Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells Def Cs
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This document reviews direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) and their challenges. DEFCs are a type of alkaline fuel cell that can use ethanol as a fuel. They have some advantages over direct methanol fuel cells, but also face challenges including slow electrocatalysis kinetics, ethanol crossover through membranes, and issues with water and heat management. Improvements have been made to catalysts, membrane materials, and cell designs, but further addressing these challenges is still needed to improve DEFC performance and durability.
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Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells Def Cs
- 1. Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells DEFCs: Review A. M. Sheikh ahmad.elsheikh@hotmail.com
- 2. Abstract • DEFCs: alternative energy sources recently • Emreging DEFC technology has challenges • Many improvements have been made. • Yet, there are deep needs for addressing current challenges.
- 3. Introduction • Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells DAFCs are from the Alkaline Fuel Cells AFCs family • AFCs give higher energy density than PEMFC • Non-noble metal catalysts can be used in AFCs • DAFCs: (methano, ethanol, ethelyne glycol, 2- propanol) • DAFCs use both alkaline (electrooxidation ) and acitic (CO2 , performenace ) media.
- 4. DAFCs challenges • Poor peformenace electrocatalysts (Low T) • Anode surface poisoning (intermediates CO) • Some cells: acidic & alkaline media(1.14 V)
- 6. DMFC vs DEFC • Sluggish reactions kinetics for methanol oxid. • Methanol crossover through nafion membrane • Anode poisoning by CO • Ethanol: less toxic • Ethanol: higher energy density • Ethanol: agriculture biomass products • Ethanol: lower crossover rate
- 7. Direct ethanol fuel cell
- 8. DEFC challenges- crossover • Crossover: the permeation of ethanol from the anode through the electrolyte membrane to the cathode. • Crossover effect: cathode potential and cathode depolarization, reducing cell efficiency • Crossover occurs when acetic acid, CO 2 &acetaldehyde (%) > O2 (%) in cathode.
- 9. Effect of current density on the crossover rate at different temperatures and different ethanol concentrations
- 10. The plot of ethanol crossover rate versus ethanol concentration with different temperature and different helium flow rate
- 11. Challenges= slow kinetics • Its deduced the best DEFC performenace temperature is 90 C
- 12. Challenges = heat management • Temperature = performenace • Ethanol conversion with current & T The effect of operating discharge cell current and temperature on ethanol conversion
- 13. Challenges= water management • Cathode reaction: the major water source & ethanol dilution in the anode • Water can generate cell resistence (performenace) (management needed) • water can be removed through the cathode or transferred to the anode & eleminated • Water uptake from polymer membrane: (T, disscoiation, counter ions type, elasticity, hydrophobicity
- 14. Solutions thought • contineous flow field • Hydrophibic filters • Cathode flooding Typical water distribution in alkaline DEFC
- 15. Challenges: durability & stability • According to MEA coditions • Some research: 60h concluding the catalysts aggolimeration and cathode flooding are the major causes of degredation • Ethanol is not giving the desirable performenace • Pd can replace PtRu catalyst • Breaking C-C bond is obstacle to form CO2
- 16. Challenges: fabrication & design
- 17. The cell components Anode Gas Difusion layer GDL, Anode catalyst layer, Electrolyte membrane, Cathode catalyst layer, & Cathode GDL Two alternative routes always used for (MEA) preparation: a) fixing the catalyst layer directly onto the membrane &b) the separate electrode method
- 18. Schematic presentation of the detailed electrode preparation procedures 7/26/2012 (a) the conventional method (b) the decal transfer method 18
- 19. Good membrane should have: • High proton conductivity • Low electron conductivity • Resistant to oxidation • Low fuel crossover • Adequate mechanical, thermal & chemical stability • Good water water management
- 20. Electrooxidation Pathways ethanol in alkaline media Reaction pathways DEFC using Pt in acidic media
- 21. Cathode catalysts • Ag-W2 C, Pd, Pt-Ru • Pt-Co/C, Pt-Pd/C • At MEA foam layer of (Ni-Cr) Performance ranking of PtRuNi/C, PtSnNi/C, PtRu/C & PtSn/C in DEFC