The concept of Photo catalysis is being incorporated into catalytic converter to increase the efficiency as well
as to reduce the production cost. Conventional converters make use of surface catalyst process using noble
metals like palladium and rhodium. Our concept works based on photo catalytic reactions by Titanium dioxide
and Zinc oxide thereby reducing the NOx emissions and CO emissions. Development of this proposal will reduce
the fabrication cost of catalytic converter as well as lay seeds of foundation for the future of photocatalytic
converters.
Done By: Silver Group
School Name: Al Khor Independent School for Girls
Environmental Catalysis Module: Students examines different types of catalytic systems, including heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. Depending on the knowledge they gained during activities, the students are then asked to design their projects.
Our Project:
Converting carbon dioxide into oxygen using calcium oxide and metal catalyst
Factory’s smoke contains many harmful and dangerous materials for both human beings and the environment, this project will not only save our ozone layer but it will save many people in the future generation securing a breath full future for humanity.
Done By: Silver Group
School Name: Al Khor Independent School for Girls
Environmental Catalysis Module: Students examines different types of catalytic systems, including heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. Depending on the knowledge they gained during activities, the students are then asked to design their projects.
Our Project:
Converting carbon dioxide into oxygen using calcium oxide and metal catalyst
Factory’s smoke contains many harmful and dangerous materials for both human beings and the environment, this project will not only save our ozone layer but it will save many people in the future generation securing a breath full future for humanity.
ALD for energy application - Lithium ion battery and fuel cellsLaurent Lecordier
This presentation offers a review of latest works done on Ultratech Cambridge Nanotech ALD tools related to atomic layer deposition of Li2O and other lithium-based thin films for lithium-ion battery applications. It illustrates the benefits of ALD for deposition in 3D nanostructure.
A major part of the air pollution caused is due to the vehicular emission which is increasing at an alarming rate. The different types of vehicles like car, bus, truck etc. contribute a way as well as play a dominant duty in increasing air pollution. These vehicles find its running source mainly form the extracts of fossil fuels like petrol, diesel. The fuels undergo combustion to generate energy so as to support the vehicle for duty. The incomplete combustion of the fuels in the engine paves a way for production of products like the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and particulate matters. A high emission level is therefore a proved result. For the purpose of forcing the fuel to have efficient combustion and for reduction of the emission levels for reducing air pollution a wide range of processes are applicable. These include improvising engine design, fuel pre-treatment etc. Among these wide ranges of options available catalytic converter is found to be a better way for establishing an efficient combustion in the controller engine of the vehicle. Usage of noble group metal is an effective way for effective combustion like the platinum group metal serves way good for reducing the exhausts. With the help of secondary measures efficiency of the engine is improved as well. The techniques are still under development as because there are some limitations of the catalytic converters which are needed to be dealt with but the application of this technique has better achievement points as well.
PEMFC (proton exchange membrane)
DMFC (direct methanol)
SOCF (solid oxide)
AFC (alkaline)
PAFC (phosphoric acid)
MCFC (Molten Carbonate)
PEM Fuel Cell
A fuel cell is a battery that produces DC current and voltage
Most fuel cells use hydrogen which burns cleaner compared to hydrocarbon fuels
A fuel cell will keep producing electricity as long as fuel is supplied
The energy efficiency of fuel cells is high when compared to many other energy systems
There is great interest in fuel cells for automotive and electronic applications
There will be employment for technicians particularly in Ohio’s fuel cell industry.
Electrode - Electrolyte Interface Studies in Lithium BatteriesMarine Cuisinier
Compilation of studies conducted at the Institut des Matériaux de Nantes under the supervision of Dr. Dominique Guyomard between 2008 and 2012.
Focused on solid-state NMR to characterize interphases between positive electrode and electrolyte.
Batteries are going to be the building block of the smart future currently being envisaged. From a strategic market perspective, a compilation of current and future Li-ion technologies. It is important to understand who are current market leaders in each crucial components of the Li-ion technology and how disruptive technologies will shift the power balance.
Basian-Markovian Principle in Fitting of Linear Curvetheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Photovoltaic subpanel converter system With Mppt controltheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
ALD for energy application - Lithium ion battery and fuel cellsLaurent Lecordier
This presentation offers a review of latest works done on Ultratech Cambridge Nanotech ALD tools related to atomic layer deposition of Li2O and other lithium-based thin films for lithium-ion battery applications. It illustrates the benefits of ALD for deposition in 3D nanostructure.
A major part of the air pollution caused is due to the vehicular emission which is increasing at an alarming rate. The different types of vehicles like car, bus, truck etc. contribute a way as well as play a dominant duty in increasing air pollution. These vehicles find its running source mainly form the extracts of fossil fuels like petrol, diesel. The fuels undergo combustion to generate energy so as to support the vehicle for duty. The incomplete combustion of the fuels in the engine paves a way for production of products like the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and particulate matters. A high emission level is therefore a proved result. For the purpose of forcing the fuel to have efficient combustion and for reduction of the emission levels for reducing air pollution a wide range of processes are applicable. These include improvising engine design, fuel pre-treatment etc. Among these wide ranges of options available catalytic converter is found to be a better way for establishing an efficient combustion in the controller engine of the vehicle. Usage of noble group metal is an effective way for effective combustion like the platinum group metal serves way good for reducing the exhausts. With the help of secondary measures efficiency of the engine is improved as well. The techniques are still under development as because there are some limitations of the catalytic converters which are needed to be dealt with but the application of this technique has better achievement points as well.
PEMFC (proton exchange membrane)
DMFC (direct methanol)
SOCF (solid oxide)
AFC (alkaline)
PAFC (phosphoric acid)
MCFC (Molten Carbonate)
PEM Fuel Cell
A fuel cell is a battery that produces DC current and voltage
Most fuel cells use hydrogen which burns cleaner compared to hydrocarbon fuels
A fuel cell will keep producing electricity as long as fuel is supplied
The energy efficiency of fuel cells is high when compared to many other energy systems
There is great interest in fuel cells for automotive and electronic applications
There will be employment for technicians particularly in Ohio’s fuel cell industry.
Electrode - Electrolyte Interface Studies in Lithium BatteriesMarine Cuisinier
Compilation of studies conducted at the Institut des Matériaux de Nantes under the supervision of Dr. Dominique Guyomard between 2008 and 2012.
Focused on solid-state NMR to characterize interphases between positive electrode and electrolyte.
Batteries are going to be the building block of the smart future currently being envisaged. From a strategic market perspective, a compilation of current and future Li-ion technologies. It is important to understand who are current market leaders in each crucial components of the Li-ion technology and how disruptive technologies will shift the power balance.
Basian-Markovian Principle in Fitting of Linear Curvetheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Photovoltaic subpanel converter system With Mppt controltheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Numerical Simulation of Bumper Impact Analysis and To Improve Design for Cras...theijes
The major concern in design of bumper is their potentiality to bear impact loads. Therefore, bumper impact test is required to fulfill the safety requirement. In development of bumper systems for the automotive industry, iterative Finite Element (FE) simulations are normally used to find a bumper design that meets the requirements of crash performance. The crash performance of a bumper system is normally verified by results from standardized low speed crash tests based on common crash situations. Explicit finite element method is used to investigate stress and effective plastic strain of bumper at impact. Design modification is applied to the bumper to improve its impact performance.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Study of Incidence and Etiology of Prolapse at Rural Based Teaching Hospitaltheijes
In our country as large number of woman deliver at home, usually conducted by untrained dias, incidence of prolapse is higher. The etiology of prolapse was discussed by ARETAEUS, a Greek physician who believed procedentiato be result of weakness of ligaments of the uterus. There are multiple etiological factors in the developed of prolapse. Diagnosis of prolapse at the earliest will help to reduce the complications of prolapse as well as continue child bearing function of the young woman.
Benefits and Challenges of Implementing Carbon Capture and Sequestration Tech...theijes
This paper reviews the state of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the potential benefits and challenges of
implementing Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) technology in Nigeria as a means of mitigating the
threat posed in emitting CO2. In 2010 Nigeria was ranked 44th by the International Energy Agency (IEA) for
emitting about 80.51 million metric tons of CO2 annually. In this paper, the three different stages that constitute
carbon capture and sequestration are discussed individually, and then the potential for their integration into a
commercial scale CCS process is considered. CCS technology shows promising possibility for application in
plants that emit large amounts of CO2 and also considered are some technological improvements to capture
CO2 from air, as the technology can be applied for removing CO2 directly from the atmosphere and thus
reducing the effect of emissions from vehicles and other moving sources. The development and deployment of
CCS in Nigeria will be very significant in ensuring that we are able to meet increasing energy demand and keep
the lights on whilst minimizing the environmental damage. The market for CCS in Nigeria is likely to be
measured in $billions with the potential of creating over 100,000 jobs.
Physico – Chemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Well Water at Crescent Roa...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Challenges to the Implementation of It Governace in Zimbabwean Parastatalstheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Determining Measurement Uncertainty Parameters for Calibration Processestheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
As India’s population continues to grow, more citizens will move to cities. Experts predict that about 25-30 people will migrate every minute to major Indian cities from rural areas in search of better livelihood and better lifestyles. It is estimated that by the year 2050, the number of people living in Indian cities will touch 843 million. To accommodate this massive urbanization, India needs to find smarter ways to manage complexities, reduce expenses, increase efficiency and improve the quality of life.
APPLYING CONCENTRATED SOLUTION OF PALM SUGAR + 5% NaCl PRIOR TO EXERCISING AN...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Secure and efficient management of confidential data in the decentralized dis...theijes
Mobile Nodes in some difficult areas subjected to intermittent network property and frequent partitions for e.g. battlefield. Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN) technologies are designed to specific situations wherever it will tolerate noise, attacks etc which means that nodes will get confidential information with none loss. Many application situations need a security for data that has secure access to information hold on in storage nodes at intervals a DTN or to contents of the messages routed through the network. Here, we have a tendency to use a way that allows secure access of data that is referred to as Ciphertext Policy Attributed-Based Encryption (CP-ABE) approach. There are many problems during this state of affairs. Some of those are control of policies needed for correct authentication of user and therefore the policies to retrieve the information. Therefore we have a tendency to use a promising solution i.e. Ciphertext-policy attribute-based encoding (CP-ABE) to resolve the problem of accessing information. But, by applying CP-ABE in decentralized DTNs results into many security and privacy challenges with reference to the attribute revocation, key escrow, and coordination of attributes issued from multiple authorities. Here, we have a tendency to propose a secure and efficient management of data within the decentralized Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN) wherever multiple key authorities severally manage their attributes.
Application of Mobile Computing In Tertiary Institutions: Case Study of Midla...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems in the Implementation ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Power Generation through the Wind Energy Using Convergent Nozzletheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Onto-Ethological Studies: How an Environmental Imaginary Envisions a Shared H...theijes
Jakob Von Uexkull’s groundbreaking work on the Umwelt discusses how alive creatures have a wall of senses. I
seek to extend his theories by applying them to what I call the human-beagle Umwelt. Sources will be used from
environmental imaginaries because they have the theories and the requisite knowledge of abstraction. These
ideas are not necessarily readily apparent or even obvious since most people do not think about animals and
environments this way. Therefore, we need environmental imaginaries, to help us think about beagles, in
terms of what their lives, are really like in relation to our own. Ordinarily, we tend to view beagles, in
comparison to our lives, and how these animals can serve us. Of course, this limits our view about their very
potential and undercuts our ability to know, understand, and to fully appreciate beagles. Beagles, like humans,
are actually shaped and influenced by their landscapes. We can consider the beagle’s body type, voice, lifestyle,
and how these specific things compliment an environment. The beagle has become central to human survival
and at times, the beagle’s powerful nose is an extension of our bodies, the way that a cane is central to
the blind, or to the disabled. Therefore, humans and the beagle share a joint Umwelt as the beagle’s heightened
sense of smell is used by humans to become an extension of our human sense. My journal entries should help to
further illustrate some of the abstract ideas gathered from the scholarly sources.
Combinatorial Identities Related To Root Supermultiplicities In Some Borcherd...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Design and Development of Catalytic Converter for Reduction of Pollution by U...YogeshIJTSRD
The use of fossil fuels in automobiles mainly HC, CO and NOX which produce harmful green house gases. The main objective of catalytic converter is to reduce and control effect of harmful pollutants by converting toxic CO and NOX to non toxic CO2and H2O. CFD analysis is done in the present study of catalytic converter by taking three different materials for the make of catalytic converter such as stainless steel, Grey cast iron and aluminum at the time by varying different fluids such as methane, ethane and nitrogen at varying speeds of 2000 and2500R.P.M. V. Saran Tej | M. Rakesh Kumar | N. Satya Sandeep | N. Sai "Design and Development of Catalytic Converter for Reduction of Pollution by Using Transient and CFD Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43784.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/43784/design-and-development-of-catalytic-converter-for-reduction-of-pollution-by-using-transient-and-cfd-analysis/v-saran-tej
A catalytic converter is a device fitted inside the exhaust pipe used to control the emission of the vehicle. By catalyzing a redox reaction, it converts toxic gases into less toxic pollutants. The conversion occurs upto 98%. It reduces the emission level of harmful gases by doing the reduction of nitrogen oxide into nitrogen and oxygen, oxidation of hydrocarbons into carbon dioxide and water, and carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide. To prevent environmental pollution, and prevent emission related issues of the vehicle, the catalytic converter must be kept in good order.
Exhaust analysis of four stroke single cylinder diesel engine using copper ba...ijsrd.com
Exhaust emissions of much concern are Hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) from the automotive vehicles. Catalytic converter oxidizes harmful CO and HC emission to CO2 and H2O in the exhaust system and thus the emission is controlled. There are several types of problems associated with noble metal based catalytic converter. These factors encourage for the possible application of non-noble metal based material such as copper as a catalyst, which may by proper improvements be able to show the desired activity and can also offer better durability characteristics due to its poison resistant nature. The present work is aimed at using copper as a catalyst for catalytic converter. Wire mesh copper catalytic converter is developed for a volume of 1.54 m3. The experiment is carried out on four stroke single cylinder CI engine. The optimum values of exhaust emissions found at full load are HC (126 ppm), CO (0.03 %). By using copper based catalytic converter it is found that HC is reduced by 33 % and CO by 66 % at full load.
Catalytic Converter Made of Non-noble Material for an Automobileijsrd.com
This paper is reports on the review of catalytic converter made of non - noble material for an automobile. The converter made of the noble material is highly efficient but there is some major problem associated with these converters. First problem is the cost of the catalytic converter increased due to high cost of the noble material. Second problem is that they are operated at the higher temperature. Third problem is that the noble material is rarely available in earth crust and hence they are exhausted one day. Due to above problem associated with the noble material there is some option required for the noble material which is easily available at the lower cost. The non - noble material (Copper, Nickel, Zinc etc.) is perfect for the use into the catalytic converter instead of the noble material as they are easily available at low cost and operated at lower temperature than the noble material.
Emission Characteristics and Performance of Catalytic Converter A Reviewijtsrd
In recent years, several strategies such as fuel treatment, engine modification, EGR and catalytic converter have been introduced to control emissions from vehicles. Catalytic converter equipment is efficient and commonly used. Catalytic converters reduce emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter from internal combustion engines and allow more strict pollution standards to be met. In this study paper different methods and strategies to increase efficiency of catalytic converter is discussed. The efficiency of the catalytic converter is updated according to literature survey improvements in design, shape and content. The hexagonal monolith shape was found to have better mechanical efficiency than the square shape. Catalytic converters based on nickel have cut HC by 40 percent and CO by 35 percent. Nobel metals are toxic and costly, so we can use non noble metals such as Cu, Ag, Au, Fe, etc. Ashish Kumar Soni "Emission Characteristics and Performance of Catalytic Converter: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38176.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/38176/emission-characteristics-and-performance-of-catalytic-converter-a-review/ashish-kumar-soni
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Reduced graphene oxide–CuO nanocomposites for photocatalyticconversion of CO2...Pawan Kumar
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)–copper oxide nanocomposites are prepared by covalent grafting of CuOnanorods on the rGO skeleton. Chemical and structural features of rGO–CuO nanocomposites are probedby FTIR, XPS, XRD and HRTEM analyses. Photocatalytic potential of rGO–CuO nanocomposites is exploredfor reduction of CO2into the methanol under the visible light irradiation. The breadth of CuO nanorods andthe oxidation state of Cu in the rGO–CuO/Cu2O nanocomposites are systematically varied to investigatetheir photocatalytic activities. The pristine CuO nanorods exhibited very low photocatalytic activity owingto fast recombination of charge carriers and yielded 175 mol g−1methanol, whereas rGO–Cu2O andrGO–CuO exhibited significantly improved photocatalytic activities and yielded five (862 mol g−1) andseven (1228 mol g−1) folds methanol, respectively. The superior photocatalytic activity of CuO in therGO–CuO nanocomposites was attributed to slow recombination of charge carriers and efficient transferof photo-generated electrons through the rGO skeleton. This study further excludes the use of scavengingdonor.
Reduced graphene oxide–CuO nanocomposites for photocatalyticconversion of CO2...Pawan Kumar
tReduced graphene oxide (rGO)–copper oxide nanocomposites are prepared by covalent grafting of CuOnanorods on the rGO skeleton. Chemical and structural features of rGO–CuO nanocomposites are probedby FTIR, XPS, XRD and HRTEM analyses. Photocatalytic potential of rGO–CuO nanocomposites is exploredfor reduction of CO2into the methanol under the visible light irradiation. The breadth of CuO nanorods andthe oxidation state of Cu in the rGO–CuO/Cu2O nanocomposites are systematically varied to investigatetheir photocatalytic activities. The pristine CuO nanorods exhibited very low photocatalytic activity owingto fast recombination of charge carriers and yielded 175 mol g−1methanol, whereas rGO–Cu2O andrGO–CuO exhibited significantly improved photocatalytic activities and yielded five (862 mol g−1) andseven (1228 mol g−1) folds methanol, respectively. The superior photocatalytic activity of CuO in therGO–CuO nanocomposites was attributed to slow recombination of charge carriers and efficient transferof photo-generated electrons through the rGO skeleton. This study further excludes the use of scavengingdonor.
Emission Control by Catalytic Converter, Jeevan B MJeevan B M
A catalytic converter is an emissions control device that converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas to less toxic pollutants. The catalytic converter was invented by Eugene Houdry, a French mechanical engineer and expert in catalytic oil refining. In the catalytic converter, there are two different types of catalyst at work, a reduction catalyst and an oxidation catalyst.
A comprehensive birds eye view of catalysis in green chemistry. Includes descriptions of photocatalysis,zeolites and nanoparticles as efficient green catalysts.A simple and crisp presentation with minimum words and alot of figures and colors.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
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Photocatalytic Converter
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 5 || Issue || 4 || Pages || PP -28-32|| 2016 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 28
Photocatalytic Converter
Sivanesan G, Sharran S.R, Vigneshraj C.T
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RMK Engineering College
----------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------
The concept of Photo catalysis is being incorporated into catalytic converter to increase the efficiency as well
as to reduce the production cost. Conventional converters make use of surface catalyst process using noble
metals like palladium and rhodium. Our concept works based on photo catalytic reactions by Titanium dioxide
and Zinc oxide thereby reducing the NOx emissions and CO emissions. Development of this proposal will reduce
the fabrication cost of catalytic converter as well as lay seeds of foundation for the future of photocatalytic
converters.
Index Terms— Photocatalytic Converters, Photo catalysis, UV Light, TiO2, ZnO, Catalytic converters, Wire
Mesh, Dip Coating, Drop Casting, Reflux method–Preparation of ZnO, Nanoparticles
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 23 March 2016 Date of Accepted: 20 April 2016
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
A catalytic converter is an emissions control device that converts toxic pollutants in exhaust gas to less toxic
pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction (oxidation or reduction). Catalytic converters are used with internal
combustion engines fueled by either petrol (gasoline) or diesel—including lean-burn engines as well as kerosene
heaters and stoves. The first widespread introduction of catalytic converters was in the United States automobile
market. To comply with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's stricter regulation of exhaust emissions,
gasoline-powered vehicles starting with the 1975 model year must be equipped with catalytic converters. These
"two-way" converters combined oxygen with carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC) to pro-
duce carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). In 1981, two-way catalytic converters were rendered obsolete by
"three-way" converters that also reduce oxides of nitrogen (NOx); However, two-way converters are still used
for lean-burn engines. Although catalytic converters are most commonly applied to exhaust systems in automo-
biles, they are also used on electrical generators, forklifts, mining equipment, trucks, buses, locomotives and
motorcycles. They are also used on some wood stoves to control emissions. This is usually in response to gov-
ernment regulation, either through direct environmental regulation or through health and safety regulations.
Though conventional catalytic converters have their own advantages, it has its own drawbacks of being tem-
perature dependent, with the catalytic action being good only at higher temperatures. It is prone to theft due to
presence of noble metals which are very expensive. We look forward to eliminate these disadvantages with the
development of a highly cost friendly converter. This project deals with use of photo catalytic reaction in cata-
lytic converters to improve the efficiency as well as to reduce the production cost drastically by delimiting the
use of noble metals.
II. TRADITIONAL CATALYTIC CONVERTER
An internal combustion engine creates heat energy by igniting a mixture of gasoline and atmospheric oxygen
with a high-voltage spark. Unfortunately, a residual quantity of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and
nitrogen oxides (NOX) are left over after combustion. Consequently, a catalytic converter uses precious metals
like platinum as a catalyst to convert harmful pollutants like HC, CO and NOX into harmless gases like oxygen
(O2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Since a catalyst will accelerate a chemical reaction without being
consumed by the process itself, the catalytic converter will theoretically last forever. In reality, catalytic conver-
ters eventually succumb to contaminants from coolant and engine oil additives and heat stress.
Platinum, palladium, rhodium and cerium store oxygen in the converter during periods of lean operation or by
an external air source. The oxygen is used to oxidize hydrocarbons and toxic gases during periods of ―rich‖ op-
eration. This oxidation changes harmful carbon monoxide (CO) into carbon dioxide (CO2). It will also oxidize
hydrocarbon or fuel by turning it into inert carbon products and water (H2O). This is called reduction in chemi-
stry and breaks down molecules into smaller parts. The precious metals act as catalysts in the process and are
not changed, they just store and use oxygen to breakdown combustion products.
2. Photocatalytic Converter
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 29
According to Johnson Matthey, a leading refiner of precious metals, industrial uses excluding catalytic conver-
ters make up about 30% of total platinum demand. Catalytic converters for the auto industry use 33% of the
world's platinum while jewelry accounts for 29%. The remaining 8% is made up of platinum coins, bars and
ingots used for investment purposes. Drawbacks to palladium include its sensitivity to poisons. Rhodium, cur-
rently the most expensive of the three, has by far the highest activity for the removal of NOx from the exhaust.
In addition, it has significant activity for the oxidation of HC and CO and very good resistance to the poisons
present in the exhaust stream. With its primary drawback is its high cost. However, they can’t breakdown or
oxidize some chemicals in the exhaust stream. If the catalyst is blocked by carbon, silica or phosphorus, the
converter will fail to work.
Figure 1. Cut section of exsisting catalytic converter
III. PROPOSED DESIGN
The photocatalytic converter has an outer cuboid casing, made up of sheet metal forming. The substrate for pho-
tocatalytic metal oxides is a wire mesh made up of galvanized iron trimmed in
Figure 2. Isometric view of the prototype photocatalytic converter
such a way that it fits perfectly inside the photocatalytic converters body. The wire mesh substrate is provided
with a center circular hole to allow UV bulb positioning. the photocatalytic metal oxides are coated on the wire
mesh by the process of dip coating and drop casting. Here in this photocatalytic converter titanium
Figure3. Mesh and bulb arrangement inside the prototype
dioxide and zinc oxides are used as photocatalytic metal oxides. after dip coating of metal oxides these coated
3. Photocatalytic Converter
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 30
wire mesh substrates are brazed inside the converters body at equal intervals. UV bulb is inserted at the center of
these substrates making sure that all the substrates get irradiated by the ultra violet light. The catalytic converters
body is closed at the ends by closing caps, which is brazed to the cuboid body. These closing caps provide air-
tight mountings for the UV bulb at both ends. The closing caps also contains inlet and outlet pipes of the catalyt-
ic converter at each ends. The inlet and outlet pipes are brazed and positioned in the closing caps in such a way
that the exhaust gases enter from the top right most end of the catalytic converter and exists at the bottom left
most end, providing necessary time and space for the gases to get reacted. The electronics and wire for UV bulb
are perfectly insulated from the catalytic converters heat. Terminals are provided from the bulb mountings for
AC mains of the UV bulb.
IV. TECHNICALBACKGROUND
In chemistry, photocatalysis is the acceleration of a photoreaction in the presence of a catalyst. In catalysed pho-
tolysis, light is absorbed by an adsorbed substrate. In photogenerated catalysis, the photocatalytic activity (pca)
depends on the ability of the catalyst to create electron–hole pairs, which generate free radicals (e.g. Hydroxyl
radicals: •oh) able to undergo secondary reactions. Its practical application was made possible by the discovery
of water electrolysis by means of titanium dioxide. The commercially used process is called the advanced oxida-
tion process (AOP). There are several ways the aop can be carried out; these may (but do not necessarily) in-
volve TiO2 or even the use of UV light. Generally, the defining factor is the production and use of the hydroxyl
radical.
V. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Automobile Exhaust emissions which have toxic gases such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO)
and hydro carbons (HC) are expected to be treated before they reach the atmosphere. Conventional catalytic
converters are used to treat the exhaust gases, which makes use of surface catalysis technology of noble metals
like platinum palladium and rhodium. These noble metals catalyze the oxidation and reduction of toxic emis-
sions and convert them into non-toxic gases. The limitations with surface catalyst technology is that they prove
to be expensive because of the use of noble metals like platinum, palladium and rhodium. Moreover, this
process seems to be temperature dependent. The catalytic activity is found to be more effective at higher tem-
perature of exhaust gases which in turn signify that catalytic action at low temperatures (at the initial stages of
vehicle running) is not comparatively effective. This invention of photocatalytic converter overcomes the deme-
rits of conventional catalytic converters by making use of photo catalysis technology. Photo catalysis is a cata-
lytic property exhibited by certain metal oxides like TiO2, ZnO etc. These metal oxides when irradiated by Ultra
violet or visible light of suitable wavelength (250-350nm) release free electrons, these electrons separate the
water molecules present in the moisture into OH-
and H+
radicals which oxidize and reduce the toxic emissions
into non-toxic gases.
VI.I PHOTOCATALYTIC REACTION OF TiO2
Ti4+
ions receive a photoelectron which is usually generated due to UV irradiation on TiO2. Photo generated
electrons and holes are produced in TiO2 under UV irradiation. The electrons can be trapped and tend to reduce
Ti4+
cations to Ti3+
state and the holes to oxidize O2-
anions for the formation of O-
trapped hole or oxygen gas.
The charge transfer steps as follows:
TiO2 + hυ e-
+ h+
e-
+ Ti4+
Ti3+
+ Trapped electron
h+
+ O2-
O-
+ Trapped hole
4h+
+ 2O2-
O2
2NO +2CO N2 + 2CO2
C8H18 +O2 8CO2 +9H2O
VI.II. PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF ZnO
Zinc oxide is a wide bandgap(~3.37eV) n-type semiconductor, which has achieved application in many fields
such as photo catalysis, solar cells gas sensors and photo detectors. In general, small size ZnO Nano particles
have increased specific area and more number of active sites where the photo generated charge
4. Photocatalytic Converter
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 31
Figure 4. ZnO photocatalytic reactions
carries are able to react with absorbed molecules to form hydroxyl and superoxide radicals. The photo generated
holes on ZnO could aid oxidation while the electrons could absorb surface O2 to form various oxygen spe-
cies(ROSs), thus assist the catalytic action on toxic emissions.
VI. EXPLODED VIEW
This image illustrates our prototype catalytic converter in exploded view. Starting from the left, is side cap for
the converter with an inlet for exhaust air. Following the cap is a wire mesh, coated with TiO2 and another mesh
Figure 5. Exploded view of the photocatalytic converter design
coated with ZnO. This mesh coating is repeated again inside the housing of the photocatalytic converter which is
made of sheetmetal. The meshes have a hole of equal diameter for UV lamp to pass through it. It is finally cov-
ered by other end of the side cap with support for bulb and a hole for outlet air.
VII. LABORATORY TESTING
We hold the privilege of developing a prototype for our project, and we tried testing the engine emissions after
attaching our catalytic converter to a 4 stroke, single cylinder kirloskar diesel engine operating at No load condi-
tions with exhaust temperature of 1890
C at the National Institue of Technology(NIT), Trichy. The analysis was
made using a flue gas analyser approved by NIT, Trichy.
The following results were recorded for the diesel engine before the use of catalytic converter.
Table1. Emission gas analysis of the diesel engine
TRIAL 1
CO 0.06% vol
HC 20ppm
CO2 2.90% vol
O2 16.15% vol
NO 97 ppm
x 6.554
5. Photocatalytic Converter
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 32
The following results were recorded after the use of our prototype,
Figure 6. Photocatalytic Converter attached to an engine at NIT-T
Photocatalytic converter operating at the same conditions with each trial being performed evry 5 minutes.
Table 2. Emission Analysis after attaching Photocatalytic converter
TRIAL
1
TRIAL
2
TRIAL
3
TRIAL
4
TRIAL
5
TRIAL
6
CO 0.07%
vol
0.06%
vol
0.07%
vol
0.07%
vol
0.07%
vol
0.06%
vol
HC 20ppm 23ppm 21ppm 21ppm 25ppm 19ppm
CO2 2.60%
vol
2.10%
vol
2.30%
vol
2.40%
vol
2.40%
vol
2.10%
vol
O2 16.87%
vol
17.55%
vol
17.28%
vol
17.40%
vol
17.21%
vol
17.77%
vol
NO 88 ppm 69 ppm 72 ppm 72 ppm 73 ppm 62 ppm
x 6.554 6.554 6.554 8.282 7.905 9.162
We tested the emissions again immideatly after removing the catalytic converter to derive the following test
reports.
Table 3. Emission Analysis after the removal of photocatalytic converter
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2
CO 0.07% vol 0.07% vol
HC 18 ppm 18 ppm
CO2 2.90% vol 2.70% vol
O2 16.74% vol 16.90% vol
NO 86 ppm 81 ppm
x 6.600 6.600
VIII. CONCLUSION
A photocatalytic converter has been developed which makes use of photocatalytic property of semiconductor
metal oxides like TiO2 and ZnO under ultraviolet irradiation to reduce and oxidize the toxic pollutants of ex-
haust emissions. Thereby avoiding the use of noble precious metals like platinum, palladium and rhodium, re-
ducing cost and paving a new way in the field of catalytic converters.
Thereby, from the emission results we can derive at a conclusion that with proper development of this concept,
we can achieve better emission control using the concepts of photocatalysis in catalytic converters.
IX. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are very much privileged to express our gratitude to Bharathidasan University, Anna University, Trichy and
National Institute of Technology, Trichy. Without their immense support, this paper would not have been a reali-
ty. We express our sincere thanks to all the faculty members for guiding us to finish this paper successfully. We
are also thankful to our parents for their kind cooperation.
6. Photocatalytic Converter
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 33
REFERENCES
[1] Masaru Kobayashi and William Kalriess ―Photocatalytic Activity of Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide‖
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