This paper reviews the state of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the potential benefits and challenges of
implementing Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) technology in Nigeria as a means of mitigating the
threat posed in emitting CO2. In 2010 Nigeria was ranked 44th by the International Energy Agency (IEA) for
emitting about 80.51 million metric tons of CO2 annually. In this paper, the three different stages that constitute
carbon capture and sequestration are discussed individually, and then the potential for their integration into a
commercial scale CCS process is considered. CCS technology shows promising possibility for application in
plants that emit large amounts of CO2 and also considered are some technological improvements to capture
CO2 from air, as the technology can be applied for removing CO2 directly from the atmosphere and thus
reducing the effect of emissions from vehicles and other moving sources. The development and deployment of
CCS in Nigeria will be very significant in ensuring that we are able to meet increasing energy demand and keep
the lights on whilst minimizing the environmental damage. The market for CCS in Nigeria is likely to be
measured in $billions with the potential of creating over 100,000 jobs.
The Asia CCUS Network has been successfully launched on 22-23 June 2021 with initially 13 countries (all ASEAN member countries, the United States, Australia, and Japan) and more than 100 international organisations, companies, financial and research institutions that share the vision of CCUS development throughout the Asian region.
The Network members have expressed their intention to participate to share the vision of the Asia CCUS Network that aims to contribute to the decarbonisation of emissions in Asia through collaboration and cooperation on development and deployment of CCUS.
The Asia CCUS Network provides opportunities for countries in the region to work and collaborate on the low emission technology partnership that will eventually help to build countries’ capability to lower the cost of CCUS technology and its deployment through the collaboration of research and innovation.
At the 2nd Asia CCUS Network (ACN) Knowledge Sharing Conference, the Asia CCUS Network is very pleased to invite experts from the Department of Energy, United States of America (USDOE) to share their insights and experiences about CCUS development and policy to support the deployment of CCUS technology.
The ACN will be an active forum to bridge the knowledge gap on CCUS technologies, policy development to support the development and deployment of CCUS in Asia. Thus, this conference hosted in collaboration with IEA will help to bring in update knowledge, opportunity for investment in CCUS in Asia.
David Freed (8 Rivers Capital), ELEEP Virtual Discussion on NET PowerELEEP Network
This presentation was given during an ELEEP Virtual Discussion with David Freed on NET Power on July 12, 2016. A video recording of the event is available on the ELEEP Network YouTube Channel - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gl1AoXwEgM8
Carbon Capture and Storage in the Cement IndustryAntea Group
Heidelberg Cement presented on carbon capture and storage/ utilization as part of the recent Antea Group-sponsored EHS&S workshop for the chemical industry at the Brightlands Chemelot campus in the Netherlands.
On July 23, 2010, the MIT Energy Initiative (MITEI) and the Bureau of Economic Geology at the
University of Texas (UT-BEG) co-hosted a symposium on the Role of Enhanced Oil Recovery
(EOR) in Accelerating the Deployment of Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS). The motivation
for the symposium lies with the convergence of two national energy priorities: enhancement
of domestic oil production through increased tertiary recovery; establishment of large-scale CCS
as an enabler for continued coal use in a future carbon-constrained world. These security and
environmental goals can both be advanced by utilizing the carbon dioxide (CO2) captured from
coal (and natural gas) combustion for EOR, but many questions remain about the efficacy and
implementation of such a program at large scale. The symposium aimed to lay out the issues and
to explore what might be an appropriate government role.
Il World Energy Focus, nuovo mensile online della WEC's community, una e-publication gratuita per essere sempre aggiornato sugli sviluppi del settore energetico. Il World Energy Focus contiene news, interviste esclusive e uno spazio dedicato agli eventi promossi dai singoli Comitati Nazionali.
The Asia CCUS Network has been successfully launched on 22-23 June 2021 with initially 13 countries (all ASEAN member countries, the United States, Australia, and Japan) and more than 100 international organisations, companies, financial and research institutions that share the vision of CCUS development throughout the Asian region.
The Network members have expressed their intention to participate to share the vision of the Asia CCUS Network that aims to contribute to the decarbonisation of emissions in Asia through collaboration and cooperation on development and deployment of CCUS.
The Asia CCUS Network provides opportunities for countries in the region to work and collaborate on the low emission technology partnership that will eventually help to build countries’ capability to lower the cost of CCUS technology and its deployment through the collaboration of research and innovation.
At the 2nd Asia CCUS Network (ACN) Knowledge Sharing Conference, the Asia CCUS Network is very pleased to invite experts from the Department of Energy, United States of America (USDOE) to share their insights and experiences about CCUS development and policy to support the deployment of CCUS technology.
The ACN will be an active forum to bridge the knowledge gap on CCUS technologies, policy development to support the development and deployment of CCUS in Asia. Thus, this conference hosted in collaboration with IEA will help to bring in update knowledge, opportunity for investment in CCUS in Asia.
David Freed (8 Rivers Capital), ELEEP Virtual Discussion on NET PowerELEEP Network
This presentation was given during an ELEEP Virtual Discussion with David Freed on NET Power on July 12, 2016. A video recording of the event is available on the ELEEP Network YouTube Channel - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gl1AoXwEgM8
Carbon Capture and Storage in the Cement IndustryAntea Group
Heidelberg Cement presented on carbon capture and storage/ utilization as part of the recent Antea Group-sponsored EHS&S workshop for the chemical industry at the Brightlands Chemelot campus in the Netherlands.
On July 23, 2010, the MIT Energy Initiative (MITEI) and the Bureau of Economic Geology at the
University of Texas (UT-BEG) co-hosted a symposium on the Role of Enhanced Oil Recovery
(EOR) in Accelerating the Deployment of Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS). The motivation
for the symposium lies with the convergence of two national energy priorities: enhancement
of domestic oil production through increased tertiary recovery; establishment of large-scale CCS
as an enabler for continued coal use in a future carbon-constrained world. These security and
environmental goals can both be advanced by utilizing the carbon dioxide (CO2) captured from
coal (and natural gas) combustion for EOR, but many questions remain about the efficacy and
implementation of such a program at large scale. The symposium aimed to lay out the issues and
to explore what might be an appropriate government role.
Il World Energy Focus, nuovo mensile online della WEC's community, una e-publication gratuita per essere sempre aggiornato sugli sviluppi del settore energetico. Il World Energy Focus contiene news, interviste esclusive e uno spazio dedicato agli eventi promossi dai singoli Comitati Nazionali.
Webinar Series: Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum Part 1. CCUS in the Uni...Global CCS Institute
The Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) is a Ministerial-level international climate change initiative that is focused on the development of improved cost-effective technologies for carbon capture and storage (CCS). As part of our commitment to raising awareness of CCS policies and technology, CSLF, with support from the Global CCS Institute, is running a series of webinars showcasing academics and researchers that are working on some of the most interesting CCS projects and developments from around the globe.
This first webinar comes to you from Abu Dhabi – the site of the Mid-Year CSLF Meeting and home of the Al Reyadah Carbon Capture, Utilization & Storage (CCUS) Project. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is one of the world’s major oil exporters, with some of the highest levels of CO2 emissions per capita. These factors alone make this a very interesting region for the deployment of CCUS both as an option for reducing CO2 emissions, but also linking these operations for the purposes of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations.
In the UAE, CCUS has attracted leading academic institutes and technology developers to work on developing advanced technologies for reducing CO2 emissions. On Wednesday, 26th April, we had the opportunity to join the Masdar Institute’s Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering, Mohammad Abu Zahra to learn about the current status and potential for CCUS in the UAE.
Mohammad presented an overview of the current large scale CCUS demonstration project in the UAE, followed by a presentation and discussion of the ongoing research and development activities at the Masdar Institute.
This webinar offered a rare opportunity to put your questions directly to this experienced researcher and learn more about the fascinating advances being made at the Masdar Institute.
Giuseppe Zollino, Italian National Delegate FP7 Energy Committee - I programm...WEC Italia
Slides presentate in occasione del convegno "Le strategie europee di de-carbonizzazione - Quale ruolo per la Cattura e Stoccaggio della CO2?" organizzato il 16/05/2013 da WEC Italia e AIDIC in collaborazione con Energia Media
Gas Arabia Summit: Unconventional Gas Developments in the GulfEnergy Intelligence
Rana Samaha, Middle East R&A Director at Energy Intelligence, presented at the 10th Gas Arabia Summit, Dubai, January 13, 2015.
These slides include content on:
1.) US Shale gas developments: Key success factors
2.) GCC gas imbalances; role of unconventional gas developments
3.) GCC NOC's different approaches; Saudi Aramco's mandate
'Applying carbon capture and storage to a Chinese steel plant.' Feasibility s...Global CCS Institute
The Global CCS Institute has recently published a feasibility study report on applying carbon capture and storage (CCS) to a steel plant in China. Toshiba was commissioned to conduct the study in collaboration with Chinese corporations.
The feasibility suggests that carbon capture in Chinese steel plants is a cost effective means of reducing carbon emissions compared with similar plants around the world. In this webinar, Toshiba presented on the major findings of this feasibility study.
Webinar: Global Status of CCS: 2014 - Driving development in the Asia Pacific Global CCS Institute
The Global CCS Institute launched The Global Status of CCS: 2014 report on 5 November 2014.
2014 has been a pivotal year for CCS as it is now a reality in the power industry. The Global Status of CCS: 2014 report provides a comprehensive overview of global and regional developments in CCS technologies and the policies, laws and regulations that must drive the demonstration and deployment of technologies to support global climate mitigation efforts.
Clare Penrose, the Institute's General Manager - Asia Pacific presented a summary of the report and discuss the key recommendations, an important reference for decision makers for the year ahead.
Ms Penrose was joined by the Institute’s subject matter experts who were available to answer questions:
Chris Consoli: CO2 Storage
Ian Havercroft: CCS Laws and Regulations
Lawrence Irlam: CCS Policy and Economics
Jessica Morton: CCS Public Engagement
Tony Zhang: CO2 Capture
Life cycle costing is defined as the total cost throughout its life including planning, design, acquisition & support costs & any other costs directly attributable to owning / using the Hydrogen.
Georg Erdmann, Prof. for Energy System at the Berlin University of Technology WEC Italia
Slides presentate in occasione del Seminario "The Energy transition in Europe: different pathways, same destination? organizzato da Edison in collaborazione con WEC Italia il 29 maggio 2013 a Roma - TWITTER #NRGstrategy
The role of CCS/CCUS in the Climate Action Plan - Dr S. Julio FriedmannGlobal CCS Institute
The role of CCS/CCUS in the Climate Action Plan
Global CCS Institute, delivered at the Global CCS Institute's Third Americas Forum
Feb. 27th, 2014, Washington, DC
Basian-Markovian Principle in Fitting of Linear Curvetheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Physico – Chemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Well Water at Crescent Roa...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Webinar Series: Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum Part 1. CCUS in the Uni...Global CCS Institute
The Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) is a Ministerial-level international climate change initiative that is focused on the development of improved cost-effective technologies for carbon capture and storage (CCS). As part of our commitment to raising awareness of CCS policies and technology, CSLF, with support from the Global CCS Institute, is running a series of webinars showcasing academics and researchers that are working on some of the most interesting CCS projects and developments from around the globe.
This first webinar comes to you from Abu Dhabi – the site of the Mid-Year CSLF Meeting and home of the Al Reyadah Carbon Capture, Utilization & Storage (CCUS) Project. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is one of the world’s major oil exporters, with some of the highest levels of CO2 emissions per capita. These factors alone make this a very interesting region for the deployment of CCUS both as an option for reducing CO2 emissions, but also linking these operations for the purposes of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations.
In the UAE, CCUS has attracted leading academic institutes and technology developers to work on developing advanced technologies for reducing CO2 emissions. On Wednesday, 26th April, we had the opportunity to join the Masdar Institute’s Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering, Mohammad Abu Zahra to learn about the current status and potential for CCUS in the UAE.
Mohammad presented an overview of the current large scale CCUS demonstration project in the UAE, followed by a presentation and discussion of the ongoing research and development activities at the Masdar Institute.
This webinar offered a rare opportunity to put your questions directly to this experienced researcher and learn more about the fascinating advances being made at the Masdar Institute.
Giuseppe Zollino, Italian National Delegate FP7 Energy Committee - I programm...WEC Italia
Slides presentate in occasione del convegno "Le strategie europee di de-carbonizzazione - Quale ruolo per la Cattura e Stoccaggio della CO2?" organizzato il 16/05/2013 da WEC Italia e AIDIC in collaborazione con Energia Media
Gas Arabia Summit: Unconventional Gas Developments in the GulfEnergy Intelligence
Rana Samaha, Middle East R&A Director at Energy Intelligence, presented at the 10th Gas Arabia Summit, Dubai, January 13, 2015.
These slides include content on:
1.) US Shale gas developments: Key success factors
2.) GCC gas imbalances; role of unconventional gas developments
3.) GCC NOC's different approaches; Saudi Aramco's mandate
'Applying carbon capture and storage to a Chinese steel plant.' Feasibility s...Global CCS Institute
The Global CCS Institute has recently published a feasibility study report on applying carbon capture and storage (CCS) to a steel plant in China. Toshiba was commissioned to conduct the study in collaboration with Chinese corporations.
The feasibility suggests that carbon capture in Chinese steel plants is a cost effective means of reducing carbon emissions compared with similar plants around the world. In this webinar, Toshiba presented on the major findings of this feasibility study.
Webinar: Global Status of CCS: 2014 - Driving development in the Asia Pacific Global CCS Institute
The Global CCS Institute launched The Global Status of CCS: 2014 report on 5 November 2014.
2014 has been a pivotal year for CCS as it is now a reality in the power industry. The Global Status of CCS: 2014 report provides a comprehensive overview of global and regional developments in CCS technologies and the policies, laws and regulations that must drive the demonstration and deployment of technologies to support global climate mitigation efforts.
Clare Penrose, the Institute's General Manager - Asia Pacific presented a summary of the report and discuss the key recommendations, an important reference for decision makers for the year ahead.
Ms Penrose was joined by the Institute’s subject matter experts who were available to answer questions:
Chris Consoli: CO2 Storage
Ian Havercroft: CCS Laws and Regulations
Lawrence Irlam: CCS Policy and Economics
Jessica Morton: CCS Public Engagement
Tony Zhang: CO2 Capture
Life cycle costing is defined as the total cost throughout its life including planning, design, acquisition & support costs & any other costs directly attributable to owning / using the Hydrogen.
Georg Erdmann, Prof. for Energy System at the Berlin University of Technology WEC Italia
Slides presentate in occasione del Seminario "The Energy transition in Europe: different pathways, same destination? organizzato da Edison in collaborazione con WEC Italia il 29 maggio 2013 a Roma - TWITTER #NRGstrategy
The role of CCS/CCUS in the Climate Action Plan - Dr S. Julio FriedmannGlobal CCS Institute
The role of CCS/CCUS in the Climate Action Plan
Global CCS Institute, delivered at the Global CCS Institute's Third Americas Forum
Feb. 27th, 2014, Washington, DC
Basian-Markovian Principle in Fitting of Linear Curvetheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Physico – Chemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Well Water at Crescent Roa...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Numerical Simulation of Bumper Impact Analysis and To Improve Design for Cras...theijes
The major concern in design of bumper is their potentiality to bear impact loads. Therefore, bumper impact test is required to fulfill the safety requirement. In development of bumper systems for the automotive industry, iterative Finite Element (FE) simulations are normally used to find a bumper design that meets the requirements of crash performance. The crash performance of a bumper system is normally verified by results from standardized low speed crash tests based on common crash situations. Explicit finite element method is used to investigate stress and effective plastic strain of bumper at impact. Design modification is applied to the bumper to improve its impact performance.
The concept of Photo catalysis is being incorporated into catalytic converter to increase the efficiency as well
as to reduce the production cost. Conventional converters make use of surface catalyst process using noble
metals like palladium and rhodium. Our concept works based on photo catalytic reactions by Titanium dioxide
and Zinc oxide thereby reducing the NOx emissions and CO emissions. Development of this proposal will reduce
the fabrication cost of catalytic converter as well as lay seeds of foundation for the future of photocatalytic
converters.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems in the Implementation ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Challenges to the Implementation of It Governace in Zimbabwean Parastatalstheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
As India’s population continues to grow, more citizens will move to cities. Experts predict that about 25-30 people will migrate every minute to major Indian cities from rural areas in search of better livelihood and better lifestyles. It is estimated that by the year 2050, the number of people living in Indian cities will touch 843 million. To accommodate this massive urbanization, India needs to find smarter ways to manage complexities, reduce expenses, increase efficiency and improve the quality of life.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Secure and efficient management of confidential data in the decentralized dis...theijes
Mobile Nodes in some difficult areas subjected to intermittent network property and frequent partitions for e.g. battlefield. Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN) technologies are designed to specific situations wherever it will tolerate noise, attacks etc which means that nodes will get confidential information with none loss. Many application situations need a security for data that has secure access to information hold on in storage nodes at intervals a DTN or to contents of the messages routed through the network. Here, we have a tendency to use a way that allows secure access of data that is referred to as Ciphertext Policy Attributed-Based Encryption (CP-ABE) approach. There are many problems during this state of affairs. Some of those are control of policies needed for correct authentication of user and therefore the policies to retrieve the information. Therefore we have a tendency to use a promising solution i.e. Ciphertext-policy attribute-based encoding (CP-ABE) to resolve the problem of accessing information. But, by applying CP-ABE in decentralized DTNs results into many security and privacy challenges with reference to the attribute revocation, key escrow, and coordination of attributes issued from multiple authorities. Here, we have a tendency to propose a secure and efficient management of data within the decentralized Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN) wherever multiple key authorities severally manage their attributes.
Application of Mobile Computing In Tertiary Institutions: Case Study of Midla...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Study of Incidence and Etiology of Prolapse at Rural Based Teaching Hospitaltheijes
In our country as large number of woman deliver at home, usually conducted by untrained dias, incidence of prolapse is higher. The etiology of prolapse was discussed by ARETAEUS, a Greek physician who believed procedentiato be result of weakness of ligaments of the uterus. There are multiple etiological factors in the developed of prolapse. Diagnosis of prolapse at the earliest will help to reduce the complications of prolapse as well as continue child bearing function of the young woman.
APPLYING CONCENTRATED SOLUTION OF PALM SUGAR + 5% NaCl PRIOR TO EXERCISING AN...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Determining Measurement Uncertainty Parameters for Calibration Processestheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Combinatorial Identities Related To Root Supermultiplicities In Some Borcherd...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Photovoltaic subpanel converter system With Mppt controltheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Onto-Ethological Studies: How an Environmental Imaginary Envisions a Shared H...theijes
Jakob Von Uexkull’s groundbreaking work on the Umwelt discusses how alive creatures have a wall of senses. I
seek to extend his theories by applying them to what I call the human-beagle Umwelt. Sources will be used from
environmental imaginaries because they have the theories and the requisite knowledge of abstraction. These
ideas are not necessarily readily apparent or even obvious since most people do not think about animals and
environments this way. Therefore, we need environmental imaginaries, to help us think about beagles, in
terms of what their lives, are really like in relation to our own. Ordinarily, we tend to view beagles, in
comparison to our lives, and how these animals can serve us. Of course, this limits our view about their very
potential and undercuts our ability to know, understand, and to fully appreciate beagles. Beagles, like humans,
are actually shaped and influenced by their landscapes. We can consider the beagle’s body type, voice, lifestyle,
and how these specific things compliment an environment. The beagle has become central to human survival
and at times, the beagle’s powerful nose is an extension of our bodies, the way that a cane is central to
the blind, or to the disabled. Therefore, humans and the beagle share a joint Umwelt as the beagle’s heightened
sense of smell is used by humans to become an extension of our human sense. My journal entries should help to
further illustrate some of the abstract ideas gathered from the scholarly sources.
Power Generation through the Wind Energy Using Convergent Nozzletheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
An Overview of Power Plant CCS and CO2-EOR ProjectsHusen E . Bader
CO2 has been used for many decades in the industrial processes and food manufacturing, including soft drinks.
Likewise, it is an essential component of other everyday items such as fire extinguishers. In very high
concentrations, CO2 like any dense gas, can act as an asphyxiate material, which can be dangerous to humans with
its adverse impact on respiration. Thus, CO2 is captured to minimize risks to humans’ health and the environment. A
general overview of the current carbon capture and storage (CCS) and CO2 based enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR)
projects is presented in this paper. This work provides a summary of the current worldwide CCS and CO2-EOR
projects along with their potential benefits. CCS is a process used to capture CO2 that is produced by industrial
facilities. The CCS technology involves CO2 capture, transport and storage. On the other hand, EOR is a generic
term for various techniques to increase recovery from oil fields. The injection of CO2 into underground rock
formation of oil reservoirs in order to improve their recovery is called CO2-EOR.
On 28 October UKCCSRC Director Jon Gibbins and ECR member Rudra Kapila spoke at a meeting with the University of Edinburgh 'Engineers Without Borders' group. This focused on CCS applications in developing countries, where Rudra's practical experience of CCS engagement in India and wider climate negotiations was particularly relevant. While CCS was a somewhat unusual topic for EWB the shared concerns about dangerous climate change made for a very interesting discussion.
Progressing CCS - From source to use: the role of fossil fuels in delivering a sustainable energy future. Presented by Jon Gibbins at the UNECE Committee on Sustainable Energy, Geneva, 19-20 November 2014
Institute’s Americas office launches The Global Status of CCS: 2016 at the Cl...Global CCS Institute
On 15 November 2016, the Global CCS Institute’s Americas office held the Clean energy solutions symposium: What is the Future of Carbon Capture? at the National Press Club, Washington, DC.
The Institute’s General Manager for the Americas, Jeff Erikson, launched The Global Status of CCS: 2016 report by presenting to the audience the highlights from the report and discussing the significant milestones achieved in the past year in the world of CCS. Erikson’s presentation was followed by an expert panel discussion on the future of clean energy, with focus on carbon capture and storage (CCS).
A REVIEW: CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION (CCS) IN INDIAIAEME Publication
In 21st century research on carbon capture and sequestration is totally based on optimizing the process of capture either by increasing the capture efficiency or by reducing the work input (energy consumption) in the process of capturing the carbon dioxide. This review article is prime focused on the present scenario of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; aspects of new world with CCS with its merits-demerits and new emerging technological implementations.
This third webinar in the series 'CCS in Developing Countries' was presented by the World Bank.
Deploying CCS in developing countries is critically important. The International Energy Agency estimates that to achieve global emissions reduction targets 70% of CCS projects will be in non-OECD countries by 2050.
CCS faces a number of challenges, in all countries, but particularly in developing countries. This webinar discussed some of these challenges and barriers using South Africa as a case study. South Africa is working towards a Test Injection Project and subsequently a Carbon Capture and Sequestration Project. The World Bank considered it important to understand a set of constraints, including regulatory, technical, economic, human capacity, etc. to realization of CCS demonstration and commercialization, and how the CCS development will look like in the South African context, out to 2050. A techno-economic assessment has been undertaken to gain this understanding.
The techno-economic assessment explored CCS deployment in six relevant industries in South Africa, and assessed projected scenarios associated with key issues of interest (such as cost, impact on electricity prices, timeframes etc). The key output from the techno-economic study was a techno-economic model, supported by the data sets, specifically for South Africa. The potential storage site capacity has been analysed to provide a strong indication of the likely storage capacity available within physical and economic constraints.
The Global CCS Institute presented a workshop at the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) ‘Carbon Management Technology Conference’ in Alexandria, Virginia on 20 October 2013.
Webinar: The Global Status of CCS: 2014 - Overcoming challenges in EuropeGlobal CCS Institute
The Global CCS Institute was pleased to announce the release of our annual Global Status of CCS: 2014 report, and invite you to join the Institute’s Europe, Middle East and Africa Team for a webinar summarising the main themes of the report.
The Institute’s General Manager for the region, Andrew Purvis, presented a summary of the report, and was then joined by a number of our subject matter experts to discuss issues raised during the presentation by our global and regional audience.
Chairman: John Scowcroft, Executive Adviser/ UNFCCC Specialist
Presentation: Andrew Purvis, General Manager
Expert Panel:
Kirsty Anderson: Public Engagement
Silvia Vaghi: Policy and Regulation
Guido Magneschi: Capture
Chris Consoli: Storage
The report provides a detailed overview of the current status of CCS projects worldwide and provides a comprehensive overview of global and regional developments in CCS technologies and the policies, laws and regulations that must drive the demonstration and deployment of technologies to support global climate mitigation efforts.
Providing a number of key recommendations for decision makers, The Global Status of CCS: 2014 report is an important reference guide for industry, government, research bodies and the broader community.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
ML for identifying fraud using open blockchain data.pptx
Benefits and Challenges of Implementing Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technology in Nigeria
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 4 || Issue || 5 || Pages || PP.42-49 || 2015 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 42
Benefits and Challenges of Implementing Carbon Capture and
Sequestration Technology in Nigeria
1
Z. R. Yelebe ,2
R. J. Samuel
1,2
Department of Chemical/Petroleum Engineering, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------
This paper reviews the state of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the potential benefits and challenges of
implementing Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) technology in Nigeria as a means of mitigating the
threat posed in emitting CO2. In 2010 Nigeria was ranked 44th
by the International Energy Agency (IEA) for
emitting about 80.51 million metric tons of CO2 annually. In this paper, the three different stages that constitute
carbon capture and sequestration are discussed individually, and then the potential for their integration into a
commercial scale CCS process is considered. CCS technology shows promising possibility for application in
plants that emit large amounts of CO2 and also considered are some technological improvements to capture
CO2 from air, as the technology can be applied for removing CO2 directly from the atmosphere and thus
reducing the effect of emissions from vehicles and other moving sources. The development and deployment of
CCS in Nigeria will be very significant in ensuring that we are able to meet increasing energy demand and keep
the lights on whilst minimizing the environmental damage. The market for CCS in Nigeria is likely to be
measured in $billions with the potential of creating over 100,000 jobs.
Keywords – carbon dioxide, capture, CO2 emissions, sequestration, transportation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 13-March-2014 Date of Accepted: 25-May-2015
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
About 80% of the world’s energy supply is derived from fossil fuels. Roughly 6 billion metric tons of
coal is used yearly, producing 18 billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) which accounts for 40% of carbon
emissions. It has been scientifically proven that CO2 emissions from these fuels have caused a change in the
climate and pose a risk of devastating effects in the future [1]. The world relies a great deal on fossil fuels as a
source of energy thus it is imperative that the capture and storage of CO2 from power plants be pursued [1]. The
capture and storage of carbon has the potential to reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere and meet future
targets, as it is applicable to the power and industrial sectors. In 2010, Nigeria was ranked 44th
by the
International Energy Agency (IEA) for emitting about 80.51 million metric tons of CO2 annually [2]. However,
this figure is expected to go higher significantly in the near future with the recent industrial advancements and
as the country continues its pursuit of generating more power to stabilize electricity supply. The major
contributors to CO2 emissions in Nigeria are reported as gas fuels, liquid fuels, solid fuels, gas flaring, cement
production and bunker fuels [2]. CO2 from most of these sources can be captured and stored in depleted oil and
gas fields prevalently abundant in the Niger Delta region of the country and can be used for Enhanced Oil
Recovery (EOR) purposes. Thus improving Nigeria’s oil and gas production rate over the years and contributing
to the economic development of the country. Apart from depleted oil and gas fields, captured CO2 in Nigeria
can also be stored in saline formations, unminable coal beds and oceans. Carbon Capture and Sequestration
(CCS) is a three step process in which CO2 is captured at its emission source, compressed, and transported to,
and stored in, deep geological formations. In the UK, the CCS industry is working towards developing a cost
competitive system by the 2020s by providing funding for research and development programs [3]. Other
measures aimed towards reducing carbon footprint such as electric cars, will require more electricity thus
making CCS an unavoidable option if electricity demand is to be met with a reasonable carbon footprint.
Around 90% of carbon emissions from the power sector as well as industrial processes can be captured by CCS.
Carbon is captured by three basic approaches: pre-combustion capture, oxy-fuel combustion systems and post
combustion capture. There are currently four operational commercial-scale CCS plants globally [3]. Carbon
dioxide is transported predominantly in pipelines at high pressures. This increases the efficiency of
transportation and reduces the size of pipelines required. Typical issues regarding the transport of carbon
dioxide are maintaining single-phase flow, pipeline corrosion and distance from source to storage. Onshore and
offshore underground geological formations such as depleted oil and gas fields or deep saline aquifers are
usually used for storage.
2. Benefits and Challenges of Implementing...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 43
Chu Steven [1] reported typical geological storage density of CO2 as approximately 0.6 kg/m3
.
Therefore, about 53km3
/year will be required for underground storage for up to 80 million metric tons of CO2 in
Nigeria. The cost of a CCS technology project varies depending on the source of the carbon dioxide to be
captured, the distance to the storage site and the characteristics of the site. The capture stage incurs the greatest
cost in the process, approximately a third of the project cost. Attaching CCS to coal-fired power plants is
currently cost competitive with other forms of low-carbon energy in terms of tonne of CO2 emission abated.
Cost of capture can be lowered by capturing CO2 from industrial processes where it has already been separated
as part of the process.
II. POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF CCS APPLICATION IN NIGERIA
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a vital tool in the global fight against climate change (greenhouse
gas emissions). With its important application to the capture and storage of carbon dioxide emissions from
power stations and industries, CCS has a crucial role to play in tackling greenhouse gas emissions whilst
maintaining security of supply [4]. The International Energy Agency (IEA) has estimated that to halve global
emissions by 2050 (widely believed to be required to limit the temperature rise to 2ºC), CCS will need to
contribute one fifth of the required emissions reductions, both in the power sector as well as the industrial
sector4. In addition, the IEA have found that attempting to halve global emissions by 2050 without CCS, would
increase costs by more than 70% per year [4].
To meet global 2050 goals, the IEA has projected that we will need 100 CCS projects around the world
by 2020 and more than 3000 by 2050 [4]. This is a significant scale-up from current ambitions and there are
very major benefits arising from the deployment of CCS in addition to climate mitigation. In Nigeria, CCS can
contribute immensely to the economy through enhanced oil and gas recovery. When considering the capital
investment in capture, transport and storage that will be needed to build these projected CCS projects, a picture
emerges of a global market for CCS worth more than $5 trillion by 2050 (similar to the oil industry). In Nigeria
alone, CCS project worth up to $10 billion per year by 2030 could create up to 100,000 jobs. Although it must
be said that CCS projects are large, capital intensive projects, they provide extremely good value for money both
in terms of cost per tonne of CO2 saved and per unit of clean electricity. For example, the costs of early
demonstration projects has been estimated at $75-105 per tonne of CO2 with costs reducing to around $50-60
per tonne of CO2 by 2030 [4].
There are also significant social benefits from the deployment of CCS. The supply chain for CCS will
create a large variety of jobs for those communities living near a capture plant, pipeline or storage facility. Jobs
will be required in core engineering and manufacturing sectors, as well as pipeline design, management and
operation and a host of skills related to CO2 storage, including exploration and site characterization, injection
well construction and management. Many energy intensive manufacturing industries will in future be seen to be
unsustainable without CCS [4]. So the application of CCS will protect jobs and prosperity related to these
industries. Developing networks of CCS pipeline networks will enable local prosperity through the longevity of
regional industries. The development and deployment of CCS will be very significant in ensuring that we are
able to meet increasing energy demand and keep the lights on whilst minimizing the environmental damage [4].
The market for CCS is likely to be measured in the $billions with the creation of a large variety of specialist
jobs.
III. CURRENT STATE OF CCS TECHNOLOGY
The first paragraph under each heading or subheading should be flush left, and subsequent paragraphs
should have a five-space indentation. A colon is inserted before an equation is presented, but there is no
punctuation following the equation. All equations are numbered and referred to in the text solely by a number
enclosed in a round bracket (i.e., (3) reads as "equation 3"). Ensure that any miscellaneous numbering system
you use in your paper cannot be confused with a reference [4] or an equation (3) designation. The market for
CCS is likely to be measured in the $billions with the creation of a large variety of specialist jobs.
3.1 The Process
Carbon capture and sequestration consists of three main stages: capture, transportation, and storage. In
this section, different technologies for performing each of these steps are discussed in order to present the
current state of the CCS process development globally.
3.2 Carbon Capture
In order to store carbon dioxide in the appropriate depleted geological formations beneath the earth
crust, it is imperative to consider the issued involved in the actual removal or capture of the CO2 from a process
plant. This is achieved through a process called carbon capture. Carbon capture is the first step in the carbon
capture and sequestration chain. In most cases, these process plants are coal or gas power plants, or processes
that emit a lot of CO2, such as cement manufacturing or steel production.
3. Benefits and Challenges of Implementing...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 44
.
Fig. 1: Number of Plants, Planned Or Active, that Use each Kind of Capture Technology [5]
The capture of CO2 can be achieved through a number of technologies. The major processes that will
be considered in this study are:
• pre-combustion
• post-combustion
• oxyfuel combustion.
Fig. 1 shows how many plants use or are being built to use each technology. In the post-combustion
process, CO2 is absorbed from the exhaust of a combustion process by absorption into a suitable solvent. The
absorbed CO2 is separated from the solvent and compressed for transportation and storage while the solvent is
recycled back for further absorption. Figueroa et al [6] report that post-combustion carbon capture technology is
the most appealing carbon capture technology for a short term fix to the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs).
This is because it can easily be retrofitted to existing coal and gas power plants. It is also the most widely used
carbon capture technology at the moment [7]. The current state-of-the-art technology in post-combustion
capture is amine-based scrubbing. Amine scrubbing can be considered the most viable technology for
addressing the challenge of capturing CO2 from coal power plants without the need of closing them down [8].
Since 1930, the separation of CO2 from natural gas and hydrogen has been achieved with the aid of
amine scrubbing [9]. The process involves the absorption of CO2 from flue gas near ambient temperature into an
aqueous solution of amine with low volatility. This is followed by the regeneration of amine by stripping it with
water vapour at 100 to 120 C, and the condensation of water from stripper vapour which leaves CO2 that can be
compressed to 100 to 150 bar for geological sequestration [9]. Currently, amine scrubbing takes place in packed
columns, but efforts are being made to replace packed columns with membrane contactors. Membrane
contactors are generally considered to be more efficient than packed column designs because they provide
higher interfacial area per unit volume [8].
Pre-combustion involves gasification which serves as the fuel conversion process via partial oxidation
to form a mixture of CO2 and hydrogen (syngas) followed by a water-gas shift reaction before combustion [7].
This technology is particularly promising because it produces hydrogen gas which can be used as fuel for fuel
cell vehicles. The major challenge with the pre-combustion process is the separation of syngas under conditions
of high temperatures and high pressures [10].
Oxyfuel combustion involves the use of high purity oxygen (approximately 95%) instead of air in the
combustion of fuel (such as gas, oil, or coal). This leads to the production of a flue gas mixture of CO2/H2O
thereby producing a more concentrated CO2 product stream (90- 99%) after the water in the mixture has been
condensed. The advantage of this process is that there is usually no the need for subsequent separation to capture
the CO2 [5], [7], [10].
3.2.1 Emerging Capture Technologies
Capture from the Atmosphere
Capturing CO2 from air involves capturing CO2 directly from ambient air. Air capture technology was
proposed by Klaus Lackner, a professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering at Columbia
University. He proposed an air capture technology where solid sorbents are used in form of an anionic exchange
membrane [11].
Capture by Biomass and Soil
Carbon capture by means of biomass and soil is a viable way to ameliorate the capture of CO2 and also
conserve the crops, forests, grasses, and soil. For instance, the decrease of annual subsidies for biofuels will
increase the amount of carbon dioxide captured by crops, forests, and grasses [11].
4. Benefits and Challenges of Implementing...
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3.2.2 Capture Challenges
A number of challenges are associated with carbon capture. The most significant challenges are cost
and environmental issues. Other challenges include the need for materials and solvents that can improve the
economy of the carbon capture process.
From recent statistics, it can be said that carbon capture accounts for the greatest cost of a typical CCS
project [12]. This is one of the reasons why organizations such as the US Department of Energy (DOE) have
focused their efforts in the development of CO2 capture technologies [12]. Despite the promise of CO2 capture
technologies, their implementation on a national scale still seems infeasible. This infeasibility can be attributed
to the consumption of large amounts of parasitic power by carbon capture technologies and the associated
increase in electricity costs. Hence, the development of cost effective and innovative CO2 capture technologies
cannot be over-emphasized. The mitigation of the cost of CO2 capture technology can be achieved by embarking
on urgent research and development to design cost-effective and highly efficient carbon capture materials,
technologies, and innovative power plants, and power cycles [13].
The environmental impact of carbon capture technologies have often been overlooked, but studies by
Veltmanet al [14] show that carbon capture technologies such as amine-based scrubbing cause a 10-fold
increase in toxic impact in freshwater ecosystems. The increase observed was attributed to the volatilization of
solvent which in this case was monoethanolamine (MEA). Carbon capture technologies also face some technical
challenges. One significant technical challenge is the low thermodynamic driving force due to the low
concentration of CO2 in air which is usually an issue in post-combustion carbon capture and air-capture
technologies. It is also a significant factor in the development of cost-effective CO2 capture technologies [6],
[10].
3.2.3 Capture Implementation
Existing process plants can either be built as “carbon capture ready” in which case the process plant is
designed in such a way that a CO2 capture process can be integrated in to the whole process through retrofitting
[15]. Alternatively, new process plants especially coal and gas power plants, cement manufacturing plants, and
steel manufacturing processes can be built with the CO2 process already integrated into the process [16].
3.3 CO2 Transportation
After carbon dioxide has been captured from the emission source, it can be transported to a storage site
by using pipelines, ships, rail and road tankers, or any combination of these [17]. Pipelines can be implemented
for both onshore and offshore carbon dioxide transportation. For offshore transportation both pipelines and ships
are competitive alternatives for CO2 transportation. Pipeline transportation provides a constant and steady
supply of CO2, with no need for intermediate storage. However, this requires the development of new large
scale infrastructures which increase the capital cost of implementing the technology. The transportation cost of
CO2 by pipelines and ships depends on the volume of CO2 and the distance. Local conditions also need to be
considered when planning to construct the pipelines for onshore transportation. The cost can be 50% higher for
the areas with rivers, mountains or frozen ground on the route in comparison to flat areas [18].
Other possible options for transportation are rail and road tankers. CO2 is transported in insulated steel
containers in liquid state, with operating pressure between 18.5 and 21 bar, with temperature of -200C. This
type of transportation is considered to be safe with only few accidents reported during loading and unloading
[19]. However, its usage is considered to be uneconomical for transportation of large volumes of CO2 compared
to ships and pipelines [18]. For long distances the combination of pipelines and ships should be implemented,
whereas for shorter distances the usage of tankers and pipelines is considered to be reasonable [19].
3.3.1 Transportation Challenges
For transportation by pipelines, CO2 needs to be compressed and cooled into the liquid phase, as it is
inefficient to transport gaseous CO2 due to the low density. Another disadvantage of transportation of gaseous
CO2 is a relatively high pressure drop that can occur along the pipeline [20]. It is important to maintain single-
phase flow in CO2 pipelines to avoid pressure drops along the transportation route. In a two-phase liquid-vapour
flow, both liquid and gas phases present simultaneously that can result in operational and material problems with
compressors and other transport equipment, which increase the chance of pipeline failure [18]. Supercritical
state is the desired phase of CO2 for transportation by pipelines [21]. To achieve this condition, CO2 should be at
pressures above 73.8 bar and temperatures higher than -60 C, which gives a good margin to avoid two-phase
flow [17].
5. Benefits and Challenges of Implementing...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 46
Transport pipelines may be exposed to changing the temperatures due to weather or pipeline
conditions. However, at pressures very close to the critical point, even a small change in temperature yields a
very large change in the density of CO2, which could result in a change of phase and fluid velocity, causing a
slug flow [21]. Another challenge is corrosion of pipeline. Although, dry CO2 (moisture-free) is not corrosive
for carbon steels, the presence of moisture and acid gases can result in corrosion of pipelines. In this case, the
pipeline construction should be made of a corrosive-resistant alloy. If it is not possible to get dried CO2,
stainless steel can be used to prevent the corrosion. However, both options will result in significantly increasing
the pipeline cost [18]. The cost of CO2 transporting can become a significant part of the overall CCS costs if the
emission sources are located further than a few hundred kilometres from the storage sites. Thus, for successful
integration of CO2 transportation into the CCS, optimized pipeline transport network should be developed [22].
3.3.2 Transportation Implementation
For safe operation, the following design factors should be taken into consideration for transportation of
CO2 via pipelines: over-pressure protection and leak detection (odorants). Also, for CO2 transportation through
populated areas, the detailed route selection must be developed [23] and appropriate safety caution signs must be
indicated for intruders to keep away from tempering with the CO2 transportation pipelines.
Fig. 2: Available Options for CO2 Transportation
The CO2 captured from the emission source contains different types and amounts of impurities. These
impurities can change the physical properties of CO2 such as critical pressure resulting in changing the hydraulic
parameters of CO2 and operating regime of the pipelines. Hence, CO2 behaviour in presence of different
impurities should be investigated. Fig. 2 shows the different options for CO2 transportation, and based on the
conditions of the captured CO2, any combination of them can be used. There are currently no established
standards for permitted levels of impurities in CO2. Thus, for further development of the CO2 pipeline
infrastructure such standards and regulating framework need to be developed [21].
3.4 Carbon Storage
Storage is the third and last stage in the carbon capture and sequestration process. It consists of the
injection of carbon dioxide into suitable geological sites, onshore or offshore. CO2 must lie safely and
permanently in these sites. While the real global underground storage capacity is uncertain, it is believed to be
around 2000G-tonnes of CO2 [23].These geological sites usually consist of a dense and highly porous rock
reservoir, with a dome or anticline shape, covered by an impermeable cap rock or seal to prevent CO2 migration
into overlying water aquifers, other formations, or the atmosphere. This cap rock mechanism is the same
mechanism that kept oil and natural gas under the ground for millions of years, so it is believed to be able to
securely store CO2. Recognised suitable sites are [24]:
• Saline formations
• Depleted oil and gas fields
• Unminable coal beds
• Oceans
Saline formations consist of rocks saturated with water too salty for human, agricultural or industrial
uses. These formations need to be sufficiently porous and permeable to allow the injection of a large carbon
dioxide volume in supercritical conditions. These are less mapped than depleted oil and gas fields and will have
to be explored more intensely before they are used for storage. The Global CCS Institute believes they are very
large and in the future will comprise a large part of the world’s underground CO2 storage [18], [24].
6. Benefits and Challenges of Implementing...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 47
Depleted oil and gas fields have stored oil and gas for millions of years. However, these sites are
penetrated with many wells of variable quality and integrity, which may present leakage paths for the stored
CO2. However, if in good condition, these could also be used to transport the gas underground. Even though
their capacity is smaller than that of deep saline formations, they represent an early opportunity for CO2 storage
because they are well known, mapped, and explored. It is possible to start the CO2 injection while the oil field is
still operative. This procedure is called Enhanced Oil Recovery, EOR, and it consists of pumping a gas, in this
case CO2, into the oil field, decreasing the oil density to facilitate its extraction.
Captured CO2 could be injected into the ocean at great depth, isolated from the atmosphere, for
centuries. Carbon dioxide can be transported via pipeline or ship to be released on the sea floor, feeding a CO2
lake. The main problem of this technology is the lack of field testing.
Fig. 3: Current Distribution of Carbon Dioxide Sequestration [24]
There are studies assessing the possibility of storage in basalt, oil shale, salt cavern, geothermal
reservoirs and lignite seams, but these all seem to have smaller capacity. These technologies could be used for
specific, niche situations. At the moment, however, these options are not common. Fig. 3 shows the
sequestration sites of most active and planned CCS plants.
3.4.1 Storage Challenges
CCS has many detractors sustaining that it unsafe because it could cause earthquakes, leakages in
groundwater that could create environmental problems and contaminate the aquifer, or eventual massive
leakages in the atmosphere that could abate the CCS efficiency.
3.5 Integration of Capture, Transportation and Storage
As expressed earlier, CO2 can be captured at low pressures using any of the established technologies
(Pre-combustion, Post-combustion, Oxyfuel, Industrial processes, etc.). This pressure may vary between 1 and
20 bar depending on the capture technology. CO2 must then be compressed to a pressure between 80 and 150
bar above its critical pressure in order to be transported and delivered to a storage reservoir. CO2 is afterwards
transported from the power plant to the vicinity of onshore or offshore reservoir(s) through a dedicated pipeline
and then via a satellite line to a reservoir or it is transported from the power plant via a short connector pipeline
to an onshore or offshore trunk line and then via a satellite line to a reservoir [25]. Fig. 4 summarizes the CCS
integration process.
Fig. 4: Diagram of the Carbon Capture and Sequestration Chain
7. Benefits and Challenges of Implementing...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 48
IV. THE FUTURE IMPLEMENTATION OF CCS IN NIGERIA
In the future, applying CCS technology in Nigeria has the goal of achieving secure sequestration in
geologic formations and a large number of potential geologic sinks have been identified in the coastal region of
the country. Due to higher petroleum prices in the near future, there may be increased interest in using CO2
flooding as a means to enhance oil recovery (EOR). Higher gas prices would also lead to growing interest in
using CO2 for enhanced coal bed methane production (ECBM) [24]. However, the economic viability of these
activities is dependent on the initial step of capturing the CO2, and none of the current available CO2 capture
processes are economically feasible on commercial scale. Thus, improved CO2 capture technologies are vital if
the promise of geologic sequestration, EOR, and ECBM is to be realized [24]. According the US Department of
Energy, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, U.S. oil producers found it profitable to extract oil from previously
depleted oil fields by means of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods and that today, EOR operations account
for 9 million (metric) tons of carbon (MtC) or about 80% of the CO2 used by industry every year [24]. Thus, in
Nigeria the application of these technologies can significantly improve the rate of oil and gas production daily.
CCS technology shows a promising alternative for increasing energy efficiency and the use of carbon-
intensive energy sources. Carbon capture technologies are not really new. Over 60 years ago, specialized
chemical solvents were developed to remove CO2 from impure natural gas, and natural gas operations continue
to use these solvents today. In addition, several power plants and other industrial plants use the same or similar
solvents to recover CO2 from their flue gases for application in the foods-processing and chemicals industries
[25]. Alternative methods are used to separate CO2 from gas mixtures during the production of hydrogen for
petroleum refining, ammonia production, and in other industries. All of these capture technologies are
considered to be relatively matured but substantial technical improvements and cost reductions are required to
apply these technologies at a scale that would make CCS reduce carbon emissions significantly and justify the
investment in the large infrastructure required to implement the process [25].
Researches on CCS in Nigeria have great possibilities of many other storage locations apart depleted oil and gas
wells for the captured CO2. Although, CCS technologies are currently not widely used as a way to avoid carbon emissions,
but this paper has shown that there are many efforts dedicated to making this technology feasible at a scale that could
significantly lower emissions. In the presence of a sufficiently high implicit or explicit price on carbon, there is evidence that
CCS technologies can be economically sensible. Prospects for CCS technology in Nigeria appear to be most promising for
carbon capture from electric power generation and some industrial sources, with storage in geologic formations such as
depleted oil and gas reservoirs and deep aquifers [26]. The issue with implementing CCS technology is not the process
feasibility of the technology, but the economic feasibility. However, the environmental benefits of the process provide
incentives to give CCS technology financial help, as there is a worldwide effort to reduce carbon emissions into the
atmosphere due to greenhouse effects. CCS could constitute a substantial share of mitigation effort within several decades,
significantly reducing the cost of mitigation; however, a large number of technical and political issues regarding the
suitability of storage options need to be resolved before widespread application [26].
V. CONCLUSION
Due to the large geographic range that a CCS process would cover, and the lack of data available for
many potential storage sites, the future of this technology is not clear yet. Different carbon capture technologies
are being developed to improve the overall economy of the CCS process, but improvements are still necessary
to make the process economically viable. Although CO2 transportation has been well researched globally and
the requirements and safety measures are known, large infrastructure is required if CCS is to be implemented at
a commercial scale in Nigeria. This is due to the fact that there currently no pipelines built for transporting CO2
to potential storage sites. The next main issue with the technology is the uncertainty regarding the amount of
carbon that can be stored in potential sites, and the safety issues concerning each type of reservoir. Also the
potential for causing earthquakes or large CO2 leaks possess threat for the process. In order to make CCS a
commercial scale process, regulatory measures are essential. The design of transportation technologies depends
heavily on the purity and conditions of the CO2 captured. If large infrastructures are to be built to transport CO2
to storage sites, then the output of the carbon capture process directly impacts the cost of transportation. These
conditions should be established on a worldwide (or at least a national scale) in order to allow different CCS
projects to combine efforts in transporting CO2 to the reservoirs, thus reducing cost of transportation overall.
While capture technology is an effort that is completely separate from plant to plant, economic CO2
transportation and storage can be achieved through a combined effort between all CCS projects. One
controversial issue regarding CCS is the potential dangers of injecting CO2 underground. Due to the uncertain
nature of the storage capacity available, and the potential for leaks, the immediate benefits of CCS are clearly
defined but the effects of using this technology on the future are not. Carbon emissions can be reduced by
storing CO2 in the ways described in this paper, but these reservoirs are limited.
8. Benefits and Challenges of Implementing...
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A major driving force behind CCS is the reduction of carbon emissions and, while this presents a
solution to the problem, it is only temporary. Current efforts also include reduction of carbon emissions by strict
regulation of sources of carbon emission, which would present a more permanent solution. The Vision 20:2020
envisages a rapidly growing economy that will make Nigeria to significantly increase its energy production and
as Nigeria's economy improves, its per capita greenhouse gas emissions may tend towards those of the
developed nations of the world today, especially if it pursues an energy intensive development approach [27].
This combined with continued gas flaring and a large population will further worsen Nigeria’s standing as a key
emitter of greenhouse gases globally. Since Nigeria has a goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least
25% in 2020 [27], CCS presents more potential for meeting this target than do simple regulatory limitations on
emissions.
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