ROLES OF MICROBIOLOGY IN WASTE RECYCLING BY TEMIDAYO FAROUK OLAPADE KRYPTONIAN

1. A SEMINAR REPORT ON ROLES OF MICROBIOLOGY IN
WASTE RECYCLING
BY
ADEGBENRO BARAKAT OLAMIDE
19D/57MB/01150

2. INTRODUCTION
WASTE
 Waste is generated from human activity mostly
(Varma et al., 2017).
 Rapid and unplanned development and modification
of livelihood all over the world put complexity in the
generated waste (Varma et al., 2017).
 Overall biosphere is degraded rapidly due to
continuous release of hazardous pollutants from
different industries throughout the world (Varma et
al., 2017).

3. Classification of Wastes according to
their Properties
 Bio-degradable
It can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and
others) (Varma et al., 2017).
 Non-biodegradable
It cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old
machines,cans, styrofoam containers and
others) (Varma et al., 2017).

4. Classification of Wastes according to
their Effects on Human Health and the
Environment
• Hazardous wastes
Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially,
agriculturally, or economically and have any of the
following properties- ignitability, corrosivity,
reactivity & toxicity (Varma et al., 2017).
• Non-hazardous
Substances safe to use commercially, industrially,
agriculturally, or economically and do not have any
of those properties mentioned above. These
substances usually create disposal problems (Varma
et al., 2017).

5. Source of Waste
• Municipal Solid wastes: Solid wastes that include household
garbage, rubbish, construction & demolition debris, sanitation
residues, packaging materials, trade refuges etc. are managed
by any municipality (Jhariya et al., 2018).
• Bio-medical wastes: Solid or liquid wastes including
containers, intermediate or end products generated during
diagnosis, treatment & research activities of medical sciences
(Jhariya et al., 2018).
• Industrial wastes: Liquid and solid wastes that are generated
by manufacturing & processing units of various industries like
chemical, petroleum, coal, metal gas, sanitary & paper etc
(Jhariya et al., 2018)..

6. Source of Waste Contd
• Agricultural wastes: Wastes generated from farming activities. These
substances are mostly biodegradable (Jhariya et al., 2018).
• Fishery wastes: Wastes generated due to fishery activities. These are
extensively found in coastal & estuarine areas (Jhariya et al., 2018).
• Radioactive wastes: Waste containing radioactive materials. Usually these
are byproducts of nuclear processes. Sometimes industries that are not
directly involved in nuclear activities, may also produce some radioactive
wastes, e.g. radio-isotopes, chemical sludge etc (Jhariya et al., 2018).
• E-wastes: Electronic wastes generated from any modern establishments.
They may be described as discarded electrical or electronic devices. Some
electronic scrap components, such as CRTs, may contain contaminants such
as Pb, Cd, Be or brominated flame retardants (Jhariya et al., 2018).

7. Microbes in Waste Management
 Microbial biotechnology in waste management is the process of utilization of
modern scientific tools and techniques which use a wide variety of
microorganisms in controlled condition without disturbing the ecosystem
(Jhariya et al., 2018).
 Most common and efficient methods adopted at various level of waste
management are composting, biodegradation, bioremediation and
biotransformation (Jhariya et al., 2018).
 A wide variety of microorganisms have been used effectively for WM such as
Bacillus sp., Corynebacterium sp., Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp.,
Scenedesmus platydiscus, S. quadricauda, S. capricornutum, Chlorella
vulgaris, etc (Jhariya et al., 2018).

8. Sources of Wastes Contd
Households
Commerce and Industry

9. Bioremediation
• Bioremediation is a natural process which makes the
use of microorganism to remove waste or pollutant
from the water and soil. This is an environment-
friendly and sustainable method as it involves eco-
friendly microbes in treating the solid waste (Kensa,
2018). It is of two types:
• In Situ Bioremediation: Here removal of water or soil
is without excavation and transport of contaminants
(Kensa, 2018).

10. In Situ Bioremediation
• This type of bioremediation is of three types:
– Biosparging
• It is a waste treatment process of the sites having petroleum products like diesel,
gasoline and lubricating oil. In this method the concentration of oxygen is increased
by injecting the air below groundwater under pressure. The air pressure has to be
controlled in a proper way to avoid the liberation of volatile particles to the
atmosphere, which leads to air pollution (Kensa, 2018).
– Bioventing
• It is the process in which waste compounds are degraded aerobically. Bioventing is
used to treat different solid wastes generated from oil reservoirs during extraction
of gasoline and petroleum (Kensa, 2018).
– Bioaugmentation
• Here cultured microorganisms are added at the polluted site for the purpose of
biodegradation of contaminants of specific environment. (Kensa, 2018).

11. Ex Situ Bioremediation
Ex Situ Bioremediation: It describes the removal of the contaminated soil or water
for remedy process. The following are the types of ex situ bioremediation:
 Composting: Composting is an aerobic method where contaminated soil is
combined with harmless organic amendments. Organic amendments help to
grow microbial population in high quantity.
 Land farming: It is a bioremediation technology wherein contaminated soil
is mixed with soil amendments, and after that the mixture are tilled into the
earth. The main target is to enhance indigenous biodegradative
microorganisms for degradation of contaminants aerobically.
 Bio-piling: It is a hybrid technology using both land farming and
composting. This technique gives a suitable environment for growing both
aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Bio-piles are applied to eliminate
petroleum constituents’ concentrations with the help of biodegradation
(Kensa, 2018).

12. Biodegradation
• Biodegradation is a biological way of
degradation of chemical compounds
(Marinescu et al., 2019).
• In this process living microbial organisms are
used to degrade organic substances into
smaller compounds (Marinescu et al., 2019).

13. Biodegradation Contd
• Degradation Capability of Bacteria
• Kafilzadeh et al. (2019) isolated different types of bacteria which are good
biodegrader of Hydrocarbon; examples are Bacillus sp., Corynebacterium
sp., Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Shigella sp., Alcaligenes sp.,
Acinetobacter sp., Escherichia sp., Klebsiella sp. and Enterobacter sp. of
which Bacillus sp. has the best Hydrocarbon-degrading capability.
• Successful removal of pesticides by the addition of bacteria also has been
reported to degrade pesticides from many compounds such as atrazine
successfully (Kanade et al., 2020).

14. Biodegradation Contd
Biodegradation of Xenobiotic Compounds (XC)
• Xenobiotic compounds are human- made chemical compounds that are
foreign to the nature. They are highly thermodynamically stable, hence are
relatively persisting in the environment.
• Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. are potent and effective in the
degradation of xenobiotic among the bacterial group (Ekundayo et al.,
2017).
• Among the fungus, Aspergillus niger, Gliocladium deliquescens and
Penicillium italicum have the potential to degrade various XC (Ekundayo
et al., 2017).

15. Waste hierarchy
Waste hierarchy refers to 3 Rs
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

16. •Affects our health
•Affects our socio-economic conditions
•Affects our coastal and marine environment
•Affects our climate
•Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea levels and change precipitation
and other local climate conditions (Buragohain et al., 2017).
•Changing regional climates could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies.
•This could also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems.
•Deserts might expand into existing rangelands, and features of some of our
national parks might be permanently altered (Buragohain et al., 2017).
IMPACTS OF WASTE IF NOT MANAGED WISELY

17. Impacts of waste on health
• Chemical poisoning through chemical
inhalation
• Uncollected waste can obstruct the storm water
runoff resulting in flood
• Low birth weight
• Cancer
• Congenital malformations
• Neurological disease (Marinescu et al., 2019).

18. Impacts of waste on health
• Nausea and vomiting
• Increase in hospitalization of diabetic residents
living near hazard waste sites.
• Mercury toxicity from eating fish with high
levels of mercury (Marinescu et al., 2019).

19. Effects of waste on animals and
aquatics life
• Increase in mercury level in fish due to
disposal of mercury in the rivers.
• Plastic found in oceans ingested by birds.
• Resulted in high algal population in rivers and
sea.
• Degrades water and soil quality (Marinescu et
al., 2019).

20. Impacts of waste on Environment
• Waste breaks down in landfills to form
methane, a potent greenhouse gas
• Change in climate and destruction of ozone
layer due to waste biodegradable
• Littering, due to waste pollutions, illegal
dumping, Leaching: is a process by which
solid waste enter soil and ground water and
contaminating them Ekundayo et al., 2017).

21. PREVENTION OF WASTE
POLLUTION
• Reduce Waste
- Reduce office paper waste by implementing a formal policy to duplex
all draft reports and by making training manuals and personnel
information available electronically.
- Improve product design to use less materials.
- Redesign packaging to eliminate excess material while maintaining
strength.
- Work with customers to design and implement a packaging return
program.
- Switch to reusable transport containers.
- Purchase products in bulk Ekundayo et al., 2017).

22. PREVENTION OF WASTE POLLUTION
Reuse
- Reuse corrugated moving boxes internally.
- Reuse office furniture and supplies, such as interoffice envelopes,
file folders, and paper.
- Use durable towels, tablecloths, napkins, dishes, cups, and glasses.
- Use incoming packaging materials for outgoing shipments.
- Encourage employees to reuse office materials rather than
purchase new ones (Ekundayo et al., 2017).

23. PREVENTION OF WASTE POLLUTION
Employee Education
- Develop an “office recycling procedures” packet.
- Send out recycling reminders to all employees including
environmental articles.
- Train employees on recycling practices prior to
implementing recycling programs.
- Conduct an ongoing training process as new technologies
are introduced and new employees join the institution ones
(Ekundayo et al., 2017).

24. Rapid urbanization and industrialization have put tremendous pressure on
WM throughout the world. So the principle behind the WM should be
based on precaution and sustainable development. The key for effective
WM has to be identified to ensure waste separation from the source and
also have to pass through different modes of recycling and recovery before
depositing in the landfills. Biotechnology and microorganisms can be used
effectively in WM, hence more research and knowledge would be
developed related to the role and application of biotechnology and
microorganisms in WM.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

25. • Ekundayo, F.O., Olukunle, O.F. and Ekundayo, E.A. (2017).
Biodegradation of Bonnylight crude oil by locally isolated fungi
from oil contaminated soils in Akure, Ondo state. Malaysia
Journal Microbiology 8(1):42–46
• Jhariya, M.K., Yadav, D.K. and Banerjee, A. (2018). Plant
mediated transformation and habitat restoration: phytoremediation
an eco-friendly approach. In: Gautam A, Pathak C (eds) Metallic
contamination and its Toxicity. Daya Publishing House, A
Division of Astral International Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 97:231–247.
• Kafilzadeh, F., Sahragard, P., Jamali, H. and Tahery, Y. (2019).
Isolation and identification of hydrocarbons degrading bacteria in
soil around Shiraz Refinery. African Journal Microbiology
Research 4(19):3084–3089
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