This document discusses alcohol pharmacology and the effects of alcohol on the body. It begins with defining key terms like pharmacology, alcohol, and fermentation. It then outlines the physical effects of alcohol at different blood alcohol concentration levels. Various sections summarize the metabolism of alcohol in the liver, short and long term central nervous system and other organ effects, and the development of alcohol dependence. Tables show the percentages of students at Longwood University who report alcohol use and the citations used are listed at the end.
complete explanation with amicable pictures regarding CNS stimulants and cognitive enhancers.useful for both UG and PG students.references from different books and authors
complete explanation with amicable pictures regarding CNS stimulants and cognitive enhancers.useful for both UG and PG students.references from different books and authors
Introduction.
Types of Diabetics Mellitus
Insulin and Insulin Preparations
Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents
Classification .
Drugs used in Anti-Diabetic agents
Mechanism of action .
Structure
Synthesis and SAR
Adverse Drug Reactions .
Uses.
Reference
This lecture covers all the effects of alcohols on various systems of the body.
It also covers the management of acute alcohol intoxication, withdrawal syndrome and alcohol dependence.
Uses of Methanol as well pharmacology of its toxicity is also explained.
Introduction.
Types of Diabetics Mellitus
Insulin and Insulin Preparations
Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents
Classification .
Drugs used in Anti-Diabetic agents
Mechanism of action .
Structure
Synthesis and SAR
Adverse Drug Reactions .
Uses.
Reference
This lecture covers all the effects of alcohols on various systems of the body.
It also covers the management of acute alcohol intoxication, withdrawal syndrome and alcohol dependence.
Uses of Methanol as well pharmacology of its toxicity is also explained.
Alcohol (ethanol, EtOH) has pleiotropic actions and induces a number of acute and long-term effects due to direct actions on alcohol targets, and effects of alcohol metabolites and metabolism
Alcohol is by far the most frequently used and abused addictive drug, and therefore a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms of alcohol actions is important to human health and well-being
1. Local actions:-
Ethanol is a mild rubefacient (agent Produces redness of skin)
and counterirritant when rubbed on
the skin. By evaporation it produces cooling.
Applied to delicate skin (scrotum) or mucous membranes it produces irritation and burning sensation.
Concentrated alcohol (spirit) should not be applied in the mouth, nose, etc. Injected s.c. it causes intense pain, inflammation and necrosis.
Applied to the surface, alcohol is an astringent— precipitates surface proteins and hardens the skin, and antiseptic property.
Alcohol does not
kill bacterial spores
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. What do you guys think
the Definition of
Pharmacology is?
Megan Hedgepeth
2
3. Pharmacology
! The study of drugs. A
drug can be any
substance that when
administered to living
organisms, produces a
change in function. Thus,
substances such as
water, metals, or
insecticides can be
classified as drugs.
However, the term drug
commonly means any
medication that is used
for treating disease.
Megan Hedgepeth
3
4. What do you guys
think the Definition of
Alcohol is?
Danielle Mason
4
5. Definition of Alcohol
! Alcohol (ethanol,
whiskey, ethyl
alcohol, or grain
alcohol) is probably
the most widely
used
nonprescription
sedative-hypnotic
and antianxiety
agent
Danielle Mason
5
6. Overview of Alcohol
Pharmacology
! History of Alcohol Pharmacology
! Physical Effects of Alcohol
! Alcohol and Tolerance
! Alcohol Metabolism
! Effects on the Body
! Short-term Effects
! Dependency
Megan Hedgepeth
6
7. The Nature and History
! It’s obvious that
alcohol has been
part of human
culture since the
beginning of
recorded history
! Such as the
technology for
alcohol production
! The process of
making alcohol is
called Fermentation
Danielle Mason
7
8. Definitions
! Fermentation: Biochemical
process through which
yeast converts sugar to
alcohol
! Mead: Fermented honey
often made into alcoholic
beverages said to be the
first alcoholic drink
! Distillation: Heating
fermented mixture of
cereal grains or fruit in a
still to evaporate and be
trapped as purified
alcohol
Danielle Mason
8
9. Physical Effects of Alcohol
! There are 3 different stage
! Diffusion
! Absorption
! Psychological Functioning
Megan Hedgepeth
9
10. BAC
! The amount of alcohol in the human body
depends on the amount of alcohol in the
blood which is known as the BAC
! This concentration largely determines
behavioral and physical responses
! Results in Anger, Fear, Stress and Nausea
Megan Hedgepeth
10
11. BEER GOGGLES!
! Do you think you can catch a ball drunk?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ORqzaOFUCsg
Megan Hedgepeth
Danielle Mason
11
12. Alcohol and Tolerance
! Like psychoactive drugs, tolerance to
alcohol encourages increased
consumption to regain its effects
! It consists of both an increase in the rate
of alcohol metabolism and a reduced
response by neurons and transmitter
systems like GABA
Danielle Mason
12
13. Alcohol Metabolism
! Alcohol is inactivated by the liver
metabolism
! This explains why if you consume one beer
in an hour the BAC will remain constant
without making the person intoxicated
! The more you drink the higher the BAC
and the larger amount of alcohol cannot
be metabolized spilling over into the
bloodstream
Megan Hedgepeth
13
15. Central Nervous Effects
! Extremely sensitive
to the depressant
action of alcohol
! Gamma-amino
butyric acid(GABA)
is the main inhibitory
Neurotransmitter in
the brain
Danielle Mason
15
16. Cardiovascular Effects
! Alcohol does not
produce any direct
deleterious effects
on the heart
! Alcohol may
induce dilation of
the blood vessels in
the skin producing
a warm, flushed
sensation
Megan Hedgepeth
16
17. Gastrointestinal Effects
! Alcohol stimulates
the secretion of
saliva and gastric
juices (acid and
pepsin)
! Alcohol can cause
an increased
apatite
! Strong
concentration
may irritate the
gastric mucosa
Danielle Mason
17
18. Renal Effects
! Alcohol promotes
and increased
excretion of urine
! Alcohol inhibits the
renal secretion of
uric acid by an
unknown
mechanism that
allows uric acid to
build up in the blood
Megan Hedgepeth
18
19. How Alcohol Effects the Liver
! Liver disorders are
responsible for 10-15% of
deaths in alcoholics
! Three stages of alcohol
induced liver disease
! Stage 1 - Alcoholic Fatty
Liver
! Stage 2 – Fatty Cells
Continue to Multiply
! Stage 3 - Scars Begin to
Form on Liver Tissue
Danielle Mason
19
20. Effects on Sexual Organs
! “Provokes desire but
takes away from the
performance” –
Macbeth
! Lower Sperm count
! Diminished
hormones in the
blood
Danielle Mason
20
21. Effects on the Kidneys
! Alcohol can severely damage the
Kidneys resulting in decrease in kidney
function and the ability to process blood
and properly form urine
Megan Hedgepeth
21
22. Effects on the Fetus
! Fetal alcohol
syndrome (FAS) –
condition affecting
children born to
alcohol consuming
mothers that is
characterized by
facial deformities,
growth deficiencies,
mental retardation
Megan Hedgepeth
22
23. Nutritional Effects
! Alcohol is a natural
product that posses
calories
! Therefore multiple
nutritional
deficiencies
associated with
alcohol consumption
produce various
conditions such as
neuropathies,
dermatitis, anemia
and psychosis
Danielle Mason
23
24. Adverse Effects
! Separated into
acute and chronic
effects
! Acute effects : CNS
depression, impaired
speech, blurred
vision and loss of
memory
! Chronic effects :
similar to sedative
hypnotic drugs,
malnutrition and
vitamin deficiencies
Danielle Mason
24
25. Short-term Effects
! At a low-moderate dose disinhibition (loss
of conditioned reflexes due to depression
of inhibitory centers of the brain) occurs
! Moderate quantities of alcohol slightly
increases the heart rate
! Slightly dilates blood vessels in the arms,
legs and skin
! Stimulates appetite
Megan Hedgepeth
25
26. Dependence
! According to the WHO approximately 140
million people around the world are afflicted
with alcohol-related disorders
! There are 3 stages
! Minor
! Major
! Delirium Tremens
! Medication for dependency
! Alcohol dependency afflicts about 4% of the
adult population but only 10-15% of these patients
receive appropriate treatment
Megan Hedgepeth
26
27. Longwood University College
Health Assessments
27
82% 81%
84%
76%
94%
73%
67%
85%
87%
60%
65%
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
Percentages
Year
LU Students who
have used in the
past 30 days
HLTH 313 Students
who have drank in
the past 30 days
Danielle Mason
Megan Hedgepeth
28. Answers to the Crossword Puzzle
Megan Hedgepeth
Danielle Mason
28
29. Citations
! Hitner, Henry , and Barbara Nagle.
Pharmacology an Introduction. Fifth Edition
ed. Philidelphia: David T. Culverwell, 2005.
Print.
! Hanson, Glen R. , Peter J. Venturelli, and
Annette E. Fleckenstein. “Alcohol-
Pharmacological Effect. “ Drugs and Society.
Burlington: Jones and Barlett Learning, 2012.
184-200. Print. “alcohol effects on the body.”
! http://wwwn.nih.gov/alcohol-health/
alcohols-effects-body. N.p. Web. 26 Sept.
2012. <gttp://niaa.org>.
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