This document discusses the pharmacology of alcohol. It begins by describing how drugs of abuse interact with the neurochemical mechanisms in the brain and alcohol's effects as a central nervous system depressant. It then covers the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of alcohol as well as its pharmacological effects. Finally, it discusses the management of alcohol dependence, describing how Naltrexone and Acamprosate can be effective treatments by interrupting neurochemical mechanisms involved in alcohol reinforcement and preventing relapse.
Presentation explains about toxicity of alcohol and various methods used by the police to detect the presence of alcohol in the blood and various alcohol composition.
The document discusses various types of alcohols including methanol, ethanol, and ethylene glycol. It summarizes ethanol's pharmacokinetics such as rapid absorption in the stomach and metabolism primarily by alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver. Chronic alcohol use can lead to tolerance, dependence, and alcoholism with withdrawal symptoms. Treatment involves detoxification with benzodiazepines and supplementation to replace vitamin deficiencies.
1. Alcohol poisoning can occur from both acute and chronic alcohol consumption and has effects throughout the body, especially the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and liver.
2. Treatment for acute alcohol poisoning involves first aid measures like keeping the person awake and monitoring their symptoms, followed by further treatment in the hospital like gastric lavage and IV fluids.
3. Chronic alcohol use can lead to conditions like liver cirrhosis and Korsakoff's psychosis. Treatment focuses on medications to prevent further alcohol use and psychotherapy. Death from alcohol poisoning may result from related causes like traffic accidents, suicide, or organ failure.
Dr. Gautam Chakma's presentation discussed the various effects of alcohol consumption on the human body. Moderate alcohol intake of less than 3 drinks per day may provide some cardiovascular benefits, but higher amounts can have serious negative health consequences. Alcohol affects nearly every organ system, with risks including cancers of the esophagus and liver, pancreatitis, hypertension, arrhythmias, stroke, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Long term heavy drinking is also associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders. The social costs of alcohol abuse in India are high and increasing.
This document discusses the pharmacology and toxicology of alcohol. It covers topics such as the types of alcohol, routes of administration, absorption, distribution, elimination, and metabolism of alcohol in the body. It describes the stages of alcohol intoxication and tolerance. It discusses alcohol levels in breath, blood and urine and issues related to breath testing. It also covers the behavioral effects of alcohol, including its effects on driving ability.
This document discusses alcohol pharmacology and the effects of alcohol on the body. It begins with defining key terms like pharmacology, alcohol, and fermentation. It then outlines the physical effects of alcohol at different blood alcohol concentration levels. Various sections summarize the metabolism of alcohol in the liver, short and long term central nervous system and other organ effects, and the development of alcohol dependence. Tables show the percentages of students at Longwood University who report alcohol use and the citations used are listed at the end.
The document discusses ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and its effects as an inebriant substance. It defines alcohol and its origins, describes its production and metabolism in the body, acute and chronic effects on health, signs of alcohol poisoning and withdrawal symptoms, and treatments for alcoholism. Alcohol acts as a depressant on the central nervous system and can cause intoxication, coma and death in high doses.
Presentation explains about toxicity of alcohol and various methods used by the police to detect the presence of alcohol in the blood and various alcohol composition.
The document discusses various types of alcohols including methanol, ethanol, and ethylene glycol. It summarizes ethanol's pharmacokinetics such as rapid absorption in the stomach and metabolism primarily by alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver. Chronic alcohol use can lead to tolerance, dependence, and alcoholism with withdrawal symptoms. Treatment involves detoxification with benzodiazepines and supplementation to replace vitamin deficiencies.
1. Alcohol poisoning can occur from both acute and chronic alcohol consumption and has effects throughout the body, especially the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and liver.
2. Treatment for acute alcohol poisoning involves first aid measures like keeping the person awake and monitoring their symptoms, followed by further treatment in the hospital like gastric lavage and IV fluids.
3. Chronic alcohol use can lead to conditions like liver cirrhosis and Korsakoff's psychosis. Treatment focuses on medications to prevent further alcohol use and psychotherapy. Death from alcohol poisoning may result from related causes like traffic accidents, suicide, or organ failure.
Dr. Gautam Chakma's presentation discussed the various effects of alcohol consumption on the human body. Moderate alcohol intake of less than 3 drinks per day may provide some cardiovascular benefits, but higher amounts can have serious negative health consequences. Alcohol affects nearly every organ system, with risks including cancers of the esophagus and liver, pancreatitis, hypertension, arrhythmias, stroke, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Long term heavy drinking is also associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders. The social costs of alcohol abuse in India are high and increasing.
This document discusses the pharmacology and toxicology of alcohol. It covers topics such as the types of alcohol, routes of administration, absorption, distribution, elimination, and metabolism of alcohol in the body. It describes the stages of alcohol intoxication and tolerance. It discusses alcohol levels in breath, blood and urine and issues related to breath testing. It also covers the behavioral effects of alcohol, including its effects on driving ability.
This document discusses alcohol pharmacology and the effects of alcohol on the body. It begins with defining key terms like pharmacology, alcohol, and fermentation. It then outlines the physical effects of alcohol at different blood alcohol concentration levels. Various sections summarize the metabolism of alcohol in the liver, short and long term central nervous system and other organ effects, and the development of alcohol dependence. Tables show the percentages of students at Longwood University who report alcohol use and the citations used are listed at the end.
The document discusses ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and its effects as an inebriant substance. It defines alcohol and its origins, describes its production and metabolism in the body, acute and chronic effects on health, signs of alcohol poisoning and withdrawal symptoms, and treatments for alcoholism. Alcohol acts as a depressant on the central nervous system and can cause intoxication, coma and death in high doses.
Ethyl alcohol is absorbed quickly in the small intestine and slowly in the stomach. It is widely distributed throughout the body, crossing the blood-brain barrier and placenta. Alcohol is primarily metabolized in the liver by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase into acetate. Alcohol metabolism follows zero-order kinetics and is excreted primarily through exhaled air, urine, and sweat. Alcohol can interact with many drugs, increasing their effects and toxicity through inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Drinking during pregnancy increases risks of fetal alcohol syndrome, miscarriage, stillbirth, and low birth weight. Guidelines recommend no more than 1-2 drinks per day for men and a lower limit for women, and avoiding drinking if taking interacting
This document discusses various types of alcohol, including fermented alcohols like beer, wine, and distilled alcohols like whiskey and vodka. It then covers blood alcohol content and how many drinks it takes for a man or woman of different weights to reach intoxication levels. The rest of the document outlines short and long term health effects of drinking, including cancer, diabetes, alcoholism, and risks of binge drinking, smoking or injecting alcohol.
Ethyl alcohol is produced by fermenting sugars using yeast. It can be used to produce beverages like beer, wine, and spirits. Alcohol acts as a central nervous system depressant, initially causing excitation but then impairing functions. It can also impact the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and liver systems. Chronic alcohol abuse can lead to conditions like hypertension, pancreatitis, and cirrhosis.
This document discusses alcohol poisoning and the effects of ethanol. It covers the categories of alcohols, ethanol uses including as a beverage and in medicine, toxicokinetics of ethanol absorption and metabolism, mechanisms of action on the body, acute and chronic poisoning symptoms, and treatment approaches for alcohol poisoning and chronic alcoholism.
This document summarizes key information about alcohols presented by Dr. Pravin Prasad to MBBS Sem IV students. It describes the effects of alcohol on the central nervous system and different organ systems. It explains that alcohol is metabolized in the liver and lists its uses, toxicity, and contraindications. The document provides details on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ethanol and outlines the local and systemic effects of alcohol consumption.
Pharmacology of Ethyl and Methyl AlcoholManoj Kumar
This document provides information on ethyl and methyl alcohol. It discusses that alcohols are produced by fermenting sugars and starches and the major commercial source is molasses. It then describes different types of alcoholic beverages and their alcohol contents. Key differences between ethanol and methanol are highlighted, including that ethanol is safe for consumption in moderation while methanol is highly toxic.
This document discusses the toxicity of ethanol. It is a colorless, volatile liquid that readily diffuses through membranes and is metabolized in the liver. Chronic ethanol consumption can lead to malnutrition, oxidative stress, production of toxic metabolites like acetaldehyde, and increased risk of cancer. Clinical effects include inebriation, respiratory depression, hypothermia, and dysrhythmias. Blood tests can assess electrolyte abnormalities. Treatment involves stabilization, fluid/electrolyte correction, and occasionally hemodialysis. Ethanol metabolism can also cause hypoglycemia or alcoholic ketoacidosis in malnourished chronic drinkers.
Methanol poisoning causes metabolic acidosis, optic neuritis, renal toxicity, and CNS depression. Symptoms include odor on breath, acid urine with acetone and albumin, retinal ganglion cell degeneration, and convulsions. Death is mainly due to metabolic acidosis from formic acid production and respiratory depression from CNS effects.
This document discusses the short-term and long-term effects of alcohol on the body and behavior. It provides definitions of binge drinking and chronic drinking and statistics on teen drinking. The short-term effects of alcohol include slowed reaction times, nausea, and impaired motor skills. Long-term effects can include brain damage, liver disease, and increased cancer risk. Blood alcohol levels are affected by weight, food intake, and beverages consumed. Drinking during pregnancy can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome and brain development issues in babies.
This document discusses ethyl alcohol, including its production, forms, pharmacological actions, pharmacokinetics, interactions, toxicity, and clinical uses. Ethyl alcohol is produced by fermentation of sugars and is the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages. It has central nervous system depressant effects and impacts many organ systems. Chronic alcohol abuse can lead to serious health issues like cirrhosis of the liver and alcohol dependence.
This document discusses different types of alcohols, specifically ethyl and methyl alcohols. It notes that only ethyl alcohol is drinkable, while methyl alcohol can cause poisoning. It then covers the pharmacological actions of ethyl alcohol on various body systems like the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, liver and others. It also discusses the pharmacokinetics of alcohol metabolism and some clinical uses of ethyl alcohol.
Alcohol is a major public health concern, contributing to over 2.5 million deaths per year globally. It has a long history of use dating back thousands of years. Alcohol dependence is characterized by impaired control over drinking and continued use despite consequences. Treatment involves managing withdrawal, brief interventions, rehabilitation programs, medications, and counseling. Physicians play an important role in identifying alcoholism and guiding treatment.
This document provides information about alcohol, including its effects on the body and brain, particularly for adolescents. It discusses how alcohol is absorbed and metabolized, defining terms like BAC. It notes that alcohol impairs areas of the brain involved in judgment and inhibition first. For adolescents, it explains how their brain development can make them more susceptible to risky behaviors under the influence of alcohol. The document also addresses the health effects of alcohol, standard drink sizes, legal limits, and risks of binge drinking and fetal alcohol syndrome.
This slides present to you some facts you must keep to mind about alcohol poisoning. Don't just laugh it off. People have lost loved ones because of not taking appropriate actions. Read this and share it with friends. You might be saving a soul
This document discusses toxic alcohols including ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol, and isopropanol. It provides details on the sources, metabolism, clinical effects, diagnosis, and treatment of toxic alcohol poisoning for each substance. Key points include the different metabolic pathways, symptoms based on serum concentration levels, use of antidotes like ethanol or fomepizole to prevent metabolism, and indications for hemodialysis in severe poisonings.
This document provides information on alcohol basics including epidemiology, standard drinks, binge drinking, safe drinking levels, where alcohol comes from, cocktails, factors that influence alcohol absorption, the three pathways of ethanol metabolism, genetic variations in alcohol metabolism, metabolic effects of alcohol, possible hepatotoxic effects of acetaldehyde, drug interactions, diagnosis of alcoholism including questionnaires, the typical clinical course, DSM-IV criteria for alcohol abuse and dependence, and methods for collecting blood and breath samples for alcohol analysis.
Sedatives and hypnotics are drugs that calm or induce sleep. Common classes include benzodiazepines (BZDs), barbiturates, and non-BZD hypnotics. BZDs are widely used and bind to GABA receptors to facilitate the effects of GABA, producing sedation, hypnosis, or anesthesia in a dose-dependent manner. They have a high safety profile but can cause dependence. Barbiturates also act at GABA receptors but have a lower safety margin and greater risk of overdose. Newer non-BZD drugs like zolpidem, zaleplon, and zopiclone have fewer side effects and lower abuse potential than B
This document discusses pharmacodynamics and drug targets. It explains that pharmacodynamics studies how drugs work in living organisms by examining their biochemical and physiological effects. Quantitative studies allow comparison of drug concentration and effect, while qualitative studies investigate mechanisms of drug action. The document then discusses different types of drug targets, including enzymes, carrier proteins, ion channels, and receptors. It provides examples of drugs that target each of these and how they produce their effects. The document emphasizes that understanding drug targets allows for more specific and effective drugs with fewer side effects.
Ethyl alcohol is absorbed quickly in the small intestine and slowly in the stomach. It is widely distributed throughout the body, crossing the blood-brain barrier and placenta. Alcohol is primarily metabolized in the liver by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase into acetate. Alcohol metabolism follows zero-order kinetics and is excreted primarily through exhaled air, urine, and sweat. Alcohol can interact with many drugs, increasing their effects and toxicity through inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Drinking during pregnancy increases risks of fetal alcohol syndrome, miscarriage, stillbirth, and low birth weight. Guidelines recommend no more than 1-2 drinks per day for men and a lower limit for women, and avoiding drinking if taking interacting
This document discusses various types of alcohol, including fermented alcohols like beer, wine, and distilled alcohols like whiskey and vodka. It then covers blood alcohol content and how many drinks it takes for a man or woman of different weights to reach intoxication levels. The rest of the document outlines short and long term health effects of drinking, including cancer, diabetes, alcoholism, and risks of binge drinking, smoking or injecting alcohol.
Ethyl alcohol is produced by fermenting sugars using yeast. It can be used to produce beverages like beer, wine, and spirits. Alcohol acts as a central nervous system depressant, initially causing excitation but then impairing functions. It can also impact the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and liver systems. Chronic alcohol abuse can lead to conditions like hypertension, pancreatitis, and cirrhosis.
This document discusses alcohol poisoning and the effects of ethanol. It covers the categories of alcohols, ethanol uses including as a beverage and in medicine, toxicokinetics of ethanol absorption and metabolism, mechanisms of action on the body, acute and chronic poisoning symptoms, and treatment approaches for alcohol poisoning and chronic alcoholism.
This document summarizes key information about alcohols presented by Dr. Pravin Prasad to MBBS Sem IV students. It describes the effects of alcohol on the central nervous system and different organ systems. It explains that alcohol is metabolized in the liver and lists its uses, toxicity, and contraindications. The document provides details on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ethanol and outlines the local and systemic effects of alcohol consumption.
Pharmacology of Ethyl and Methyl AlcoholManoj Kumar
This document provides information on ethyl and methyl alcohol. It discusses that alcohols are produced by fermenting sugars and starches and the major commercial source is molasses. It then describes different types of alcoholic beverages and their alcohol contents. Key differences between ethanol and methanol are highlighted, including that ethanol is safe for consumption in moderation while methanol is highly toxic.
This document discusses the toxicity of ethanol. It is a colorless, volatile liquid that readily diffuses through membranes and is metabolized in the liver. Chronic ethanol consumption can lead to malnutrition, oxidative stress, production of toxic metabolites like acetaldehyde, and increased risk of cancer. Clinical effects include inebriation, respiratory depression, hypothermia, and dysrhythmias. Blood tests can assess electrolyte abnormalities. Treatment involves stabilization, fluid/electrolyte correction, and occasionally hemodialysis. Ethanol metabolism can also cause hypoglycemia or alcoholic ketoacidosis in malnourished chronic drinkers.
Methanol poisoning causes metabolic acidosis, optic neuritis, renal toxicity, and CNS depression. Symptoms include odor on breath, acid urine with acetone and albumin, retinal ganglion cell degeneration, and convulsions. Death is mainly due to metabolic acidosis from formic acid production and respiratory depression from CNS effects.
This document discusses the short-term and long-term effects of alcohol on the body and behavior. It provides definitions of binge drinking and chronic drinking and statistics on teen drinking. The short-term effects of alcohol include slowed reaction times, nausea, and impaired motor skills. Long-term effects can include brain damage, liver disease, and increased cancer risk. Blood alcohol levels are affected by weight, food intake, and beverages consumed. Drinking during pregnancy can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome and brain development issues in babies.
This document discusses ethyl alcohol, including its production, forms, pharmacological actions, pharmacokinetics, interactions, toxicity, and clinical uses. Ethyl alcohol is produced by fermentation of sugars and is the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages. It has central nervous system depressant effects and impacts many organ systems. Chronic alcohol abuse can lead to serious health issues like cirrhosis of the liver and alcohol dependence.
This document discusses different types of alcohols, specifically ethyl and methyl alcohols. It notes that only ethyl alcohol is drinkable, while methyl alcohol can cause poisoning. It then covers the pharmacological actions of ethyl alcohol on various body systems like the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, liver and others. It also discusses the pharmacokinetics of alcohol metabolism and some clinical uses of ethyl alcohol.
Alcohol is a major public health concern, contributing to over 2.5 million deaths per year globally. It has a long history of use dating back thousands of years. Alcohol dependence is characterized by impaired control over drinking and continued use despite consequences. Treatment involves managing withdrawal, brief interventions, rehabilitation programs, medications, and counseling. Physicians play an important role in identifying alcoholism and guiding treatment.
This document provides information about alcohol, including its effects on the body and brain, particularly for adolescents. It discusses how alcohol is absorbed and metabolized, defining terms like BAC. It notes that alcohol impairs areas of the brain involved in judgment and inhibition first. For adolescents, it explains how their brain development can make them more susceptible to risky behaviors under the influence of alcohol. The document also addresses the health effects of alcohol, standard drink sizes, legal limits, and risks of binge drinking and fetal alcohol syndrome.
This slides present to you some facts you must keep to mind about alcohol poisoning. Don't just laugh it off. People have lost loved ones because of not taking appropriate actions. Read this and share it with friends. You might be saving a soul
This document discusses toxic alcohols including ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol, and isopropanol. It provides details on the sources, metabolism, clinical effects, diagnosis, and treatment of toxic alcohol poisoning for each substance. Key points include the different metabolic pathways, symptoms based on serum concentration levels, use of antidotes like ethanol or fomepizole to prevent metabolism, and indications for hemodialysis in severe poisonings.
This document provides information on alcohol basics including epidemiology, standard drinks, binge drinking, safe drinking levels, where alcohol comes from, cocktails, factors that influence alcohol absorption, the three pathways of ethanol metabolism, genetic variations in alcohol metabolism, metabolic effects of alcohol, possible hepatotoxic effects of acetaldehyde, drug interactions, diagnosis of alcoholism including questionnaires, the typical clinical course, DSM-IV criteria for alcohol abuse and dependence, and methods for collecting blood and breath samples for alcohol analysis.
Sedatives and hypnotics are drugs that calm or induce sleep. Common classes include benzodiazepines (BZDs), barbiturates, and non-BZD hypnotics. BZDs are widely used and bind to GABA receptors to facilitate the effects of GABA, producing sedation, hypnosis, or anesthesia in a dose-dependent manner. They have a high safety profile but can cause dependence. Barbiturates also act at GABA receptors but have a lower safety margin and greater risk of overdose. Newer non-BZD drugs like zolpidem, zaleplon, and zopiclone have fewer side effects and lower abuse potential than B
This document discusses pharmacodynamics and drug targets. It explains that pharmacodynamics studies how drugs work in living organisms by examining their biochemical and physiological effects. Quantitative studies allow comparison of drug concentration and effect, while qualitative studies investigate mechanisms of drug action. The document then discusses different types of drug targets, including enzymes, carrier proteins, ion channels, and receptors. It provides examples of drugs that target each of these and how they produce their effects. The document emphasizes that understanding drug targets allows for more specific and effective drugs with fewer side effects.
This document discusses sedative-hypnotic drugs. It describes normal sleep cycles and the stages of non-REM and REM sleep. It then classifies and describes different types of sedative-hypnotic drugs including barbiturates, benzodiazepines, alcohols, aldehydes, and other miscellaneous drugs. It explains the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of these sedative-hypnotic drugs.
The document provides an overview of pharmacodynamics, which is how drugs act on the body. It discusses drug receptor interactions including agonists that activate receptors, antagonists that block receptors, and partial agonists that partially activate receptors. It also covers non-receptor mechanisms of drug action such as effects on enzymes. The time and dose responses of drugs are described, as well as factors affecting drug activity like absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
This document discusses sedative/hypnotics and anxiolytics. It begins by explaining how these drugs work in the nervous system, producing sedation, hypnosis, and effects ranging from confusion to coma and death depending on dose. It then focuses on benzodiazepines and barbiturates, the two major classes of these drugs. Both act by enhancing GABAergic transmission but differ in their mechanisms and properties. Benzodiazepines are generally safer with less respiratory depression but can cause dependence, while barbiturates have greater toxicity and abuse potential. The document emphasizes using these drugs only short-term to avoid adverse effects.
Pharmacodynamics is the study of how drugs act on the body and biological system, including receptor interactions and mechanisms of action. Most drugs act by binding to receptors, and spare receptors allow a maximal response even when not all receptors are occupied, as only a portion need to be bound. Agonists activate receptors to produce a response, with full agonists having maximal efficacy and partial agonists having less efficacy than full agonists. Antagonists block the action of agonists without activating the receptors themselves.
A power point presentation on Pharmacodynamics (what drug does to the body) suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics covers how drugs act on the body. Drugs can act through receptor-mediated or non-receptor mediated mechanisms. Receptor-mediated actions involve drug binding to receptors, which then trigger signal transduction pathways. There are various types of receptors including ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, and nuclear receptors. Drug effects are determined by factors like affinity, efficacy, and intrinsic activity. Individual drug responses can be modified by pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors such as age, weight, disease states, genetic differences, and drug interactions.
This document discusses various alcohols including ethanol, isopropanol, and methanol. It provides details on:
- The pathophysiology of how each alcohol is absorbed and metabolized in the body. Ethanol is metabolized to acetaldehyde while isopropanol is metabolized to acetone.
- The signs and symptoms of intoxication for each alcohol, which generally involve central nervous system depression and inebriation. Isopropanol ingestion can also cause abdominal pain and vomiting.
- The treatment for alcohol intoxication, which is largely supportive care focusing on airway, breathing, and circulation. Gastric decontamination is rarely needed.
Alcohol
ALCOHOL INTAKE
Rakkan Fagirah
Alcohol Beverages
Beer: is a mild intoxicant brewed by a mixture of grains and usually has 3-6% alcohol by volume.
Ales and Malt Liquor: They are also made by grains and similar to beer usually contains 6-8% per volume
Wines: It is made by fermenting the juice of fruits. And it has 9-14% per volume.
Hard Liquor: it is made by distilling fermented or brewed grains or other plants. Usually contains about 35-50%
Concentration of Alcohol
The concentration of Alcohol is indicated by it is Proof Value: which amounts to two times the percentage concentration. So if the beverage has an 80 proof, then it contains 40% alcohol by volume. So two ounces of an 80 proof Vodka it contains 80% alcohol.
Standard vs Actual Servings
The term one drink or a standard drink refers to a drink with an amount of 0.6 ounce of alcohol.
12-ounce bottle of beer.
8-ounce Malt liquor
5-ounce glass of a wine.
1.5-ounce shot of liquor.
Even though this is the standard servings size people tend to drink way more than that.
Calories content
Alcohol provides 7 calories per gram.
In a typical one drink there is 100-120 calories.
In regular beer there is 150 calories.
Light beer contains 100 calories.
5-ounce glass of wine contains 100 calories
3-ounce of Margarita contains 157 calories
6-Ounce of rum and coke contains about 180 calories
Absorption of Alcohol
When Alcohol ingested 20% of it is absorbed from the stomach.
75% is absorbed through the stomach and the upper part of the small Intestine
The rest is absorbed from the GI (Gastrointestinal)
The rate of absorption is affected by various factors:
Carbonation increases the rate.
Artificial sweeteners have the same affect
Food slows the rate absorption
Drinking high concentrated drinks also slows the rate of absorption
Alcohol Metabolism
Alcohol Metabolizes, transfers into usable and waste parts mainly in the liver.
Small amount of alcohol is metabolized in the stomach
2-10% of the alcohol excreted unchanged by the lungs, kidneys, and sweat glands.
Excreted alcohol causes the telltale to smell on a drinker’s breath and it is the basis analysis of a person’s breath and urine to tests the alcohol levels.
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)
BAC: is the ratio of alcohol in a person’s blood by weight, or the percentage of alcohol measured in deciliter of blood.
It is affected by metabolizes 0.3 ounce of alcohol per hour.
The rate of alcohol metabolism is determined by genetic factors
and drinking behavior.
Although the rate of absorption can be affected by many factors the rate of Metabolism cannot be slowed.
A person can lower the rate of the BAC only by drinking over long period of time.
How to calculate BAC
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1C3TFjAGMVI
ALCOHOL AND HEALTH
Immediate and Long term affects
Mohammed Bantalal
Immediate affects
Low concentration:
It happens at a BAC of 0.03-0.05%:
Light Headedness
Relaxation
Release of inhib.
This document provides information on alcohol use and alcohol use disorder. It defines alcohol and describes its absorption, metabolism, and effects on the brain and other body systems. It also discusses alcohol dependence, different types of alcoholism, acute intoxication, withdrawal syndrome, and various neuropsychiatric complications of chronic alcohol use such as Wernicke's encephalopathy, Korsakoff's psychosis, and Marchiafava-Bignami disease.
Drinking alcohol causes a reduction in fluid in the brain, leading to headaches. Consuming water before, during, and after drinking can help replace lost fluids and reduce headaches. Alcohol affects the stomach lining, which can cause nausea. When alcohol is broken down by the liver, toxic byproducts are produced which contribute to fatigue, weakness, mood issues, and impaired brain function when blood sugar drops. Darker alcoholic beverages contain more hangover-causing congeners. When drinking stops, the brain's stimulant glutamine is overproduced, disturbing sleep and potentially causing other symptoms. It takes about an hour for the liver to metabolize one alcohol unit, but continued drinking leads to accumulation and a longer processing time.
This document discusses alcoholism and drug abuse. It defines alcoholism as a chronic disease characterized by impaired control over alcohol use and prioritizing drinking over other activities. Various types of drug abuse are also outlined, including heroin, cocaine, and prescription drugs. The document then examines the physical, psychological, and social effects of both short-term and long-term alcohol consumption. Lastly, it explores advantages and disadvantages of alcohol use as well as the social impacts of alcoholism, such as poverty, unemployment, and violence.
The document summarizes the effects of alcohol on the human body. It discusses how alcohol is absorbed through the stomach and intestines and carried through the bloodstream. It then outlines how alcohol is metabolized and eliminated primarily through the liver. Short term effects include reduced pain sensitivity and impaired vision and coordination. Long term effects include damage to vital organs like the liver, heart and pancreas as well as various health conditions and cancers. Factors like weight, gender, food consumption and dosage influence blood alcohol concentration.
Alcohol is a widely used and abused psychoactive drug that is a central nervous system depressant. It can cause severe physical and psychological dependence and disrupts many aspects of life. Alcohol is responsible for over 100,000 deaths per year in the United States and costs the country over $176 billion annually to deal with social and health problems related to its abuse.
The document discusses various types of alcohols including methanol, ethanol, and ethylene glycol. It summarizes ethanol's pharmacokinetics such as rapid absorption in the stomach and metabolism primarily by alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver. Chronic alcohol use can lead to tolerance, dependence, and alcoholism with withdrawal symptoms. Treatment involves detoxification with benzodiazepines and supplementation to prevent deficiencies.
The document discusses various types of alcohols including methanol, ethanol, and ethylene glycol. It summarizes ethanol's pharmacokinetics such as rapid absorption in the stomach and metabolism primarily by alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver. Chronic alcohol use can lead to tolerance, dependence, and alcoholism. Treatment involves detoxification using benzodiazepines or oxazepam and supplements like thiamine and phenytoin.
Alcohol, or ethanol, is highly lipid soluble and is rapidly absorbed from the stomach and small intestine. It is metabolized in the liver by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Chronic alcohol abuse can cause damage to multiple organ systems like the liver, heart, pancreas and brain. Risk factors for alcoholism include genetics, family history of alcohol use, early initiation of drinking, frequent heavy drinking, mental health conditions, and trauma history. Alcohol tolerance refers to adaptations in the brain and liver that result in requiring more alcohol to produce the same effects. Metabolic tolerance involves activation of liver enzymes while functional tolerance impacts brain function.
This document discusses alcoholism as a major health and social problem. It describes how alcohol affects the body and nervous system, impairing judgment and damaging organs. Long-term excessive drinking can lead to serious illnesses like cirrhosis of the liver and deficiencies in vitamins like thiamine. Alcoholism is a complex illness with psychological and social factors. It affects people differently and total abstinence is required to recover, though relapse is possible even after years of sobriety. The document provides information on types of alcohol, how it is processed by the body, signs of intoxication at different blood alcohol levels, and psychological and social impacts of alcoholism.
This document discusses alcohol use disorder and provides information on its historical aspects, epidemiology, types of alcoholic beverages, effects on the body, etiology, and diagnostic criteria. Some key points:
- Alcohol has been used by humans for intoxication purposes throughout history, with the earliest evidence of intentionally fermented beverages dating back over 10,000 years.
- Worldwide, alcohol causes over 1.8 million deaths per year through conditions like cancer, liver disease, accidents, and violence.
- Types of alcoholic beverages include spirits like whiskey and rum, wines, beers, and liqueurs. The alcohol content varies significantly between different types.
- Alcohol affects the brain through its interactions with neurotransmit
This document discusses forensic aspects of alcohol, including the physiology of alcohol absorption and elimination in the body, effects of alcohol intoxication, and causes of death from acute alcohol intoxication and chronic alcoholism. It describes autopsy findings and specimens that should be collected, such as central blood and stomach contents. Cut-off levels for intoxication according to traffic rules are provided. Causes of death from acute alcohol intoxication include toxic brainstem depression, drowning, trauma, coronary events, hypoglycemia, and hypothermia.
This document provides an overview of alcohol, including what it is, how it is made, why people drink, how the body processes and is affected by alcohol, and alcohol use disorder. Key points include:
- Alcohol is created through fermentation and distillation of grains and fruits. Moderate drinking may provide health benefits but excessive amounts can harm the body.
- Alcohol is absorbed and metabolized primarily in the liver, affecting many organs and brain function. Long term excessive use can lead to conditions like liver disease.
- Drinking during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in the baby. Alcohol use disorder involves continued drinking despite social, psychological, or health problems.
Here are some possible responses to the reasons given for drinking or not drinking:
For drinking:
- There are healthier ways to have fun, relax, or fit in that don't involve risks from alcohol.
- Not drinking doesn't mean you'll feel left out; true friends accept you for who you are.
- Using alcohol to forget problems is only a temporary fix and avoids dealing with the real issues.
For not drinking:
- Those are wise reasons to avoid alcohol risks. Staying sober means prioritizing your health, safety and future.
- It's responsible not to drink when you have commitments like school or sports that could be compromised.
- You're right that alcohol can
This document provides an overview of alcohol including its chemical properties, effects on the body, risks of abuse and dependence, and medical uses and risks. Key points include:
- Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant that can cause impairment at high doses and is linked to many health and social problems.
- Chronic heavy drinking can damage major organs like the liver, heart and brain and increase risks of certain cancers.
- Dependence and withdrawal involve physical and psychological risks that require medical management in some cases.
- Fetal alcohol syndrome is a serious risk for pregnant women who drink alcohol.
This document discusses alcohol and its effects on teens. It provides information on what is contained in different types of alcohol, factors that influence alcohol absorption, reasons why teens drink, and how blood alcohol content affects individuals. Advertisements are aimed at making drinking seem problem-free and attractive to teens. The document warns that alcohol can negatively impact school, relationships, and goals for teens and that over 300,000 college students are at risk of alcohol-related death or dropping out due to drinking.
AN OVERVIEW ABOUT PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS,TOXICITY PHARAMETERS,GUIDELINES FOR SAFE DRINKING,CLINICAL USES,METHYL ALCOHOL.THIS FOR ALL MEDICAL AND PHARMACY STUDENTS.
This document outlines an alcohol awareness presentation given by Kathy Muller at the University of Houston orientation. The presentation defines key terms related to alcohol and drugs and discusses facts versus myths about alcohol. It explains that alcohol is a psychoactive depressant drug and outlines moderate versus abusive drinking. The presentation aims to increase understanding of alcohol and its effects on the body and behavior.
Alcohol affects the brain quickly, reaching it within 5 minutes. It impacts many areas of the brain and can cause both short-term and long-term effects. In the short-term, alcohol consumption leads to intoxication and impairment of cognitive and motor functions. Long-term heavy drinking is linked to conditions like Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and alcohol use disorder. The neurobiology of alcohol involves its interactions with neurotransmitters like dopamine, GABA, glutamate, opioids and serotonin. Genetic factors also contribute to risk of alcohol dependence. Prenatal alcohol exposure can cause fetal alcohol syndrome and developmental impairments.
Unimanual and bimanual intensive training Irfan iftekhar
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Most TV channels and media houses havetight deadlines and limited understanding which sometimes make it difficult to provide a thorough report. Hungry for the latest news, the media often report scientific findings prematurely, without benefit of careful interpretation, replication, and peer review. Usually, the reports present findings from a single, recently released study, making the news current and controversial. Consequently, the public receives diet and health news quickly, but not always in perspective. Reporters may twist in conclusive findings into "meaningful discoveries" because writing catchy headlines and sensational stories have become a norm today.
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Young girls in developed countries are primarily affected with eating disorders. Persons with anorexia are honest, do not disobey, and hide their inner feeling, tend to be good in whatever they do and often excellent athletes. Research says that anorexia people eat less to gain a sense of control over their lives.
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This document discusses the place of liberalism in the 21st century. It defines liberalism as a philosophy that advocates for individual freedom and views the government as protecting those freedoms. However, there are many variations of liberalism as a political philosophy. The document also discusses tensions that can arise between liberal and conservative views, such as on issues like cultural practices. It argues that liberalism needs to be balanced to avoid conflicts between majority and minority groups. The conclusion states that modern liberals believe freedom requires government welfare to support people, and that liberalism has become the dominant political and social ideology over the last two centuries.
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The American peanut is the luckiest nut because it benefits from heavy government subsidies and protectionist policies. In contrast, groundnuts in Senegal, cashew nuts in Mozambique, and Brazil nuts in Bolivia faced declining markets and poverty after adopting free trade policies promoted by organizations like the IMF and World Bank. These other nut-producing nations experienced falling prices, loss of domestic industries, increased debt, and rising unemployment as their crops were exported overseas. The American peanut industry, however, remains highly protected by the U.S. government through tariffs and bonuses paid to farmers.
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This document discusses positionality and intersectionality in teaching. It explains that a teacher's social attributes like race, gender, and religion affect how they are perceived by students and impact the classroom dynamics. A teacher's position is shaped by combinations of their various social identities. The document also discusses how students enter the classroom with their own biases based on teachers' perceived social identities. It emphasizes that to understand social position, all aspects of a person's identity must be considered simultaneously rather than separately. A teacher's power and influence in the classroom depends on social contexts and how their various attributes are perceived.
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Christina Spears, breast cancer genetic counselor at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, joined us for the MBC Support Group for Black Women to discuss the importance of genetic testing in communities of color and answer pressing questions.
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TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
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1. 1 Name / Pharmacology-Alcohol
Pharmacology- Alcohol
Name
Institution
Abstract
Drugs of abuse interact with the neurochemical mechanisms of the brain. Some of these
interactions are directly related to the reinforcing properties of a drug, while others are related to
other effects associated with the drug. As in other areas of neuroscience, the level of
understanding about these interactions and the mechanisms involved has increased tremendously
over the last decade. The fundamentals of information processing in the brain and how
psychoactive drugs can alter these processes are being elucidated. For drugs of abuse, certain
commonalities have begun to emerge. While drugs of abuse have a wide range of specific
individual actions in the brain, there is growing evidence that their reinforcing properties may
result from a shared ability to interact with the brain’s reward system. For each drug of abuse,
this action, coupled with its actions in other areas of the brain, contributes to the overall
behavioral effect the drug produces. In some cases, the relationship of a drug’s neurochemical
action and the behavioral effects it produces have been clearly elucidated, while in others much
remains to be learned.
Keywords:
Alcohol dependence syndrome, Alcoholism, Acamprosate, Campral and Naltrexone
Introduction
Alcohol is a licit drug. Its consumption is sanctioned by cultural norms and social practices, and
its production contributes significantly to Australia’s gross national product (GNP). Alcohol is a
central nervous system (CNS) depressant. Its psychoactive properties contribute to changes in
mood, cognition and behavior. The main psychoactive ingredient in beverage alcohol is ethyl
alcohol (ethanol, or C H OH). The estimated annual cost of substance use disorders in the United
States is $510 billion (3).
2. 2 Name / Pharmacology-Alcohol
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) is a reasonable guide to level of intoxication (see Table 3–
1). BAC indicates the amount of alcohol in the bloodstream in grams of alcohol per 100 ml
blood. A BAC of 0.05 means a person has 0.05 g of alcohol per 100 ml of blood (or a BAC of
0.05% = 11 mmol / L) (Victoria Police, 2001). A person of average build will metabolize alcohol
at a constant rate of around one standard drink per hour. One standard drink (see Table 3–2) per
hour will cause a rise in BAC of 0.01% to 0.02% in an hour; however:
• Small females will have higher blood peak levels than large males for the same volume
consumed
• High tolerance to alcohol may result in faster metabolism (hence more rapid reduction in BAC)
Pharmacology, Pharmakinetics and Pharmadynamics of alcohol
Absorption, Distribution, Excretion
Alcohol is unique as a drug because of its molecular weight (46) and its infinite water solubility.
It is a clear, colorless flammable liquid which absorbs water rapidly from the air. Its boiling point
is 78.5° C, its freezing point -130° C. Alcohol is generally prepared by the fermentation of sugar
by yeast. Since yeast does not survive in greater than 15 percent alcohol, stronger solutions of
alcohol are prepared by distillation. Wine and beer generally contain 2 to 20 percent alcohol,
while the distilled preparations contain 30 to 60 percent. Alcohol usp contains 49 percent ethyl
alcohol by volume (42 percent by weight). In the United States 100 proof alcohol contains 50
percent ethyl alcohol by volume. During the process of fermentation a mixture of higher alcohols
is formed; these are converted to their esters during the process of aging and impart to the final
product some of the distinctive flavor and bouquet (5)
Alcohol, a small molecule which is neutral in water solution, is one of the few substances which
may be absorbed directly by simple diffusion from the stomach and upper gastrointestinal tract.
Unlike carbohydrates, proteins and fats it does not have to be digested before it can be absorbed
and no active processes are involved in its absorption. About 30 percent of the alcohol taken
orally is absorbed from the stomach and the majority of the remainder from the proximal small
intestine. Alcohol does not appear in the stool; it is completely absorbed and eliminated by other
routes. During early absorption from the gastrointestinal tract the concentration of alcohol in the
arterial blood may significantly exceed that in the venous blood for at least one hour. If active
absorption of alcohol is still occurring, then breath analysis will tend to correlate better than
venous blood analysis with the effects of alcohol depression of the central nervous system (2).
Vaporized alcohol can be absorbed by the lungs, but absorption through the intact skin is
minimal.
3. 3 Name / Pharmacology-Alcohol
Alcohol concentration, speed of ingestion, diluents mixed with the alcohol, food in the stomach,
and the intrinsic emptying time of the stomach all influence the rate of absorption. Alcohol
absorption is particularly delayed when it is taken with fatty foods. After gastrectomy, patients
are often exquisitely sensitive to alcohol, since absorption is most efficient in the intestine.
Carbonation enhances alcohol absorption by increasing gastric emptying. Because of this effect
champagnes are notorious for their rapid effect. Beers and wines contain some foodstuffs which
delay absorption. Since absorption is so much more efficient than metabolism,
pharmacologically significant blood levels are reached quickly, usually attaining a peak 30 to 60
minutes after ingestion and falling to normal in eight to ten hours.
Alcohol distributes in body tissues and body fluids proportionally with their water content. The
approximate water content of the whole body is 65 percent and that of blood approximately 83
percent; therefore at equilibrium the alcohol content of blood will be 1.27 times that of the whole
body. Shortly after ingestion, alcohol is present in the cerebrospinal fluid at a concentration
lower than that in blood. However, later, when the blood concentration of alcohol is falling, the
concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid may remain high.
Alcohol crosses the placenta readily and enters fetal circulation. It may be present in the milk of
the lactating mother (8).Alcohol is 90 to 98 percent oxidized by the liver; the remainder is
excreted unchanged in the urine, breath, perspiration, tears, milk, saliva or bile.
Thus, induced diuresis or hyperventilation will not significantly hasten detoxification. Even
without exogenous intake, normal human blood contains trace amounts of alcohol in
concentrations up to 1.5 mg per liter (9). The combined rates of alcohol absorption, distribution,
metabolism and excretion are reflected in the blood alcohol concentration. It is clear that the
blood alcohol levels are greatly affected by the character of the drink and the presence of food in
the digestive tract. Leake and Silverman5 have shown that the blood alcohol curves produced
when the same total amounts of alcohol (0.6 gm per kg of body weight) are administered in a
fasting state to normal subjects are dependent on the variety of the alcoholic beverage.
The sharpest rises and the highest peaks are produced by the "clinically most potent" spirits such
as gin and vodka (5).The disappearance of alcohol from the blood is unique and deserves special
emphasis. The rate of disappearance of most drugs from the blood represents a hypobolic curve,
meaning that for a given time a variable amount may disappear (first order). Alcohol disappears
as a straight line, meaning a fixed amount will disappear over a given time (zero order). There
are individual differences between patients, but the rate is remarkably constant for each
individual. For most subjects this rate of disappearance is 10 to 20 mg per 100 ml per hour per
150 pounds or approximately 10 to 20 ml of alcohol per hour. Thus, one can calculate that if a
4. 4 Name / Pharmacology-Alcohol
person consumes approximately two-thirds ounce of whiskey per 150 pounds per hour he would
never become intoxicated.
The effects of alcohol vary greatly among individuals and can be different in the same person on
different occasions. The correlation of blood level with behavior has assumed immense
importance because of the role of alcohol in auto accidents. The blood level obtained from a
given amount of alcohol is approximately 0.001 percent for each milliliter consumed, so that
ingestion of as little as one ounce of whiskey or a half pint of beer will yield a blood level of 0.01
percent alcohol.
Metabolism
Alcohol has many properties which make it an' excellent "energy food." Approximately 7
calories are liberated in the complete oxidation of 1 gram of alcohol. Only fat, liberating 9
calories per gram exceeds the nutritional value of alcohol. If 10 to 20 ml is metabolized per hour
per 150 pounds, it is apparent that during a 24-hour period a heavy drinker can derive all his
daily caloric requirements from alcohol. As an energy fuel, alcohol acts quickly and requires no
digestive energy. The disadvantage of alcohol is that its energy cannot be stored, and it contains
very few vitamins, minerals or essential amino acids. Since many of these essential nutrients are
required for the metabolism of alcohol, nutritional disorders are the rule in chronic alcoholics.
Like most drugs, alcohol is primarily metabolized enzymatically by the liver. The ultimate
products of the metabolism of alcohol are carbon dioxide and water. The primary step in the
oxidation of alcohol to acetaldehyde is by the zinc-containing soluble enzyme alcohol
dehydrogenase (ADH) which utilizes nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide (NAD) as the hydrogen
acceptor. Many tissues possess a limited capacity to oxidize alcohol, but their quantitative
contributions to total alcohol metabolism are quite small. Apparently the vast majority of ethanol
oxidation occurs in the liver, although Mistilisli recently showed that the stomach and intestine
of rats contain alcohol dehydrogenase, and that this extrahepatic ADH increases with repeated
doses of alcohol. It is possible that extrahepatic ADH may account for more alcohol oxidation
than was previously suspected.
The metabolism of acetaldehyde, proceeding at a much more rapid rate than that of alcohol,
indicates that the initial oxidative step is ratelimiting. Since alcohol dehydrogenase is apparently
saturated at such a low substrate concentration (10 ml per hour), the rate of oxidation appears as
a straight line (zero order kinesis). For many years this linear rate of oxidation was attributed
only to saturation of the enzyme. More recently, with better estimates of the km for the enzyme,
it became clear that even with near lethal alcohol levels the enzyme could not be fully saturated.
The linear kinesis of alcohol apparently arises from an insufficient supply of NAD. In fact, if
5. 5 Name / Pharmacology-Alcohol
substrates such as fructose are given which stimulate the conversion of nicotinamide alcohol
dehydrogenase (NADH) to NAD, the rate of alcohol metabolism may be partially accelerated.
Pharmacological Effects
Depression of the central nervous system is the principal pharmacological action of alcohol and
is the basis for its social use. The first mental processes to be affected are usually those dealing
with self-restraint. In general, the central nervous system effects are proportional to the blood
alcohol level but, as previously mentioned, the most pronounced effects for any given level occur
as the blood level is rising. In a sense alcohol is a general anesthetic, but it differs greatly from
the volatile anesthetics, which undergo little oxidation and are rapidly excreted unchanged by the
body.
Since alcohol is almost completely oxidized, its anesthetic properties last several hours, and there
is little safety margin between the anesthetic dose and severe respiratory depression. The exact
biochemical explanation of the neurochemical aberrations involved in the central nervous system
effects of alcohol is currently being studied. A striking observation that normally innocuous
amounts of serotonin and other biogenic amines such as dopamine greatly potentiate the central
nervous system effects of alcohol, has led some investigators to suggest that the central nervous
system effects of alcohol are mediated through these biogenic amines. Alcohol also is thought to
enhance GABA activity in specific parts of the brain.
GABA-enhancement has been linked to the reinforcing effects of alcohol by the observation that
drugs that block GABA activity also decrease alcohol intake in alcohol-preferring rats, while
drugs that increase GABA activity act as a surrogate for alcohol, maintaining alcohol preference
during alcohol withdrawal (10).
Alcohol in moderate doses causes only a slight rise in blood pressure, pulse and cardiac output.
Very large amounts of alcohol directly depress the heart. The major cardiovascular effect is
vasodilatation, especially of cutaneous vessels. The evidence that alcohol is useful as a coronary
artery vasodilator agent in treating angina pectorisor in treating cerebrovascular disease is
unconvincing. Alcohol increases gastric secretion and in high concentration is irritating to the
gastrointestinal mucosa. In normal well-nourished people given small amounts of alcohol, fat
accumulation and ultrastructural changes occur in the liver.22 if alcohol is indeed a direct
hepatoxin for man, chronic alcoholism should be associated with a very high incidence of
cirrhosis. Although cirrhosis of the liver is approximately eight times more common in
alcoholics than in the remainder of the adult population, only one in ten alcoholic patients have
6. 6 Name / Pharmacology-Alcohol
cirrhosis. This sporadic occurrence of cirrhosis in chronic alcoholism and the failure of alcohol
to produce cirrhosis in laboratory animals suggest that some genetic predisposition may be
involved in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis.
Management
A central descriptive characteristic of the dependence syndrome is the desire (often strong,
sometimes overpowering) to take psychoactive drugs (which may or may not have been
medically prescribed), alcohol or tobacco (World Health Organization, 2005). Physical and
psychological dependence should be addressed if treatment of substance use is to be successful.
In this case the patient a 40 year old female started drinking alcohol at the age of 16 and at forty;
she starts her day with alcohol and ends with it. Hence two medications can effectively be
administered, which are Naltrexone and or Acamprosate.
Pharmakinetics and pharmacodynamics of Naltrexone and or Acamprosate
Naltrexone
It can effectively interrupt the above described neurochemical mechanisms, and inhibit positive
reinforcement associated with alcohol drinking. It is important to note that opioid receptor
antagonists act relatively selectively in CNS and do not block all the systems involved in
rewarding action of natural and chemical stimuli. From a practical point of view, it is an
interesting and important issue that naltrexone does not alter the taste of ethanol, nor does it
toxically react with alcohol as disulfiram does, and has no addictive potential like the opioid
receptors agonists. It appears that its effectiveness depends on blocking the activity of the CNS
(not peripheral) opioid receptors located in specific limbic structures (e.g. nucleus accumbens
septi). There are therefore a number of theoretical and practical reasons to assume that
naltrexone therapy can bring about the best results in patients who feel strongly rewarded by
consuming alcohol - through the activation of the opioid system. Unfortunately, appropriate
markers have not been designed to allow prediction of favorable or unfavorable response to
naltrexone treatment. Naltrexone does not modulate, strongly or directly, the GABAergic,
glutamatergic or noradrenergic transmission. Hence, naltrexone does not cause generalized
anhedonia,
Numerous studies have shown the effectiveness of this medication in reducing drinking and
preventing relapse (7). FDA in 1994 approved to treat alcohol dependence after the medication
was shown to reduce the frequency of drinking and likelihood of relapse to heavy drinking (6).
7. 7 Name / Pharmacology-Alcohol
Acamprosate
Acamprosate (calcium bis-acetyl-homotaurine) is a new drug that is absorbed via the particular
route in gastrointestinal tract. Several placebo controlled studies have reported increased
abstinence rates from alcohol among persons taking acamprosate over period ranging from six to
twelve months. At steady state, it has a moderate distribution volume of about 20L. Acamprosate
is not protein bound or metabolized. Half of the elimination of acamprosate occurs as unchanged
aceyl homotaurine in urine, the other half might be eliminated by bilary excretion. Acamprosate
disposition does not differ between males and females.
The pharmacokinetics of acamprosate
These are not modified in patients with hepatic insufficiency of chronic alcoholism. In contrast
renal insufficiency influences the elimination of acamprosate and it is, therefore, contraindicated
under such circumstances. It was demonstrated to be safe and effective by multiple placebo-controlled
clinical studies involving alcohol-dependent patients who had already been withdrawn
from alcohol, (i.e., detoxified). Campral proved superior to placebo in maintaining abstinence
(keeping patients off alcohol consumption), as indicated by a greater percentage of acamprosate-treated
subjects being assessed as continuously abstinent throughout treatment (10). Campral is
not addicting and was generally well-tolerated this has agonist effects at gamma-aminobutyric
acid receptors and inhibitory effects at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (8). It can be used
separately or in combination with naltrexone. Study, examined the efficacy of acamprosate,
naltrexone, and combined behavioral interventions (CBI) (1). But some healthcare providers, like
someclients, question the value of using any drug to treat drug or alcohol addiction (4).
References:
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