The document discusses the concept of reference in language, explaining how speakers use linguistic forms like proper nouns, noun phrases, and pronouns to identify entities. It introduces terms such as anaphora and cataphora, providing examples of how references are made and understood in communication. Additionally, it touches upon the relationship between reference and inference in conveying meaning.

1. Presented by group 2
1. Ahmad Ruhin Hidayat (1510202004)
2. Yoshinta Adinda Bayu (1510302024)
3. Anida Latifah (1510302025)

2. Reference
Reference is an act in which a speaker or writer
uses linguistic form to enable a listener or reader to
identify something (George Yule).

3. Referring expressions
1. Proper Nouns
(e.g. George Yule, Hawaii, Raja Ampat)
2. Definite Noun Phrases
(e.g. The city, The student)
3. Pronouns
(e.g. He, She, It, I, You, We, They)
4. Indefinite Noun Phrases
(e.g. A man, a woman, a beautiful place)

4. Referential and Attributive Uses
 There’s a man waiting for you.
 He wants to marry a woman with lots of money.
 We’d love to find a nine-foot-tall basketball player.

5. Names and References
Name Object
Nanana

6. Example
A: Can I borrow your Shakespeare?
B: Yeah, it’s over there on the table.
A: Where’s the cheese sandwich sitting?
B: He’s over there by the window.

7. ANAPHORIC REFERENCE
 Reference : an act or instance of referring
 Anaphora : a rhetorical term for the repetition of a
word or phrase at the beginning of successive clause.

8.  Antecedent : the first mentioning or the initial referent.
 Anaphora : the second mention.
Peel and slice six potatoes. Put them in cold salted water.
antecedent anaphora
 Cataphora : put it before antecedent.
I turned the corner and almost stepped on it. There was a large
snake in the middle of the path.
 Zero Anaphora : there is no antecedent, anaphora, and
cataphora, but the listener can understand what the speaker
means.
Cook for three minutes.

9. CO-TEXT
Used to accompany or support the referring expressions.
Example :
Brazil wins world cup.
referring expression co-text

10. Reference and Inference
Reference Inference
“Mr. Kawasaki”
Used to refer to a man who
always rode loud and fast his
motorcycle .
A brand name is used to refer
to a person here.
“Can I look to your
Chomsky?” “I enjoy listening
to Mozart”.
This process, where
additional information is
needed to connect what is
said to what is meant is
inference.

11. INFERENCE
I Just rented a house. The kitchen is really big.
If x is house then x has a kitchen.
We had Chadonnay with dinner. The wine was the best
part.
Chardonnay is kind of wine.
The bus came on time, but he didn’t stop.
The antecedant (the bus) and the anaphor (he) are not grammatical
agreement.