This document discusses the pharmacology of drugs used to treat asthma. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding medications for asthma, their mechanisms of action, and side effects. It then presents a clinical case of an 8-year-old boy diagnosed with asthma who is prescribed an albuterol inhaler. The document goes on to describe the pathophysiology of asthma and the different types. It focuses on the major drug classes used to treat asthma, including bronchodilators, methylxanthines, beta-adrenergic agonists, mast cell stabilizers, and corticosteroids. Their mechanisms of action and side effects are explained.
Educational and therapeutic topic on asthma for MBBS and MD pharmacology students. other students like BDS , BHMS, BAMS etc can use for knowledge. and academic purpose.
Educational and therapeutic topic on asthma for MBBS and MD pharmacology students. other students like BDS , BHMS, BAMS etc can use for knowledge. and academic purpose.
GMEC - Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances in Emergency NursingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Chauntel Henry from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
Este libro tiene un objetivo único: introducir a los estudiantes de Medicina, Enfermería e Ingeniería Biomédica en el conocimiento de la electrocardiografía, disciplina utilizada como medio de investigación por varias ramas de la profesión médica, esencialmente en cardiología, medicina interna y anestesiología. También es muy útil al personal de enfermería que labora en las unidades de cuidados intensivos, emergencias y unidades coronarias.
Definition and introduction to bronchial asthma - classification of bronchial asthma - pathophysiology and risk factors for bronchial asthma - diagnosis of bronchial asthma - clinical manifestations - investigations - management of bronchial asthma
DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA AND COPD
Characterized by hyper responsiveness of bronchial smooth muscle to a variety of stimuli”
Resulting in:
Narrowing of air ways
Increased secretion
Mucosal edema
Mucus plugging
Novel treatments for asthma: Corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory agents.pharmaindexing
Asthma management is a challenge due to the prevalence of disease in the world. Based on the immunological and inflammatory mechanisms of asthma, corticosteroids and anti-inflammatory participate greatly in the treatment plan. Due to different reasons, there is still an unmet need to develop new agents in this field. A lot of compounds with anti-inflammatory effect are investigated in both pre-clinical and clinical studies.
pharmacothrapy of asthma.pptxBronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory diseas...AbhishekKumarGupta86
pharmacotherpy of asthma M pharm 2nd sem.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of airways in the lungs, which cause difficulty in breathing.
Symptoms can include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and chest tightness. These symptoms can be mild or severe and can come and go over time.
Although asthma can be a serious condition, it can be managed with the right treatment.
Asthma affected an estimated 262 million people in 2019 (1) and caused 455 000 deaths.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Pharma Pcd Franchise in Jharkhand - Yodley Lifesciences
Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Asthma
1. Principles of Drug Therapy
Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Asthma
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
BMS / CK-CS Teacher
http://www.imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/
Integrated Scientific and
Clinical Pharmacology
2. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
OBJECTIVES
2
Companion learning strings:
o MedPharm Guidebook UNIT 7: Drugs used in disorders of the respiratory system.
eNotes:
o Respiratory Pharmacology
o Autocoids, Ergots, Anti-inflammatory Agents, and Immunosuppressive Agents
1. Understand the medications used in the treatment of asthma, their
mechanisms of action, and adverse effects.
2. Know the difference between short-acting symptomatic treatments and
long acting preventive therapies.
3. List the mediators of airway inflammation involved in asthma.
3. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Clinical Case
3
An 8-year-old boy is brought to your office because of a chronic cough. His mother
says that he coughs frequently throughout the day and will have symptoms 2 or 3
nights a month as well. This has been a problem on and off for approximately a year,
but seems to be worse in the spring and fall. He also coughs more when he is riding
his bike or playing soccer. He has been treated twice in the past year for “bronchitis”
with antibiotics and cough suppressants but he never seems to clear up completely.
His examination is normal except for his lungs, which reveal expiratory wheezing.
You diagnose him with asthma and prescribe an albuterol inhaler.
What is the mechanism of action of albuterol?
What are the most common side effects of albuterol?
What medications can be used to provide long-term control of the asthma
symptoms?
4. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
What is Asthma and How is it Treated?
4
Asthma, involves constriction of
pulmonary passages and secretion of
excess mucus, and is characterized by
dyspnea
Coughing
wheezing
chest tightness
Can be precipitated by triggers such as
allergens
cold air
viral infections
bacterial infections
exercise
Major drug classes used for asthma:
anti-IgE antibodies
mast cell degranulation blockers
smooth muscle relaxants
anti-inflammatory agents
5. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
What is Asthma (2)
5
Asthma is a disease process characterized by episodic
reversible bronchoconstriction of hyperreactive airways in
response to various exogenous and endogenous stimuli
Asthma is also associated with chronic inflammation
6. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Types of Asthma
6
Older classification: Extrinsic and intrinsic
Newer preferred classification
Atopic: A type I hypersensitivity reaction with strong
familial tendencies
Nonatopic: Asthma associated with viral infection (e.g.
rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus) in patients with no family
history of allergies and who have normal levels of IgE
Drug-induced asthma
Occupational asthma
Cardiac asthma
7. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Types of Asthma (2)
7
Alternative classification: Allergic asthma versus nonallergic asthma
Allergic asthma
Epidemiology: Occurs more frequently in children
Associated conditions: Patients may have hay fever or eczema
Mechanism of allergic asthma: Type I hypersensitivity reaction
Causes: Pollens, dust, drugs
Nonallergic asthma
Epidemiology: Occurs more frequently in adults
Mechanism of nonallergic asthma: Not type I hypersensitivity reaction;
IgE levels are normal
Causes: Exercise, cold air, drugs, gastroesophageal reflux, viral infections
8. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Clinical presentation of asthma
8
Symptoms:
Classic triad is persistent wheezing, chronic episodic dyspnea, and
chronic nonproductive cough
Symptoms may be worse, or only present at night, due to the physiologic
drop in cortisol secretion
Night-time cough, which may be the only symptom, is a classic symptom
of asthma.
Dark rings under the eyes (“allergic shiners”) and a dark transverse
crease on the nose (“allergic salute”) are often seen, especially in
children
Status asthmaticus is a prolonged asthmatic attack, which can be
fatal
9. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Clinical presentation of asthma (2)
9
Laboratory studies:
Low peak expiratory flow (PEF)
FEV1/FVC is often decreased as in other obstructive lung
diseases, and residual volume is increased
Carbon dioxide is usually low in an acute asthma exacerbation
secondary to hyperventilation
a rising carbon dioxide concentration in this setting often precedes
respiratory failure
Eosinophilia may be present
10. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Pathogenesis of Asthma
10
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Asthma (See NIP 7-7)
Pharmacotherapy of asthma depends on understanding the
disease pathogenesis
In the immunologic, or antigen challenge model, IgE
antibodies produced by airway mucosa mast cells mediate
asthma
11. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Pathogenesis of Asthma (2)
11
B lymphocytes synthesize IgE antibodies after exposure
to an antigen>>> IgE antibodies attach to mast cells and,
with re-exposure to antigen, form antigen-antibody
complexes
complexes trigger synthesis and release of mediators, such
as histamine, leukotrienes (LTC4 and LTD4), and
prostaglandins, from mast cells>>> bronchoconstriction and
vascular leakage result
12. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Asthma Pharmacotherapy
12
When exposure to allergens cannot be avoided, drug
therapy is needed
Major goals is to reverse asthmatic symptoms and prevent
recurrent episodes by disrupting actions of endogenous agents
that worsen bronchospasm and inflammation
Major classes of drugs* for asthma are (1) anti-IgE
antibodies (2) blockers of mast cell degranulation (3)
smooth muscle relaxants (4) antiinflammatory agents
* Six classes of drugs used to treat asthma: 1) β-adrenoreceptor agonists
2) acetylcholine antagonists 3) glucocorticoids 4) leukotriene modifiers 5)
chromones and 6) anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies
13. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Asthma Pharmacotherapy (2)
13
Bronchodilators were first and most effective treatment,
but
a better approach is prophylactic use of antiinflammatory
agents to control bronchial inflammation
With these agents, patients with asthma are rarely hospitalized,
seriously ill, or in need of emergency treatment
14. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Asthma Pharmacotherapy (3)
14
With prophylactic use of antiinflammatory agents pts can
control their disease, and therapy is much less expensive than
previous emergency management
Now, antiinflammatory agents are the first-line therapy for
patients who have more than occasional symptoms
Bronchodilators are still used but only when antiinflammatory
therapy is inadequate, and then in smaller amounts
15. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
(1) Anti-lgE Antibodies
15
One of the more novel therapies is use of anti-IgE antibodies
In theory, drugs acting as anti-IgE antibodies would prevent IgE binding
to mast cell surfaces
This action reduces formation of activated antigen-IgE complexes
and suppress release of mediators that induce immediate
bronchoconstriction in the early phase
Mediators such as histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes are
unable to cause sneezing, wheezing, itching, and coughing
16. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Anti-lgE Antibodies (2)
16
The most notable anti-IgE antibody, Rhumab-E25 (Omalizumab), is a
recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody to IgE
By binding to circulating IgE in the blood, Rhumab-E25 blocks release of
inflammatory mediators by keeping IgE from binding to mast cells
This antibody, administered by parenteral injection, is currently in phase III clinical
trials for seasonal allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma
17. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. 17
Immunologic basis of
anti-IgE antibodies
MOA
Raffa RB etal. Netter's Illustrated Pharmacology, Updated Ed. Figure 7-9
18. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Rhumab-E25
18
Omalizumab blocks release of inflammatory mediators by
keeping IgE from binding to mast cells
Omalizumab
19. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
(2) Mast Cell Degranulation Blockers
(Chromones)
19
Cromolyn block mast cell degranulation by suppressing release of
mediators of immediate bronchoconstriction (early response) and reduce
eosinophil recruitment that causes airway inflammation
Does not directly alters smooth muscle tone or reverses bronchospasm
Both banded in U.S.
inhaled as aerosols, can be used for intrinsic (antigen-induced) or extrinsic
(non–antigen-induced) asthma
20. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Mast Cell Degranulation Blockers (2)
20
Poorly absorbed, so adverse effects are restricted to deposition site
Cromolyn (nasal spray) is preferred for young patients
Cromolyn alter Cl− channel function, which
1) on airway neurons underlies cough inhibition,
2) on mast cells delays antigen-evoked bronchoconstriction, and
3) on eosinophils prevents inflammatory responses to antigens
21. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. 21
Mast Cell Degranulation
Blockers MOA Illustrated
Raffa RB etal. Netter's Illustrated Pharmacology, Updated Ed. Figure 7-10
22. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
(3) Bronchodilators
(smooth muscle relaxants)
22
Drugs that expand pulmonary airways (bronchi)-bronchodilators-block the
early response by inhibiting immediate bronchoconstriction
smooth muscle relaxation
Some agents, especially theophylline and β2-adrenergic agonists, inhibit late
response inflammation
Used when a persistent cough and bronchial constriction are present
In addition to relaxing smooth muscles and reducing airway reactivity,
bronchodilators reduce coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath
Agents are usually given via inhalation, but some can be given orally or
parenterally (intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous route)
23. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Bronchodilators (2)
23
Most drugs have a rapid onset of action (within minutes), but
the effect usually wanes in 5 to 7 hours
Some agents, especially theophylline, inhibit the delayed
response to antigen
Most common bronchodilators are
1) methylxanthines (eg, theophylline, caffeine)
2) β-adrenergic agonists (eg, isoproterenol, albuterol,
epinephrine)
3) cholinergic antagonists (eg, atropine, tiotropium)
24. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. 24
Raffa RB etal. Netter's Illustrated Pharmacology, Updated Ed. Figure 7-11
25. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Methylxanthines
25
methylxanthines theophylline, caffeine, and
theobromine, found in cola, tea, and coffee
are bronchodilators that reduce bronchial smooth
muscle activity by causing increase intracellular cAMP
levels
26. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Methylxanthines (2) Mechanism of Action
26
MOA:
Signal molecules (eg, transmitters, drugs) activate GPCRs on
airway smooth muscle cells and increase the conversion rate of
ATP to cAMP >>> increased cAMP levels>>> relax bronchial muscle
and reduce airway reactivity
Phosphodiesterase stops cAMP effects and reduces cAMP levels
by catalyzing hydrolysis of cAMP to AMP
Methylxanthines prevent cAMP hydrolysis
Or, theophylline may block cell surface receptor effects of
adenosine, which may induce bronchoconstriction and
inflammation
27. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Methylxanthines (3)
27
These drugs may also be antiinflammatory
Theophylline, most widely prescribed and of low cost, comes as:
short-acting tablets and syrups,
sustained-release capsules and tablets, and
intravenous doses
The synthetic dyphylline may help patients who are unable to
use theophylline
28. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. 28
Methylxanthines
RaffaRBetal.Netter'sIllustratedPharmacology,UpdatedEd.Figure12
29. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Methylxanthine: Adverse Effects
29
Methylxanthine doses must be closely watched
Low doses have little effect, if any, whereas high doses can affect
central nervous, cardiovascular, skeletal muscle, GI, and renal
systems
Theophylline is most selective at sm. mm.; caffeine induces most
marked CNS effects
Even at low to moderate doses, they enhance cortical arousal &
alertness & defer fatigue
In hypersensitive patients, insomnia and nervousness may occur
30. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Methylxanthine: Adverse Effects (2)
30
Methylxanthines reduce blood viscosity, increase blood flow,
increase cardiac output, & induce tachycardia in healthy subjects
In sensitive persons, cardiac arrhythmias are common
These drugs strengthen contractions of isolated skeletal muscles in
vitro and improve contractility & reverse fatigue of diaphragm in
pts with COPD>>accounts for their usefulness in COPD
Although methylxanthines enhance gastric acid and digestive
enzyme secretion in GI tract and induce a slight diuresis, these
effects are minor
31. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. 31
RaffaRBetal.Netter'sIllustratedPharmacology,UpdatedEd.Figure13
32. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
β-Adrenergic Agonists
32
β-adrenergic agonists enhance sympathetic discharge
Used to relieve a sudden asthma attack or block
exercise-induced asthma
EFFECTS:
Relax bronchial smooth muscle, inhibit mediator
release, increase transport of mucus, and alter
composition of mucus by stimulating β adrenoceptors
33. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
β-Adrenergic Agonists (2)
33
Bronchodilation is mediated by β2 adrenoceptors located on
smooth muscle cells in airways
Nonselective β-adrenoceptor agonists (eg, epinephrine, ephedrine,
isoproterenol) stimulate all β adrenoceptors (β1 and β2 classes)
These nonselective actions often produce adverse effects,
particularly in CNS and cardiovascular system
Selective drugs that activate only β2 receptors (eg, albuterol,
terbutaline, salmeterol) are most commonly prescribed
sympathomimetic agents
34. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
β-Adrenergic Agonists MOA Illustrated
34
Raffa RB etal. Netter's Illustrated Pharmacology, Updated Ed. Figure 7-14
35. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Nonselective β-Adrenergic Agonists
35
Agents that activate both β1 and β2 adrenoceptors
have long been used to treat asthma
These drugs are potent, rapidly acting bronchodilators,
but their stimulation of the cardiac system is a serious
drawback
36. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Nonselective β-Adrenergic Agonists (2)
36
Major agents are epinephrine, ephedrine, and isoproterenol:
Epinephrine is either inhaled or given SQ and is the active agent in many OTC
preparations
Maximal bronchodilation is achieved 15 minutes after injection and lasts approximately 90
minutes
B/c this drug stimulates cardiac output, increases heart rate, and exacerbates angina,
physicians rarely prescribe it
Ephedrine, used in China more than 2000 years ago, has longest history of use
of any antiasthmatic
longer duration of action, lower potency, and greater oral activity than epinephrine
marked adverse effects, particularly in the CNS, and is rarely administered
Isoproterenol has rapid onset of action, with peak bronchodilation occurring
within 15 minutes of injection
37. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Selective β-Adrenergic Agonists
37
Selective β2-adrenoceptor activators are most widely
prescribed sympathomimetic drugs
because of their β2 selectivity, oral activity, and rapid onset and long
duration of action (4 hours)
Major drugs- metaproterenol, terbutaline, albuterol,
salmeterol, and formoterol -have minimal β1-mediated effects
on nervous and cardiac systems
Inhalation route allows greatest local effects with fewest
adverse effects
Inhaled agents cause bronchodilation equal to isoproterenol
and persists for 4 hours
38. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Selective β-Adrenergic Agonists (2)
38
Terbutaline, metaproterenol, and albuterol can be given orally as
tablets
Terbutaline, the only drug that can be used subcutaneously, is
given for severe asthma attacks or if insensitivity to inhaled agents
exists
Two new drugs, salmeterol and formoterol, have a long duration
of action and high lipid solubility
Both drugs at high concentrations move slowly into airway smooth
muscle, so effects can last up to 12 hours
Both also enhance antiasthmatic actions of corticosteroids
39. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. 39
Catecholamine Action on α and β Receptors of Heart and Bronchial Tree
RaffaRBetal.Netter'sIllustratedPharmacology,UpdatedEd.Figure7-14
40. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Antimuscarinic Agents (Muscarinic Antagonists)
40
Acetylcholine mediates its physiologic effects via 2 types of
receptors:
muscarinic and nicotinic
Muscarinic receptors are GPCRs that are densely expressed in
the airways
When stimulated, muscarinic receptors cause muscle
contraction>>> leads to narrowing of airways and
bronchoconstriction
41. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Antimuscarinic Agents (2)
41
Muscarinic antagonists, or anticholinergics, prevent
acetylcholine from producing smooth muscle contractions &
excess mucus in bronchi
Ipratropium bromide and atropine are most commonly used
Anticholinergics are less effective than β2-adrenergic activators
However, these drugs enhance bronchodilation induced by
β2-adrenoceptor agonists, so patients often take both
anticholinergics and β2 agonists
Major adverse effects = dry mouth, bitter taste, scratchy throat,
and headache
42. Principles of Drug Therapy
42
Antimuscarinic Agents
MOA Illustrated
Raffa RB etal. Netter's Illustrated Pharmacology, Updated Ed. Figure 7-17
43. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
(4) Anti-inflammatory Agents: Corticosteroids
43
Corticosteroids are antiinflammatory drugs similar to natural
corticosteroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
Tx with these agents improves symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinitis,
eczema, and rheumatoid arthritis
Corticosteroids inhibit late phase allergic reactions (including late
asthmatic response to antigen challenge) by various mechanisms,
eg., reduced
1)number of mast cells lining surfaces of airway mucosal cells;
2)chemotaxis and activation of eosinophils; and
3)cytokine production by eosinophils, monocytes, mast cells, and
lymphocytes
44. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Corticosteroids (2)
44
Corticosteroids taken regularly reduce bronchial
reactivity, enhance airway quality, & decrease
severity & frequency of asthma attacks
However, corticosteroids do not directly relax smooth
muscle
Would be only ones needed to treat asthma if their
adverse effects were not so pronounced
45. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Corticosteroids (3)
45
Commonly used agents
prednisone,
methylprednisone,
beclomethasone,
flunisolide,
budesonide, and
mometasone
46. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Corticosteroids: Clinical Uses
46
Corticosteroids have marked adverse effects on
nonrespiratory systems, so inhalation (maintenance therapy
in asthma, via inhaler) or intranasal (in allergy, as nasal spray)
route is preferred
Intranasal corticosteroids relieve stuffy nose, nasal irritation,
and other discomforts
47. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Corticosteroids: Clinical Uses (2)
47
Corticosteroids inhaled by mouth effectively prevent asthma
attacks
Regular doses of aerosol agents are smaller than doses used in
pill form
Smaller, regular doses reduce side effect risk and may
eliminate a need for oral steroids
Oral prednisone or IV methylprednisone is used only when pts
are insensitive to inhaled drugs or need urgent treatment for
severe asthma attacks
48. Principles of Drug Therapy
Corticosteroids:
Clinical Uses (3)
Spacers (chambers) can be
attached to metered-dose
inhalers to reduce velocity
& particle size of drug;
amount of drug reaching
lungs is maximized, and
quantity of drug deposited
in mouth is minimized
Spacers are crucial for Tx
with corticosteroids, which
have many adverse effects
RaffaRBetal.Netter'sIllustratedPharmacology,UpdatedEd.Figure7-19
49. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Corticosteroid
Actions in
Bronchial Asthma
Illustrated
49
RaffaRBetal.Netter'sIllustratedPharmacology,UpdatedEd.Figure7-18
50. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Corticosteroids: Adverse Effects
50
Taking corticosteroids orally (prednisone) and intravenously
(methylprednisone) can cause unwanted side effects
Short-term use (days) of prednisone can lead to
increased appetite,
wt. gain,
diarrhea,
headache,
mood changes & insomnia, and
possibly hyperglycemia & hypertension
Cessation of short term corticosteroid use or taking smaller doses of
these agents usually minimizes or eliminates effects
51. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Corticosteroids: Adverse Effects (2)
51
Adverse effects that accompany long-term (months to
years) oral and IV therapy are
suppressed immune system,
increased cholesterol levels, and
rapid wt. gain
Long-term use may also promote osteoporosis, cataracts, and
thinning of the skin
52. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Corticosteroids: Adverse Effects (3)
52
Efforts to develop safer corticosteroids with antiinflammatory
properties but lacking adverse effects are ongoing
Lipophilic steroids, such as beclomethasone, flunisolide, budesonide, and
mometasone, have a strong safety profile and are almost devoid of orally
precipitated systemic effects
53. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Corticosteroids:
Adverse Effects
Illustrated
53
RaffaRBetal.Netter'sIllustratedPharmacology,UpdatedEd.Figure7-20
54. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
(4) Anti-inflammatory Agents:
Leukotriene Antagonists
54
Leukotrienes are arachidonic acid derivatives involved in inflammatory
processes including asthma and anaphylaxis
The enzyme 5-lipoxygenase catalyzes synthesis of arachidonic acid into
unstable intermediates>>> which are converted into leukotrienes
A number of airway cells (including mast cells, macrophages, eosinophils,
and basophils) synthesize, store, & secrete several subtypes of
proinflammatory leukotrienes
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) attracts additional leukocytes, and LTC4 and LTD4 increase
bronchial reactivity, bronchoconstriction, and secretion of mucus
55. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Leukotriene Antagonists (2)
55
Evidence that inhaled leukotrienes increase bronchial
reactivity and that antigen challenge in sensitized airways
augments leukotriene synthesis…
…supports a role for these mediators in asthma and a
rationale for development of drugs that block leukotriene
or 5-lipoxygenase action
56. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Leukotrienes
Synthesis
Illustrated
56
RaffaRBetal.Netter'sIllustratedPharmacology,UpdatedEd.Figure7-21
57. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Leukotriene Antagonists (4)
57
Efforts to develop drugs that disrupt proinflammatory actions of
leukotrienes produced 2 types of drugs:
1) 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors and
2) leukotriene antagonists
Zileuton reduces leukotriene synthesis rate by blocking 5-lipoxygenase
Zafirlukast and montelukast, LTD4 antagonists, block leukotriene
receptors and prevent these mediators from causing an asthmatic
response
When taken regularly, these drugs work as well as inhaled corticosteroids
in reducing frequency of asthma attacks
However, leukotriene antagonists are less successful for relieving symptoms,
reducing bronchial reactivity, and improving airway quality
58. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Leukotriene Antagonists (5)
58
These drugs are effective and safe when taken orally, an
advantage compared with inhaled corticosteroids
Strong safety profile and excellent oral activity account for
popularity of leukotriene antagonists for children
Leukotriene antagonists also reduce responses in aspirin-
induced asthma, a disorder affecting nearly 10% of patients
with asthma
59. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Leukotriene
Antagonists
MOA
Illustrated
59
RaffaRBetal.Netter'sIllustratedPharmacology,UpdatedEd.Figure7-22
60. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Management of Acute Asthmatic Attack
60
Raffa RB etal. Netter's Illustrated Pharmacology, Updated Ed. Figure 7-15
61. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
The National Asthma Education and
Prevention Program 1997 Guidelines (Updated)
61
Ressel GW, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. NAEPP updates
guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. Am Fam Physician . 2003;68:169–70.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT OF ASTHMA IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN OLDER THAN 5
Asthma Severity Symptom Frequency Medications
Mild intermittent <2 days/week,
<2 nights/month
No regular therapy; short-acting β2 –agonists as needed for symptom
relief
Mild persistent >2 per week but
<once per day
>2 nights/month
Low-dose inhaled glucocorticoids. Alternate: cromolyn, nedocromil,
leukotriene modifier, or sustained release theophylline
Moderate persistent Daily,
>1 night/week
Low- to medium-dose glucocorticoids and long-acting inhaled β2 -
agonists. Alternate: leukotriene modifier or theophylline
Severe persistent Continual during day,
frequent at night
High-dose glucocorticoids and long-acting inhaled β2 -agonist and (if
needed) systemic glucocorticoids. Consider omalizumab for allergy
sufferers
62. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Case Summary
62
Summary: An 8-year-old boy with asthma is prescribed an
albuterol inhaler.
Mechanism of action of albuterol: β2 -Adrenoceptor agonist in bronchial
smooth muscle causes smooth muscle relaxation, inhibits the release of
mediators from mast cells, and stimulates mucociliary clearance
Most common side effects of albuterol: Skeletal muscle tremor,
tachycardia, and cough
Medications for long-term control of asthma: Inhaled corticosteroids,
long acting β2 -adrenoceptor agonist, cromolyn, or nedocromil; second-
line agents include oral theophylline, leukotriene inhibitors, or systemic
corticosteroids
64. Principles of Drug Therapy
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Further study:
64
Pharmacology Course Website
References:
Drazen JM, O’Byrne PM. Risks of long-acting beta-agonists in achieving asthma control. N
Engl J Med .2009;360:1671.
Lim KG. Management of persistent symptoms in patients with asthma. Mayo Clin Proc .
2002;77:1333–8.
Panettieri RA, In the Clinic. Asthma. Ann Internal Med . 2007;146:ITC6–16.
Ressel GW, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Asthma Education and
Prevention
Program. NAEPP updates guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. Am Fam
Physician . 2003;68:169–70.
Salpeter SR, Wall AJ, Buckley NS. Long-acting beta-agonists with and without inhaled
corticosteroids and catastrophic asthma events. Am J Med . 2010; 123:322.