture
Scale up means increasing the quantity or volume of cell culture. For animal cells, the scale up strategies are dependent upon cell types or i.e. whether the cells requires matrix for attachment and growth ( adherent cell culture) or grows freely in suspended form in aqueous media. The scaling up principle for adherent cells are just to increase surface area for attachment while for suspension culture is to increase culture volume. This presentation enlightens the reader about different methods of scaling up of cells culture. Readers are also provided with sample questions for better understanding
Types of animal cell culture; characterization & Their preservation.
This document provides an overview of animal cell culture, including the different types (primary and secondary cell culture, cell lines), techniques used for primary culture, and characterization and preservation of animal cells. It discusses how primary cell culture involves separating cells directly from tissue and allowing them to grow under controlled conditions. Secondary cell culture refers to sub-culturing primary cells by transferring them to new vessels with fresh media. Cell lines can be propagated repeatedly and sometimes indefinitely. The document also describes cryopreservation as a method for preserving live cells and tissues at ultra-low temperatures in liquid nitrogen.
Embryo splitting
EMBRYOSPLITTING IS THE TECHNIQUE WHEREBY AN EARLY STAGE EMBRYO SPLIT INTO TWO OR MORE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL EMBRYOS. THERE ARE CURRENTLY NUMBER OF TECHNIQUES USED TO CREATE CLONED EMBRYOS, SUCH AS SOMATIC CELL NUMCLEAR TRANSFER, THERAPEUTIC CLONING, EMBRYO SPLITTING AND PARTHENIGENESIS.
EMBRYO SPLITTING IS ALSO KNOWN AS ARTIFICIAL TWINS, MAMMALIAN EMBRYOS SPLITING HAS SUCCESFULLY BEEN ESTABLISHED IN FARM ANIMALS.
Scp
Single cell protein (SCP) refers to edible microorganisms or their extracts used as a protein supplement. SCP can be produced using bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae through fermentation. It has high nutritional value but also has some limitations. Research is focused on improving production methods and addressing issues like high nucleic acid content and digestibility. SCP shows potential as a sustainable protein source but more work is needed before it will be widely accepted as human food.
Single cell protein
This document discusses single cell proteins (SCP), which are dried cells of microorganisms that can be used as a dietary protein supplement. SCPs are produced using biomass as a raw material and various microorganisms like fungi, algae, and bacteria that are cultured on the biomass. The production involves selecting suitable microorganism strains, fermenting them, harvesting the cells, and processing them for use as a protein supplement in foods. SCPs have advantages like being a renewable source of protein but also have disadvantages like potentially high nucleic acid content.
Patentability of live organisms
This document discusses the patentability of live organisms. It begins by explaining what patents are and the criteria for patentability. It then discusses how traditionally only inventions could be patented, but now living things like cells, bacteria, and extracts from plants have also been patented. The US initially only allowed patents on microorganisms, but later expanded this to include animals and modified life forms. Several controversial patents have been granted, such as on the OncoMouse and human genes. While many see issues with patenting life, proponents argue it encourages innovation. The document reviews patenting scenarios in countries like the US, India, and under international agreements.
Bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria
This document discusses bacteriocins, which are toxic proteins produced by bacterial strains that kill other bacteria but not the producing strain. It defines bacteriocins and explains they range in size from less than 10kD to greater than 10kD. Bacteriocins are classified based on their mode of production, killing mechanism, genetic material, and presence of modifications. Lactic acid bacteria like Lactococcus and Lactobacillus produce several bacteriocins. The document outlines methods for isolating and purifying bacteriocins from milk and describes their applications.
Single Cell Protein - Slideshare PPT
Single cell proteins (SCP) are dried cells of microorganisms that can be used as protein supplements for humans and animals. SCP production was first commercialized in the 1950s using bacteria cultured on methanol. Common microorganisms used for SCP production include fungi, yeast, algae and bacteria. Production involves selecting a suitable microorganism strain, fermenting it under controlled conditions, harvesting the cells, processing them, and isolating the protein. SCP have potential applications as nutritional supplements, health foods, and animal feed due to their protein and nutrient content.
Ti plasmid as a vector,
Introduction
Ti plasmid
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Ti plasmid structure
Overview of infection process
Ti plasmid derived vector systems
Cointegrate vectors
Binary vectors
Agrobacterium mediated transformation of explants
Conclusions
References
Ethical and bio-safety issues related to GM crops
a seminar presentation on ethical and bio-safety issues related GM crops.
impact of gm crops on human, animal and environmental health.
safety measure related transgenic crops.
international governmental bodies
Exprssion vector
This presentation covers a general introduction to expression vector, its components, types, and its application. Then it covers some of the expression system with examples.
Downstream processing
Downstream processing refers to the stages involved after fermentation or bioconversion, including separation, purification, and packaging of the product. The key stages are removal of insolubles through filtration, centrifugation or flocculation, product isolation using techniques like liquid-liquid extraction or adsorption, product purification using chromatography or crystallization, and product polishing which prepares the product for packaging and storage. Downstream processing aims to recover and purify the target product from the fermentation or reaction broth.
Upstream processing
Overview
Industrial fermentations comprise both upstream (USP) and downstream processing
(DSP) stages. USP involves all factors and processes leading to and including the
fermentation. It consists of three main areas: the producer organism, the medium
and the fermentation process.
Genetic transformation
1. There are two main methods of gene transfer - direct and indirect gene transfer. Indirect transfer uses Agrobacterium-mediated transformation while direct transfer uses physical or chemical methods.
2. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation uses Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer T-DNA containing the gene of interest into the plant genome. The process involves co-cultivation of plant explants with Agrobacterium followed by selection and regeneration of transgenic plants.
3. Direct physical methods include biolistic transformation, microinjection, electroporation, and macroinjection. Direct chemical methods include PEG-mediated, calcium phosphate co-precipitation, and liposome-mediated transformation
Techniques of cell cloning
Introduction
What is cloning?
Why we want to do cloning?
History
Technique of cell cloning
Dolly – the sheep
Species cloned
Why persue animal cloning research?
Conclusion
Introduction
What is cloning?
Why we want to do cloning?
History
Technique of cell cloning
Dolly – the sheep
Species cloned
Why persue animal cloning research?
Conclusion
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Types of animal cell culture; characterization & Their preservation.
Types of animal cell culture; characterization & Their preservation.
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- Origin of idea: An entrepreneur comes up with an original business idea and founds a company. An intrapreneur works within an existing company and comes up with innovative ideas to further the company's goals.
- Risk: An entrepreneur bears most of the risk if the business fails. An intrapreneur has less risk since they work within an established company with resources to support new ideas.
- Funding: An entrepreneur is responsible for securing funding, whether from personal savings, investors or loans. An intrapreneur has access to the company's resources and funding.
- Independence: An entrepreneur has full control and ownership over their business. An
Entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial education and performance
1. The study examines the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (including proactiveness, innovativeness, and risk-taking) and business performance, as well as the role of entrepreneurship education.
2. The findings show that innovative proactiveness positively influences non-financial business performance, while risk-taking propensity does not influence financial or non-financial performance.
3. Entrepreneurship education was also found to have no connection with entrepreneurial orientation or business performance.
Intorduction to Entrepreneurship
The document provides an overview of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs. It begins by defining an entrepreneur as someone who starts a business or enterprise and takes on the associated risks and responsibilities. It then discusses the history and etymology of the term entrepreneur. Several definitions of entrepreneurship from different fields like economics, psychology, and sociology are provided. Joseph Schumpeter's theory of innovation and entrepreneurship is explained. The key characteristics, traits, skills, functions, rewards and challenges of entrepreneurs are outlined. The conclusion discusses how entrepreneurs contribute to economic development by creating jobs and stimulating growth.
Incubator concept
A business incubator is a company that helps new and startup companies to develop by providing services such as management training or office space.The National Business Incubation Association (NBIA) defines business incubators as a catalyst tool for either regional or national economic development. NBIA categorizes their members’ incubators by the following five incubator types: academic institutions; non-profit development corporations; for-profit property development ventures; venture capital firms, and combination of the above
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Businees&Computer
This document discusses entrepreneurship and the role of entrepreneurs. It defines an entrepreneur as someone who converts new ideas or inventions into successful innovations, creating new products and business models through "creative destruction". Entrepreneurship can range in scale from solo projects to large ventures seeking funding. The understanding of entrepreneurship stems from the work of economist Joseph Schumpeter. Entrepreneurs have vision, ideas, and passion to change their visions into reality through strategies and persistence. They mobilize resources to develop new markets, materials, technologies, and industries.
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Bioentrepreneurship
- 1. Bioentrepreneurship Submitted To:- Dr. Mohd. Tashfeen Ashraf Asst. Professor SoBt, GBU
- 2. Submitted By:- 1. Addhyan Negi(18IBT002) 2. Kohsheen Baliya (18IBT014) Int. B.Tech+M.Tech/M.B.A Biotechnology, 5th Sem 3. Shubhangini Singh (19PBT003) 4. Ilika Kaushik (19PBT004) M.Tech Biotechnology, 3rd Sem SoBt, GBU.
- 4. Entrepreneurship • Derives from the French words entre, meaning “between,” and prendre, meaning “to take.” • Originally used to describe people who “take on the risk” between buyers and sellers or who “undertake” a task such as starting a new venture. Therefore, • Entrepreneurship is defined as the process by which individuals pursue opportunities without regard to resources they currently control for the purpose of exploiting future goods and services. • Established firms with an orientation toward acting entrepreneurially practice corporate entrepreneurship.
- 7. Why do People become Entrepreneurs? Be their own boss Pursue their own ideas Pursue financial rewards
- 8. Other reasons:- • Their creativity doesn’t fit the corporate environment. • They want a lifestyle that isn’t bound to nine to five. • They’re passionate about learning. • Their ideas are unconventional. • They want to do things. • They want to change the world.
- 13. Types of Start-Up Firms
- 14. Changing Demographics of Entrepreneurs
- 20. Women and Entrepreneurship in India 2019- Survey
- 26. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
- 27. Positive Effects • Process of creative destruction takes place. • Innovation. • Job creation. • Launch of new and improved products and services. • Improvement in health and lifestyle. • Easy life. • Enhanced productivity • Sometimes they act as a source of minute and basic materials for big firms.
- 28. Negative Effects • One person, Many roles! • No fixed time for work. • Professional-Personal life disbalance. • A non-regular pay check is scary. • Origin of a new kind of stress.
- 29. The Entrepreneurial Process Deciding to become an Entrepreneur Developing successful business ideas Moving from an idea to an entrepreneurial firm Managing and growing the entrepreneurial firm