This document discusses the short-term and long-term effects of alcohol on the body and behavior. It provides definitions of binge drinking and chronic drinking and statistics on teen drinking. The short-term effects of alcohol include slowed reaction times, nausea, and impaired motor skills. Long-term effects can include brain damage, liver disease, and increased cancer risk. Blood alcohol levels are affected by weight, food intake, and beverages consumed. Drinking during pregnancy can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome and brain development issues in babies.
- The document discusses the harmful effects of alcohol on health, including its impact as a depressant on the brain and nervous system, short and long term health risks, and damage to the liver over time.
- Long term alcohol abuse can seriously damage the liver, potentially causing cirrhosis or scarring of the liver tissue and preventing it from functioning properly.
- Alcoholism is characterized as both a physical and psychological dependence on alcohol that can impair one's ability to work, study, and socialize normally.
Alcohol is a psychoactive drug that is produced by fermenting grains, fruits, and vegetables. It has been consumed for over 10,000 years in many ancient cultures. When alcohol is consumed, it is absorbed into the bloodstream and broken down by the liver at a rate of one drink per hour. The short-term effects of alcohol consumption include relaxation, impaired coordination and concentration, mood changes, and nausea or vomiting with heavy drinking. Long-term effects can damage the liver, heart, brain, and other organs.
The document discusses alcohol use disorders and management. Some key points:
- Alcohol use results in 2.5 million deaths annually worldwide, especially among youth.
- India's alcohol consumption is increasing, especially in certain states, and the average age of initiation is declining.
- Alcohol dependence is diagnosed based on criteria including withdrawal symptoms and tolerance.
- Withdrawal can cause tremors, seizures, delirium tremens and is managed with benzodiazepines.
- Long-term effects include liver disease, brain damage and increased risk of certain cancers.
Alcohol is created through fermentation and affects the central nervous system as a depressant. While some teens drink out of curiosity or to fit in, drinking has significant health and legal risks for teens. Long term heavy drinking can lead to health issues like alcoholism, alcohol poisoning, and cirrhosis of the liver.
This document discusses the effects of alcohol consumption and provides information about blood alcohol content (BAC) levels. It notes that BAC is the only reliable way to determine how drunk someone is, and lists expected BAC levels for males and females of different weights after consuming various numbers of drinks. The summary describes impaired functioning at different BAC levels and risks of blackouts, injury, and death at very high BACs above 0.30%.
The document discusses the reasons why people both choose to drink alcohol and choose to abstain. It then provides information on how alcohol passes through the body and is processed by the liver. Several factors that can influence how alcohol affects individuals are outlined, including body weight, food consumption, amount consumed, and expectations. Common effects of alcohol are listed, such as lowered inhibitions, impaired thinking and physical skills, diseases, tolerance, changes in body temperature, and hangovers. Treatment options for alcoholism are also briefly discussed.
This Slide talks about alcohol, the good sides, the bad sides and understanding what the addicts are going through and how they can cure their addiction is a simple and easy to understand format
This document discusses alcohol abuse among learners in high schools in South Africa. It defines alcohol and its classification as a depressant. The effects of alcohol abuse are outlined, including inhibited brain function and social problems. The document aims to advocate for educating communities about alcohol abuse through schools, programs, and stakeholder involvement. It proposes using media platforms and a website to engage learners and provide resources. Prevention strategies are discussed, including teaching life skills, peer counseling, and educating youth on drugs. Progress will be monitored through interaction with learners and police school inspections.
- The document discusses the harmful effects of alcohol on health, including its impact as a depressant on the brain and nervous system, short and long term health risks, and damage to the liver over time.
- Long term alcohol abuse can seriously damage the liver, potentially causing cirrhosis or scarring of the liver tissue and preventing it from functioning properly.
- Alcoholism is characterized as both a physical and psychological dependence on alcohol that can impair one's ability to work, study, and socialize normally.
Alcohol is a psychoactive drug that is produced by fermenting grains, fruits, and vegetables. It has been consumed for over 10,000 years in many ancient cultures. When alcohol is consumed, it is absorbed into the bloodstream and broken down by the liver at a rate of one drink per hour. The short-term effects of alcohol consumption include relaxation, impaired coordination and concentration, mood changes, and nausea or vomiting with heavy drinking. Long-term effects can damage the liver, heart, brain, and other organs.
The document discusses alcohol use disorders and management. Some key points:
- Alcohol use results in 2.5 million deaths annually worldwide, especially among youth.
- India's alcohol consumption is increasing, especially in certain states, and the average age of initiation is declining.
- Alcohol dependence is diagnosed based on criteria including withdrawal symptoms and tolerance.
- Withdrawal can cause tremors, seizures, delirium tremens and is managed with benzodiazepines.
- Long-term effects include liver disease, brain damage and increased risk of certain cancers.
Alcohol is created through fermentation and affects the central nervous system as a depressant. While some teens drink out of curiosity or to fit in, drinking has significant health and legal risks for teens. Long term heavy drinking can lead to health issues like alcoholism, alcohol poisoning, and cirrhosis of the liver.
This document discusses the effects of alcohol consumption and provides information about blood alcohol content (BAC) levels. It notes that BAC is the only reliable way to determine how drunk someone is, and lists expected BAC levels for males and females of different weights after consuming various numbers of drinks. The summary describes impaired functioning at different BAC levels and risks of blackouts, injury, and death at very high BACs above 0.30%.
The document discusses the reasons why people both choose to drink alcohol and choose to abstain. It then provides information on how alcohol passes through the body and is processed by the liver. Several factors that can influence how alcohol affects individuals are outlined, including body weight, food consumption, amount consumed, and expectations. Common effects of alcohol are listed, such as lowered inhibitions, impaired thinking and physical skills, diseases, tolerance, changes in body temperature, and hangovers. Treatment options for alcoholism are also briefly discussed.
This Slide talks about alcohol, the good sides, the bad sides and understanding what the addicts are going through and how they can cure their addiction is a simple and easy to understand format
This document discusses alcohol abuse among learners in high schools in South Africa. It defines alcohol and its classification as a depressant. The effects of alcohol abuse are outlined, including inhibited brain function and social problems. The document aims to advocate for educating communities about alcohol abuse through schools, programs, and stakeholder involvement. It proposes using media platforms and a website to engage learners and provide resources. Prevention strategies are discussed, including teaching life skills, peer counseling, and educating youth on drugs. Progress will be monitored through interaction with learners and police school inspections.
Ethyl alcohol is absorbed from the stomach and small intestine into the bloodstream and distributed throughout the body. The liver breaks down 90% of alcohol through oxidation reactions into non-toxic substances that are removed from the body. Drinking alcohol affects different brain centers in stages, initially causing euphoria and excitement but higher levels lead to confusion, stupor, coma and potentially death. Long term alcohol use can damage the liver, brain, stomach and other organs.
Alcohol affects many parts of the body. It initially causes an energizing effect but is actually a depressant that slows the central nervous system. As more alcohol is consumed, it impairs judgment, motor skills, and can lead to intoxication or even loss of consciousness. The liver works to break down alcohol but drinking too much overwhelms this system. Long term heavy use can damage the liver and brain. Fetal alcohol syndrome may also result if a pregnant woman drinks.
Alcohol is a major public health concern, contributing to over 2.5 million deaths per year globally. It has a long history of use dating back thousands of years. Alcohol dependence is characterized by impaired control over drinking and continued use despite consequences. Treatment involves managing withdrawal, brief interventions, rehabilitation programs, medications, and counseling. Physicians play an important role in identifying alcoholism and guiding treatment.
Alcohol addiction is a growing problem that can seriously impact health and relationships. Drinking is common at social events but can damage the body, such as the heart, liver, and brain, and cause issues like cancer or cirrhosis. Alcohol abuse puts people at risk for car accidents, domestic violence, and fetal alcohol syndrome, and children of alcoholics are more likely to experience abuse and neglect. While some drink to relax or have fun, it is important to understand the consequences of alcohol and make responsible choices.
Consuming too much alcohol on a daily basis can lead to health problems like stroke, liver disease, and mouth cancer. Alcohol is one of the oldest known drugs that is made by fermenting grains, fruits, or honey. While an occasional drink likely does little harm, binge drinking and developing a tolerance can cause people to consume greater amounts of alcohol in an attempt to feel its effects, leading to issues. Factors like age, gender, health, food intake, and other drugs influence how alcohol affects each person. Both short and long term heavy alcohol use can damage major organs like the eyes, throat, heart, lungs, liver, and more.
Uploader's Note:
The following Text, information and materials used in this presentation do not own by the uploader.
This presentation is all about Alcoholism-sign, effects, symptoms and treatment..
Special thanks to Mayo clinic organization for providing information for this presentation...
thank you.. and enjoy...
"keep moving forward"
Alcohol, or ethanol, is highly lipid soluble and is rapidly absorbed from the stomach and small intestine. It is metabolized in the liver by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Chronic alcohol abuse can cause damage to multiple organ systems like the liver, heart, pancreas and brain. Risk factors for alcoholism include genetics, family history of alcohol use, early initiation of drinking, frequent heavy drinking, mental health conditions, and trauma history. Alcohol tolerance refers to adaptations in the brain and liver that result in requiring more alcohol to produce the same effects. Metabolic tolerance involves activation of liver enzymes while functional tolerance impacts brain function.
Alcoholism is caused by genetic, environmental, biological, and psychological factors. Excessive alcohol use can lead to immediate health risks like injuries and long term risks like neurological and cardiovascular problems. Alcoholism affects people differently based on factors like age, gender, and amount/speed consumed. Alcohol abuse is a pattern of drinking that harms health or relationships, while alcoholism is a chronic disease characterized by craving and continued use despite problems.
Dr. Gautam Chakma's presentation discussed the various effects of alcohol consumption on the human body. Moderate alcohol intake of less than 3 drinks per day may provide some cardiovascular benefits, but higher amounts can have serious negative health consequences. Alcohol affects nearly every organ system, with risks including cancers of the esophagus and liver, pancreatitis, hypertension, arrhythmias, stroke, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Long term heavy drinking is also associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders. The social costs of alcohol abuse in India are high and increasing.
1) Tobacco was introduced to Europe in the 16th century and there are now over 1 billion smokers worldwide. Smoking causes over 8 million deaths per year projected to rise to 12% of all deaths by 2020.
2) Tobacco smoke contains over 500 compounds including nicotine and tars. Cigarette smoke is acidic whereas cigar and pipe smoke is alkaline, affecting how nicotine is absorbed and the associated health risks.
3) Smoking causes diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems as well as various cancers. It is estimated smoking will cause over 450 million deaths between 2000-2050, around half between ages 30-69.
Smoking involves burning a substance, usually tobacco, and inhaling the smoke. Tobacco smoking is the most common form of smoking, practiced by over one billion people worldwide. Smoking has a long history dating back 5000 BC and was used in religious rituals before becoming popular for recreational use due to substances like nicotine. While tobacco and cannabis are most commonly smoked, other drugs like opium were also smoked, though smoking rates have declined in recent decades due to health concerns. Smoking carries significant health risks like cancer, heart disease, and lung damage.
This document provides information on various drugs and their effects. It discusses stimulants like caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine which speed up the nervous system, as well as depressants like alcohol and heroin which slow it down. Hallucinogens like LSD and ecstasy are described as altering a user's state of consciousness. Specific drugs like alcohol, marijuana, ecstasy, rohypnol, heroin, cocaine, and crystal meth are then outlined, with details of their methods of use, short and long term impacts on physical and mental health, and risks of addiction. The document concludes by discussing the societal effects of substance abuse like increased disease transmission and crime.
This document discusses alcoholism, defining it as a chronic disease characterized by compulsive and uncontrolled consumption of alcohol. It notes that while alcoholism was once viewed as a moral failing, it is now recognized as an illness. The document outlines common behaviors of alcoholics like drinking more than intended and hiding alcohol use. It lists potential causes like social drinking, family history, and stress and long-term effects on physical health. Finally, it provides tips for quitting like recognizing the problem, committing to stop, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle without alcohol.
This document discusses smoking and its health effects. It defines smoking as burning a substance and inhaling the smoke. Tobacco contains nicotine, which is addictive, and people use tobacco via smoking, chewing, or snuff. Smoking causes over 3 million premature deaths per year due to diseases like cancer, heart disease, and lung disease. When tobacco burns, it produces over 4000 chemicals like nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tar. These chemicals are harmful and can cause health issues. However, quitting smoking can significantly reduce health risks over time as the body recovers. Education is important to prevent youth smoking initiation and protect non-smokers from secondhand smoke.
This document discusses smoking and its negative health effects. It notes that cigarette smoke contains nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide, and that smoking increases the risk of various cancers, heart disease, and other illnesses. It also negatively impacts pregnancy, children exposed to secondhand smoke, athletic performance, and finding employment. However, stopping smoking provides health benefits, such as decreased risk of heart attack and cancer, within 1 to 15 years. The document also briefly discusses alcohol abuse, its signs and symptoms, effects on the body and brain, risks of mixing with drugs, and treatment options.
Alcoholism is one of the oldest human problems and is characterized by uncontrolled alcohol consumption. It causes physical, psychological, and economic harm not just to the alcoholic but also to their family and children through issues like domestic abuse and trauma. While only 3% of alcoholics are homeless, the other 97% still struggle with its devastating consequences like problems at work and broken families and relationships. There are over 140 million people worldwide with drinking problems, and although alcoholism cannot be cured, treatment programs and family support can help people overcome their struggles.
This document discusses the history and types of alcohol. It traces the origins of alcohol production back to biblical times when Noah drank wine. It then outlines the production of beer, wine and spirits by various ancient civilizations. The document defines different types of alcohols such as ethyl alcohol and methanol. It also lists common uses of alcohol including in beverages, solvents, and disinfectants. Finally, it discusses social uses of alcohol and some negative consequences of excessive alcohol consumption.
This document discusses various topics related to alcohol, including:
1. Different types of alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, whiskey, rum, brandy, gin and liqueurs.
2. Health effects of alcohol consumption including alcoholism, alcohol withdrawal, and how alcohol is processed by the body.
3. Social impacts of excessive alcohol use such as increased accidents, crime, and health issues.
4. Treatment and prevention of alcohol dependence and abuse. The challenges of managing problem drinking aboard ships are also covered.
This document discusses various substances like alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine. It describes alcohol abuse and alcoholism, noting the physical and mental effects of alcohol. It discusses binge drinking and the risks of drinking. It also addresses fetal alcohol syndrome from drinking during pregnancy. The document also covers tobacco use and its health hazards, as well as strategies for quitting smoking. Finally, it discusses caffeine and its stimulant effects and potential side effects or addiction from use.
This document discusses the effects of alcohol consumption. It notes that alcohol is a depressant that can cause both short-term effects like blurred vision and long-term health problems. It also discusses issues like fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol's role in car accidents and teen suicide, and the period of Prohibition in the United States from 1920 to 1933 when alcohol was illegal. The document encourages teenagers to avoid drinking and driving to prevent alcohol-related accidents and injuries.
The document discusses various effects of alcohol consumption on the body. It provides photographs of fatty liver, liver damage, cirrhosis, and liver cancer caused by alcoholism. Other images show clubbed fingers, which can indicate lung disease, liver disease, or cancers. The document also images heart conditions like thickened heart walls and blood clots in coronary arteries. It notes that gout, which causes uric acid buildup in joints, can be aggravated by drinking alcohol.
This document discusses the effects of drinking alcohol on the body. It notes that alcohol is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream after drinking. Chronic alcohol consumption can lead to diseases like cirrhosis, which destroys liver cells, and cardiomyopathy, which causes heart damage and failure. Alcohol abuse is also linked to increased risks of high blood pressure, stroke, violence, and various forms of abuse. The effects of alcohol depend on factors like an individual's weight, as heavier people diffuse the alcohol through a larger body surface area.
Ethyl alcohol is absorbed from the stomach and small intestine into the bloodstream and distributed throughout the body. The liver breaks down 90% of alcohol through oxidation reactions into non-toxic substances that are removed from the body. Drinking alcohol affects different brain centers in stages, initially causing euphoria and excitement but higher levels lead to confusion, stupor, coma and potentially death. Long term alcohol use can damage the liver, brain, stomach and other organs.
Alcohol affects many parts of the body. It initially causes an energizing effect but is actually a depressant that slows the central nervous system. As more alcohol is consumed, it impairs judgment, motor skills, and can lead to intoxication or even loss of consciousness. The liver works to break down alcohol but drinking too much overwhelms this system. Long term heavy use can damage the liver and brain. Fetal alcohol syndrome may also result if a pregnant woman drinks.
Alcohol is a major public health concern, contributing to over 2.5 million deaths per year globally. It has a long history of use dating back thousands of years. Alcohol dependence is characterized by impaired control over drinking and continued use despite consequences. Treatment involves managing withdrawal, brief interventions, rehabilitation programs, medications, and counseling. Physicians play an important role in identifying alcoholism and guiding treatment.
Alcohol addiction is a growing problem that can seriously impact health and relationships. Drinking is common at social events but can damage the body, such as the heart, liver, and brain, and cause issues like cancer or cirrhosis. Alcohol abuse puts people at risk for car accidents, domestic violence, and fetal alcohol syndrome, and children of alcoholics are more likely to experience abuse and neglect. While some drink to relax or have fun, it is important to understand the consequences of alcohol and make responsible choices.
Consuming too much alcohol on a daily basis can lead to health problems like stroke, liver disease, and mouth cancer. Alcohol is one of the oldest known drugs that is made by fermenting grains, fruits, or honey. While an occasional drink likely does little harm, binge drinking and developing a tolerance can cause people to consume greater amounts of alcohol in an attempt to feel its effects, leading to issues. Factors like age, gender, health, food intake, and other drugs influence how alcohol affects each person. Both short and long term heavy alcohol use can damage major organs like the eyes, throat, heart, lungs, liver, and more.
Uploader's Note:
The following Text, information and materials used in this presentation do not own by the uploader.
This presentation is all about Alcoholism-sign, effects, symptoms and treatment..
Special thanks to Mayo clinic organization for providing information for this presentation...
thank you.. and enjoy...
"keep moving forward"
Alcohol, or ethanol, is highly lipid soluble and is rapidly absorbed from the stomach and small intestine. It is metabolized in the liver by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Chronic alcohol abuse can cause damage to multiple organ systems like the liver, heart, pancreas and brain. Risk factors for alcoholism include genetics, family history of alcohol use, early initiation of drinking, frequent heavy drinking, mental health conditions, and trauma history. Alcohol tolerance refers to adaptations in the brain and liver that result in requiring more alcohol to produce the same effects. Metabolic tolerance involves activation of liver enzymes while functional tolerance impacts brain function.
Alcoholism is caused by genetic, environmental, biological, and psychological factors. Excessive alcohol use can lead to immediate health risks like injuries and long term risks like neurological and cardiovascular problems. Alcoholism affects people differently based on factors like age, gender, and amount/speed consumed. Alcohol abuse is a pattern of drinking that harms health or relationships, while alcoholism is a chronic disease characterized by craving and continued use despite problems.
Dr. Gautam Chakma's presentation discussed the various effects of alcohol consumption on the human body. Moderate alcohol intake of less than 3 drinks per day may provide some cardiovascular benefits, but higher amounts can have serious negative health consequences. Alcohol affects nearly every organ system, with risks including cancers of the esophagus and liver, pancreatitis, hypertension, arrhythmias, stroke, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Long term heavy drinking is also associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders. The social costs of alcohol abuse in India are high and increasing.
1) Tobacco was introduced to Europe in the 16th century and there are now over 1 billion smokers worldwide. Smoking causes over 8 million deaths per year projected to rise to 12% of all deaths by 2020.
2) Tobacco smoke contains over 500 compounds including nicotine and tars. Cigarette smoke is acidic whereas cigar and pipe smoke is alkaline, affecting how nicotine is absorbed and the associated health risks.
3) Smoking causes diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems as well as various cancers. It is estimated smoking will cause over 450 million deaths between 2000-2050, around half between ages 30-69.
Smoking involves burning a substance, usually tobacco, and inhaling the smoke. Tobacco smoking is the most common form of smoking, practiced by over one billion people worldwide. Smoking has a long history dating back 5000 BC and was used in religious rituals before becoming popular for recreational use due to substances like nicotine. While tobacco and cannabis are most commonly smoked, other drugs like opium were also smoked, though smoking rates have declined in recent decades due to health concerns. Smoking carries significant health risks like cancer, heart disease, and lung damage.
This document provides information on various drugs and their effects. It discusses stimulants like caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine which speed up the nervous system, as well as depressants like alcohol and heroin which slow it down. Hallucinogens like LSD and ecstasy are described as altering a user's state of consciousness. Specific drugs like alcohol, marijuana, ecstasy, rohypnol, heroin, cocaine, and crystal meth are then outlined, with details of their methods of use, short and long term impacts on physical and mental health, and risks of addiction. The document concludes by discussing the societal effects of substance abuse like increased disease transmission and crime.
This document discusses alcoholism, defining it as a chronic disease characterized by compulsive and uncontrolled consumption of alcohol. It notes that while alcoholism was once viewed as a moral failing, it is now recognized as an illness. The document outlines common behaviors of alcoholics like drinking more than intended and hiding alcohol use. It lists potential causes like social drinking, family history, and stress and long-term effects on physical health. Finally, it provides tips for quitting like recognizing the problem, committing to stop, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle without alcohol.
This document discusses smoking and its health effects. It defines smoking as burning a substance and inhaling the smoke. Tobacco contains nicotine, which is addictive, and people use tobacco via smoking, chewing, or snuff. Smoking causes over 3 million premature deaths per year due to diseases like cancer, heart disease, and lung disease. When tobacco burns, it produces over 4000 chemicals like nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tar. These chemicals are harmful and can cause health issues. However, quitting smoking can significantly reduce health risks over time as the body recovers. Education is important to prevent youth smoking initiation and protect non-smokers from secondhand smoke.
This document discusses smoking and its negative health effects. It notes that cigarette smoke contains nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide, and that smoking increases the risk of various cancers, heart disease, and other illnesses. It also negatively impacts pregnancy, children exposed to secondhand smoke, athletic performance, and finding employment. However, stopping smoking provides health benefits, such as decreased risk of heart attack and cancer, within 1 to 15 years. The document also briefly discusses alcohol abuse, its signs and symptoms, effects on the body and brain, risks of mixing with drugs, and treatment options.
Alcoholism is one of the oldest human problems and is characterized by uncontrolled alcohol consumption. It causes physical, psychological, and economic harm not just to the alcoholic but also to their family and children through issues like domestic abuse and trauma. While only 3% of alcoholics are homeless, the other 97% still struggle with its devastating consequences like problems at work and broken families and relationships. There are over 140 million people worldwide with drinking problems, and although alcoholism cannot be cured, treatment programs and family support can help people overcome their struggles.
This document discusses the history and types of alcohol. It traces the origins of alcohol production back to biblical times when Noah drank wine. It then outlines the production of beer, wine and spirits by various ancient civilizations. The document defines different types of alcohols such as ethyl alcohol and methanol. It also lists common uses of alcohol including in beverages, solvents, and disinfectants. Finally, it discusses social uses of alcohol and some negative consequences of excessive alcohol consumption.
This document discusses various topics related to alcohol, including:
1. Different types of alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, whiskey, rum, brandy, gin and liqueurs.
2. Health effects of alcohol consumption including alcoholism, alcohol withdrawal, and how alcohol is processed by the body.
3. Social impacts of excessive alcohol use such as increased accidents, crime, and health issues.
4. Treatment and prevention of alcohol dependence and abuse. The challenges of managing problem drinking aboard ships are also covered.
This document discusses various substances like alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine. It describes alcohol abuse and alcoholism, noting the physical and mental effects of alcohol. It discusses binge drinking and the risks of drinking. It also addresses fetal alcohol syndrome from drinking during pregnancy. The document also covers tobacco use and its health hazards, as well as strategies for quitting smoking. Finally, it discusses caffeine and its stimulant effects and potential side effects or addiction from use.
This document discusses the effects of alcohol consumption. It notes that alcohol is a depressant that can cause both short-term effects like blurred vision and long-term health problems. It also discusses issues like fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol's role in car accidents and teen suicide, and the period of Prohibition in the United States from 1920 to 1933 when alcohol was illegal. The document encourages teenagers to avoid drinking and driving to prevent alcohol-related accidents and injuries.
The document discusses various effects of alcohol consumption on the body. It provides photographs of fatty liver, liver damage, cirrhosis, and liver cancer caused by alcoholism. Other images show clubbed fingers, which can indicate lung disease, liver disease, or cancers. The document also images heart conditions like thickened heart walls and blood clots in coronary arteries. It notes that gout, which causes uric acid buildup in joints, can be aggravated by drinking alcohol.
This document discusses the effects of drinking alcohol on the body. It notes that alcohol is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream after drinking. Chronic alcohol consumption can lead to diseases like cirrhosis, which destroys liver cells, and cardiomyopathy, which causes heart damage and failure. Alcohol abuse is also linked to increased risks of high blood pressure, stroke, violence, and various forms of abuse. The effects of alcohol depend on factors like an individual's weight, as heavier people diffuse the alcohol through a larger body surface area.
This document summarizes the history of cigarettes and their harmful effects. It notes that cigarettes were first mass produced in the late 1800s and contained over 4000 chemicals, including 60 carcinogens. The summary describes some of the major health risks of smoking such as heart disease, cancer, and reduced lung function. It also mentions that smoking can harm fetal development and increase risks during pregnancy. The document aims to inform people about the long history of cigarette use and their significant health consequences.
Slide Show: Risk Factors for Alcoholism & Drug AddictionHillside
Drug and alcohol addiction develops over time, but it often comes with copious warning signs before casual use grows into full-blown addiction. Even before a person uses, there are many signs that could indicate a person is more likely to fall into abusive patterns of drug use. While risk factors don’t necessarily mean that addiction is inevitable, it’s important for individuals to be aware of their risk level so their behavior will be more informed if they choose to engage in drug use. Watch our slide show for information and statistics about drug and alcohol abuse risk factors. For more information about seeking help with addiction recovery for yourself or a loved one, contact Hillside.
This document discusses fast food and why people consume it regularly. It notes that fast food is convenient due to time constraints and accessibility, though it is high in calories, fat, sugar, and salt while being low in nutrients. The document suggests moderate fast food intake is acceptable but that regular consumption can negatively impact health. It provides tips for making healthier choices when eating fast food, such as choosing grilled meats and avoiding supersizing, and emphasizes mindful eating.
The document summarizes the USDA food pyramid, which provides guidelines for healthy eating. It lists the six main food groups that make up the pyramid: grains, vegetables, fruits, dairy, proteins, and oils. Each group is explained with examples of common foods that fall within that category. The pyramid recommends bases the diet on larger portions of grains, vegetables and fruits, with smaller amounts of proteins and oils.
Wayang is the traditional Indonesian puppet theater that tells stories from epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata. There are three main types of wayang - wayang kulit made from leather puppets, wayang golek made from wood, and wayang wong performed by human dancers. The puppet master controls the puppets and tells the story, imparting lessons on morality and spirituality through the performances. Wayang puppetry was inscribed on UNESCO's list of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2003 to recognize its cultural and artistic significance in Indonesia.
Kabuki of Japan by Group One VIII - Acapulco (1)Rizalian
Kabuki is a traditional Japanese form of theater known for stylized drama performed by male actors. Key features include the hanamichi stage walkway, revolving stages, trapdoors, and stylized makeup. Plays fall into categories like historical jidaimono, domestic sewamono, or dance pieces. Elements include dramatic poses called mie and distinctive actor categories like aragoto male roles. Costumes, props, and elaborate quick changes are also important artistic elements of Kabuki theater.
Mental disorders in pregnancy may be under-diagnosed and can seriously impact the health and well-being of the mother and baby. A multi-disciplinary team approach is important for predicting, detecting, and treating mental disorders during pregnancy, which include depression, anxiety disorders, psychoses, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, and others. Psychological therapy is generally preferred over pharmacological therapy during pregnancy and breastfeeding, though medication may be considered for severe cases if benefits outweigh risks. Close monitoring is important for high risk patients to support good mental health outcomes for both mother and child.
This document discusses human genetics and health. It notes that genetic disorders and non-communicable diseases have become a major cause of morbidity and mortality as environmentally related disorders have decreased. An individual's health is based on both uncontrollable genetic factors and controllable factors like diet and lifestyle. The document then provides information on genetics, prevalence of genetic disorders, types of genetic disorders, diseases with genetic predisposition, and the role of genetics in predisposing individuals to conditions. It discusses prevention, screening, counseling, gene therapy, eugenics, and genetic services.
Fast food is food that is quick, convenient, and inexpensive to purchase. Common fast food items include burgers, pizza, fried foods, and snacks. While fast food can be delicious and convenient, it often contains high amounts of sodium, fat, calories, and refined grains instead of nutritious ingredients. Eating too much fast food can negatively impact health and lead to issues like obesity, high blood pressure, heart disease, and diabetes. To avoid health risks, people should limit their fast food consumption and choose healthier options when possible.
Fast food can harm your body in several ways:
1. It contains high amounts of unhealthy fats and preservatives but lacks nutrients. This can lead to health issues like heart disease and cancer.
2. It has high salt content which can hide poor quality and taste, and too much salt increases risks of health problems.
3. Regular consumption is linked to obesity, diabetes, and gastrointestinal issues like ulcers due to its high calories and imbalance of nutrients. Limiting fast food intake can help avoid these risks.
Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States, killing over 400,000 Americans each year from diseases like lung cancer, heart disease, and stroke. Tobacco contains over 7,000 chemicals, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, ammonia, and arsenic. While tobacco companies promote myths that some tobacco products like cigars, hookahs, and cloves are safer, all tobacco products are addictive and cause serious health issues. Quitting smoking can significantly reduce health risks, and medications and support groups can help in quitting.
This document discusses the negative health impacts of secondhand smoke and alcoholism, how tobacco and alcohol advertising targets vulnerable groups like women, minorities, and low-income individuals. It provides statistics on the costs of alcohol abuse and examples of ads that target minors. While banning certain ads could reduce consumption and related harms, determining where to draw the line between protected commercial speech and public health raises complex legal issues.
Tobacco contains the highly addictive drug nicotine and can be consumed through smoking, chewing, dipping, or sniffing in products like cigarettes, gutkha, and snuff. Smoking cigarettes exposes a person to over 4000 toxic chemicals and 60 carcinogens and significantly increases the risks of various cancers, heart disease, lung disease, and other health issues. Tobacco use is directly linked to many forms of cancer as well as other serious diseases.
Tobacco contains over 4000 chemicals, including 63 known carcinogens. Smoking is highly addictive due to nicotine and kills more people worldwide than AIDS, automobile accidents, alcohol, fires, homicides, suicides, and drug overdoses combined. Starting at a young age puts one at high risk of lifelong addiction and negative health consequences, including various cancers and premature death. Secondhand smoke also endangers others, especially infants and children. Quitting smoking has significant health benefits.
The document discusses the history and effects of alcohol. It notes that alcohol has been used for thousands of years and is currently legal for those over 21. The document outlines both the desired short term effects of alcohol like relaxation and lowered inhibitions, as well as the dangerous long term health impacts of high or prolonged use such as organ damage and addiction. Withdrawal from alcohol is also discussed, noting it can be dangerous and medical treatment is usually recommended.
Alcohol is a widely used and abused psychoactive drug that is a central nervous system depressant. It can cause severe physical and psychological dependence and disrupts many aspects of life. Alcohol is responsible for over 100,000 deaths per year in the United States and costs the country over $176 billion annually to deal with social and health problems related to its abuse.
This presentation discusses the myths and realities of college drinking. It aims to dispel common misconceptions students have by providing data on actual drinking behaviors and consequences. The document covers topics like alcohol's effects on the body, metabolism of alcohol in the body, signs of alcohol poisoning, and risks of high-risk drinking like injury, assault and academic problems. The goal is to help students make safer choices around alcohol use.
Reviews the effects of alcohol, binge drinking, signs of alcohol poisoning, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and other effects. Continuing Education for mental health and substance abuse counselors and therapists.
Alcohol is a depressant that slows bodily functions like heart rate and breathing. A survey found that the top reasons people consume alcohol are to have fun, relax, forget problems, and socialize. Alcohol impacts people differently based on factors like gender, body size, food consumption, drink strength and mood. It can damage major organs like the heart, brain and liver. Long term alcohol abuse is linked to health issues like cancer and cirrhosis. It also negatively impacts others through behaviors like drunk driving and domestic violence. Laws regulate alcohol consumption to reduce harm.
Alcohol is an addictive depressant that can cause both short and long term health effects. It is made through the fermentation of sugars by yeast and its effects are influenced by various factors like body size, gender, food, and medicine. Long term heavy drinking can lead to fatty liver, cirrhosis, and hepatitis while binge drinking or alcohol poisoning from too much intake at once can result in mental confusion, coma, vomiting, seizures, irregular heartbeats, and low body temperature. Teens may drink due to social factors but need to understand the health risks.
- The document discusses women and alcohol use, including societal attitudes, the unique effects alcohol has on women's bodies, reasons why college-aged women drink, and ways to drink responsibly or get help with addiction issues.
- Key topics include how alcohol is absorbed more quickly by women due to lower enzyme levels, health risks like increased cancer or osteoporosis risk, and the importance of prevention programs for underage drinking.
- Treatment for alcoholism may involve counseling, lifestyle changes, or intervention, while prevention focuses on reducing risk factors for early alcohol use in young women.
The document discusses various topics related to alcohol and drug abuse including:
- Alcohol is widely used but can lead to alcoholism which impacts an estimated 10-15 million Americans each year.
- Both small and large amounts of alcohol can impact physical and mental health, with too much often leading to problems.
- Drug and alcohol abuse is a serious public health issue, especially among youth.
- Signs of alcoholism and withdrawal symptoms are described.
- Binge drinking, especially among young people, can negatively impact brain development and function.
- Drug abuse is defined and commonly abused drugs are listed along with potential harms.
- Alcohol and drug abuse in the workplace lowers productivity and increases costs to employers
1. The document discusses the effects of alcohol on the body and brain, including how blood alcohol concentration increases with the amount consumed and affects judgment and motor skills.
2. It explains how drinking increases risks of violence, illegal behavior, and health issues like fetal alcohol syndrome.
3. Alcoholism is described as a disease involving physical and psychological dependence on alcohol that requires treatment.
This document discusses the health effects of alcohol consumption. It begins by defining different types of alcohol and providing a brief history of beer and wine. It then discusses how alcohol is absorbed, distributed, and metabolized in the body. Both short-term and long-term health effects of drinking are outlined, including increased cancer risk and fetal alcohol syndrome. Blood alcohol levels are defined and their associated impairments described. The document concludes by discussing gender differences in alcohol metabolism and treatments for alcoholism.
This document discusses alcohol, including what it is, moderation versus binge drinking, potential short-term and long-term effects of alcohol abuse, how alcohol is processed by the body, and signs of alcohol poisoning. It defines a standard drink and explains that beer, wine, and liquor all contain alcohol. It notes health, social, legal, and other risks of binge drinking and lists physical effects that may occur from alcohol abuse like blackouts, assaults, car accidents, and death.
This document discusses alcohol and its effects on the body. It covers topics like blood alcohol concentration, factors that influence how alcohol affects the body like body size and gender, the process of metabolizing alcohol in the liver, short and long term health effects of alcohol like fatty liver and cirrhosis, and risks of binge drinking and alcohol poisoning.
1. The document provides information about alcohol use and abuse, including definitions, health risks, laws, and guidelines. It aims to educate college students about making responsible decisions regarding alcohol.
2. Key statistics are presented, such as binge drinking being most common among ages 18-20 and alcohol poisoning being a medical emergency. Consequences of irresponsible drinking discussed include accidents, injuries, addiction, and legal penalties.
3. Resources for alcohol abuse problems are listed, including Alcoholics Anonymous, Al-Anon, and national hotlines. The document encourages seeking help if needed.
Smoking is the largest preventable cause of disease and premature death. Nicotine reaches the brain within 10 seconds of inhaling smoke and has been found throughout the body, including breast milk. Cancer-causing agents in tobacco smoke damage genes controlling cell growth, causing abnormal or rapid cell reproduction leading to lung diseases, heart disease, cancer, and other health issues. People should quit smoking to save money, improve health, and enhance taste and smell. Governments implement anti-smoking campaigns and policies like raising tobacco taxes and restricting product promotion to encourage smoking prevention and cessation.
Alcohol
ALCOHOL INTAKE
Rakkan Fagirah
Alcohol Beverages
Beer: is a mild intoxicant brewed by a mixture of grains and usually has 3-6% alcohol by volume.
Ales and Malt Liquor: They are also made by grains and similar to beer usually contains 6-8% per volume
Wines: It is made by fermenting the juice of fruits. And it has 9-14% per volume.
Hard Liquor: it is made by distilling fermented or brewed grains or other plants. Usually contains about 35-50%
Concentration of Alcohol
The concentration of Alcohol is indicated by it is Proof Value: which amounts to two times the percentage concentration. So if the beverage has an 80 proof, then it contains 40% alcohol by volume. So two ounces of an 80 proof Vodka it contains 80% alcohol.
Standard vs Actual Servings
The term one drink or a standard drink refers to a drink with an amount of 0.6 ounce of alcohol.
12-ounce bottle of beer.
8-ounce Malt liquor
5-ounce glass of a wine.
1.5-ounce shot of liquor.
Even though this is the standard servings size people tend to drink way more than that.
Calories content
Alcohol provides 7 calories per gram.
In a typical one drink there is 100-120 calories.
In regular beer there is 150 calories.
Light beer contains 100 calories.
5-ounce glass of wine contains 100 calories
3-ounce of Margarita contains 157 calories
6-Ounce of rum and coke contains about 180 calories
Absorption of Alcohol
When Alcohol ingested 20% of it is absorbed from the stomach.
75% is absorbed through the stomach and the upper part of the small Intestine
The rest is absorbed from the GI (Gastrointestinal)
The rate of absorption is affected by various factors:
Carbonation increases the rate.
Artificial sweeteners have the same affect
Food slows the rate absorption
Drinking high concentrated drinks also slows the rate of absorption
Alcohol Metabolism
Alcohol Metabolizes, transfers into usable and waste parts mainly in the liver.
Small amount of alcohol is metabolized in the stomach
2-10% of the alcohol excreted unchanged by the lungs, kidneys, and sweat glands.
Excreted alcohol causes the telltale to smell on a drinker’s breath and it is the basis analysis of a person’s breath and urine to tests the alcohol levels.
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)
BAC: is the ratio of alcohol in a person’s blood by weight, or the percentage of alcohol measured in deciliter of blood.
It is affected by metabolizes 0.3 ounce of alcohol per hour.
The rate of alcohol metabolism is determined by genetic factors
and drinking behavior.
Although the rate of absorption can be affected by many factors the rate of Metabolism cannot be slowed.
A person can lower the rate of the BAC only by drinking over long period of time.
How to calculate BAC
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1C3TFjAGMVI
ALCOHOL AND HEALTH
Immediate and Long term affects
Mohammed Bantalal
Immediate affects
Low concentration:
It happens at a BAC of 0.03-0.05%:
Light Headedness
Relaxation
Release of inhib.
This document discusses alcohol, its effects, and resources for help. It defines alcohol as a depressant created through fermentation. Binge drinking is consuming 4+ drinks for women or 5+ for men within 2 hours, resulting in a BAC of 0.08 or higher. Alcohol poisoning risks include vomiting, slow breathing, and inability to wake. Short term effects include impaired abilities and health risks, while long term use increases risks of diseases. Alcoholism is a craving for alcohol despite harm. Help is available through groups like Alcoholics Anonymous.
This document discusses alcohol, its effects, and resources for help. It defines alcohol as a depressant created through fermentation. Binge drinking is consuming 4+ drinks for women or 5+ for men within 2 hours, resulting in a BAC of 0.08 or higher. Alcohol poisoning risks include vomiting, slow breathing, and inability to wake. Short term effects include impaired abilities and long term effects include diseases and damage to organs. Alcoholism is a craving for alcohol despite harm. Help is available through groups like Alcoholics Anonymous.
Long-term alcohol use has numerous physical effects on the body. It dehydrates the skin, making it dull, dry, wrinkled and prone to broken capillaries, particularly on the face and nose. Heavy drinking also damages the eyes, throat, esophagus, heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, liver, reproductive system and increases risks of various cancers and diseases. Physical signs include bruises, cuts, and a characteristic smell from the liver struggling to process alcohol. Serious long-term implications include cirrhosis, various cancers, heart and liver damage, strokes and other health problems. Mental health is also affected with risks of depression, memory loss, and dementia.
This document discusses alcohol misuse and its effects. It begins by defining alcohol misuse as drinking above recommended limits, which for men is up to 21 units per week and 14 units for women. Alcohol misuse can lead to harmful physical, social, and psychological effects. The document then covers types of alcohol, reasons for consumption, epidemiology, effects on the body and mind, screening tools, management, and prevention of alcohol-related harm.
This document summarizes information about alcohol, including its short-term and long-term effects on the body and health risks. It also discusses alcohol tolerance, legal drinking ages in different countries, common drinks and their alcohol content, hangovers, and tips to prevent or treat hangovers.
Gravity is a force that pulls all objects toward the center of Earth. It causes things to fall and keeps everything on the planet's surface. Galileo Galilei used careful measurements to show that the constant acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2. He dropped objects from different heights and recorded how far they fell over time to determine this rate of acceleration.
There is a difference between drugs and medicines. A drug refers to any substance that alters the body or mind when consumed, and can be used for medical, spiritual or recreational purposes. Medicine specifically refers to treatments used to cure or prevent illness and disease. While all medicines are drugs, not all drugs are medicines. A drug is the raw ingredient, while medicine involves manufacturing drugs into a finished product for treating or preventing disease. Common drugs include alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and synthetic drugs, while common medicines fall into categories like antibiotics, pain relievers, and over-the-counter analgesics.
Alcohol affects many body systems and can lead to serious health issues. It damages the nervous system, causes declines in mental abilities, and increases risks of various cancers. The liver is especially impacted, with drinking able to cause fatty liver, swelling, cirrhosis, and liver failure over time. Alcohol also weakens the immune system, raises blood pressure and heart risks, decreases bone density, and can cause kidney failure with heavy long-term use. For women, drinking impacts menstruation and increases breast cancer risk, while men may have reduced testes size and muscle mass over time. Drinking during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol syndrome and permanent birth defects in the child.
Alcohol is a drug that can change how a person thinks, feels and acts by slowing down brain function. There are different types of alcohols including ethanol (grain alcohol), methyl alcohol (wood alcohol), and isopropyl or rubbing alcohol. Common alcoholic drinks are produced through fermentation and include beer, wine, and distilled liquors with varying alcohol content. Blood alcohol concentration measures the percentage of alcohol in the blood and determines if a person is drunk.
Barbiturates are depressant drugs that can induce sleep and relieve tension. When taken in small doses, they cause decreased responsiveness and loss of muscle coordination. Higher doses between half and one dose will make a person feel sedated or "high", while one dose will make them sleep. Five times the normal dose can cause coma and 10 doses can potentially be lethal. The Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002 defined drug users as victims and allowed for rehabilitation instead of punishment in an effort to help them live productively without drugs.
The document discusses several non-communicable diseases including cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and asthma. It provides details on risk factors for cardiovascular disease and describes conditions like arteriosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart attack, and stroke. It also categorizes cancer as malignant or benign and lists the four main categories. The document outlines treatment options for cancer including radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy. It concludes with a brief description of the two main types of diabetes and a definition of asthma.
The document discusses diseases, their causes and types. It defines disease as an abnormal condition that impairs the body's normal functioning and can cause discomfort, dysfunction, distress and death. It categorizes diseases as communicable/contagious which can pass from person to person, and non-communicable which result from genetics or lifestyle. It also discusses the chain of infection and lists common communicable diseases like cold, influenza, pneumonia, chickenpox and measles.
Mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with forces and motion. It is divided into statics, kinematics, and dynamics. Statics deals with forces in equilibrium, kinematics with motion without forces, and dynamics with the relationship between forces and motion. Motion refers to a change in an object's position over time and can be described in terms of distance traveled, displacement, speed, and velocity. Distance is a scalar quantity representing total path length, while displacement is a vector quantity referring to straight-line distance between start and end points. Speed is a scalar measure of distance covered per unit time, and velocity is a vector measure representing rate of change of displacement over time.
The document discusses acceleration, kinematic equations, and sample problems involving calculating acceleration, velocity, distance, and time for objects undergoing constant acceleration. It provides definitions of acceleration, positive and negative acceleration, and the three basic kinematic equations for describing motion with constant acceleration involving final velocity, initial velocity, acceleration, distance, and time. It then lists 11 sample problems applying these concepts and equations to scenarios involving cars, trains, bicycles accelerating and decelerating.
The document discusses static equilibrium and the center of gravity (COG) of objects. It defines static equilibrium as a condition where all forces acting on a body are balanced, causing it to remain motionless. The COG is the point where the total weight of an object is concentrated and where it balances. An object's stability depends on the position of its COG - a lower COG makes an object more stable as it is less likely to topple over. The document provides examples of stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium and factors like an object's base area and weight that influence its stability.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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Before one can get into the effects of alcohol, it is important to know what consumption actually means. There are different degrees of alcohol consumption. Students might have heard about binge drinking. Any occasion where four (for women) and five (for men) or more drinks are consumed at one sitting is considered binge drinking, and it often raises the blood alcohol level very quickly. Clicking on the provided link will take you to the CDC’s Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) Trend Data Web site. Select “Alcohol Use: Binge Drinking” from the “Negative Behavior/Circumstance” and select your state (or select “Nationwide”) and click go to see a graph of binge drinking by age group in your state from 1990-2002. Graphic Reference: Microsoft Office Clipart 2002. [cited 23 June, 2005].
As chronic implies, this is a long term and on-going issue. Drinking becomes a daily habit. Click on the Chronic Drinking in Your State link to display a graph of chronic drinking by age group from 1990-2002. Choose the risk factor “chronic drinking” and your state. Clicking on the provided link will take you to the CDC’s Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) Trend Data Web site. Select “Alcohol Use: Chronic Drinking” from the “Negative Behavior/Circumstance” and select your state (or select “Nationwide”) and click go to see a graph of chronic drinking by age group in your state from 1990-2002. This data tracks a wide range of age groups; however, students should be aware that age 18, the lowest in the survey, is an illegal age to drink alcohol in the United States. Graphic Reference: Microsoft Office Clipart 2002. [cited 23 June, 2005].
Now that we know the definitions of drinking, we will look at some statistics on teen drinking. The Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth conducted an executive survey regarding teen alcohol use in the United States and issued a status report in 2004. Two national public health surveys tracked underage drinking. Monitoring the Future collected data in schools for Substance Abuse and Mental Health Data Archive (SAMHDA) through University of Michigan. They found that in the year 2004, nearly one in five 8 th graders, more than one in three 10 th graders, and nearly one in two 12 th graders had a drink in the month prior to the survey. Graphic Reference: Microsoft Office Clipart 2002. [cited 23 June, 2005].
The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) reported that in 2003 approximately 10.9 million underage youth, ages 12 to 20, reported they consumed alcohol in the month prior to the survey. Nearly 7.2 million underage youth also reported binge drinking, where binge drinking is defined as drinking five or more drinks on a single occasion at least once in the past 30 days. Graphic Reference: Microsoft Office Clipart 2002. [cited 23 June, 2005].
Statistics show that there is alcohol consumption among teens; therefore, they should be familiar with what alcohol can do to the body and behavior. As you move through each of these effects, take time to solicit examples from the students. An example of slower reaction time/reflexes might involve a person that has been drinking trying to catch a ball. Hand-eye coordination might not be as quick for someone who has been drinking. So someone who has been drinking might not catch the ball when it is thrown to them as easily as they would otherwise. Since alcohol irritates the lining of the stomach and intestinal lining, nausea and vomiting are common occurrences. There is a danger of choking on vomit, which could cause death by asphyxiation if the person is unconscious. Lowered reasoning ability might involve someone taking risks that they normally would not take. For example, they may leave a party with a stranger. Graphic Reference: Cool Archive-Free Clipart, Fonts, Icons [online]. 2005. [cited 4 July 2005] Available online at URL: http://www.coolarchive.com
The characteristics of poor motor skills can be seen in a task as simple as walking. Alcohol will decrease the ability of a person to walk in a straight line and might even cause him/her to fall. Poor motor skills might also lead to driving accidents. Alcohol acts as a depressant and slows the heart rate. It also interferes with normal contraction and rhythm of the heartbeat. These effects are thought to be major reasons for sudden death among alcoholics. (6) Increased blood pressure, or hypertension, is associated with chronic drinking and usually goes away two to three weeks after drinking has stopped. Mood swings might be noticed, with anxiety and restlessness being at the top of the list. Lower inhibitions might lead a teen to do things he or she would not normally do, which could put them in a compromising or dangerous situation. Risky behavior, such as unprotected sex, might result. They might also have poor judgment.
When alcohol is consumed at a faster rate than the liver can absorb, it moves into areas of high water content in the body, for example, the brain. It can cause mental confusion and memory loss. Drinking causes some people to “not remember” their evening. In larger doses, alcohol can affect the medulla oblongata, which is responsible for basic survival functions, such as heart rate and breathing. Respiratory arrest occurs when a person stops breathing.
So drinking relates to various short term and long term effects on the body. It could also have a long term effect in the sense that it could affect your future by decreasing brain function during prime learning periods. A study was performed on teens and drinking. Susan Tapert illustrates that drinking might harm the ability of a teen’s brain to process information. This slide shows brain activity of a 15 year old with an alcohol problem versus the brain activity of a non-drinking 15 year old. The pink shows brain activity. It is clear that the teen who does not drink has much more activity. Study published and permission granted for use in this PowerPoint by Susan Brown. Brown SA, Tapert SF, Granholm E, Delis DC (2000). Neurocognitive functioning of adolescents: effects of protracted alcohol use. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 24 (2): 164-171. [Cited 20 June 2005].
This is a continuation of the study on brain activity of teens drinking alcohol. Recall tests were done and the results were clear that alcohol does effect recall. School and life are based on recall. Study published and permission granted for use in this PowerPoint by Susan Brown. Brown SA, Tapert SF, Granholm E, Delis DC (2000). Neurocognitive functioning of adolescents: effects of protracted alcohol use. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 24 (2): 164-171. [Cited 20 June 2005].
Now that we know the effects of alcohol on our brain and body, how is alcohol measured in the body? Blood alcohol level or concentration is associated with the rate at which alcohol is metabolized by the liver. The higher the alcohol level in the blood, the more intoxicated a person will be. As the liver removes the alcohol from the blood and processes it, the blood alcohol level will drop. Here are some factors that effect BAL: Weight : The larger a person, the lower the blood alcohol level will be for a given amount of alcohol consumed. Amount of food and water in the stomach : Food will slow the absorption of the alcohol into the blood stream, resulting in a lower blood alcohol level. Carbonated alcoholic beverages : Carbonation speeds up the absorption of alcohol into the blood stream. Gender : Females tend to be smaller than males and also have a higher fat concentration in body tissues. More fat means less water. Alcohol is soluble in water, so in males the alcohol is more evenly distributed throughout the body creating a lower blood alcohol level. A woman will have a higher blood alcohol level after consuming the same amount of alcohol. Graphic Reference: Cool Archive-Free Clipart, Fonts, Icons [online]. 2005. [cited 4 July 2005] Available online at URL: http://www.coolarchive.com
There are several factors involved in calculating blood alcohol levels. First, you need to know the weight of the individual in pounds. You also need to know the percent of alcohol. This can be found on the bottle as proof. If the proof is 100, then the percent is 50. If it is 80 proof, the percent is 40. Beer has an alcohol content of 3-6%, wine 9-14%, and hard liquor greater than 14%. Finally you need to know the ounces consumed. In most cases, the Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) is expressed without units in a form like the following: "the driver has a BAC of 0.18 at the time of the accident." This really means that the driver had 0.18 grams of ethanol per 100 milliliters of blood. Remember that this is grams of the actual chemical ethyl alcohol, not grams of actual beverage. Graphic Reference: Cool Archive-Free Clipart, Fonts, Icons [online]. 2005. [cited 4 July 2005] Available online at URL: http://www.coolarchive.com
Basically, there are lots of numbers but this is an easy calculation to do. For example, if a 175 pound man drinks four 12 ounce cans of beer, what will his blood alcohol level be? First we take 150 divided by his weight in pounds, which is 175. We multiply by the percent alcohol found in beer divided by 50. As noted before, most beers range from 3-6%. This particular beer was 4%. Next multiply by the ounces consumed. Four cans multiplied by 12 ounces is 48. And finally multiply by 0.025. This gives him a total blood alcohol level of .08% which means that he currently has .08 grams of ethyl alcohol per 100 mL of blood circulating through his body and his brain. So at what level do we start to see the short term effects?
At blood alcohol levels of 0.03 to 0.12, the drinker is in a state of euphoria. This is the beginning stage where self confidence increases , and the drinker feels good about him/herself. The drinker could also exhibit a short attention span, poor judgment, and have trouble with his/her fine motor skills. (8) All of these effects were discussed in the short term effects earlier in the slide show.
At the upper edge of euphoria, around 0.09, the drinker heads into a stage known as excitement. The stage name does not support the characteristics since the drinker becomes sleepy and slow. Reaction time is decreased, which could make driving or operating machinery a hazard. The drinker looses coordination and may become unbalanced. He/she may also experience blurry vision and impaired senses, becoming numb around the face area. (8)
At the upper edge of excitement, at around 0.18, the drinker may become confused and highly emotional. Slurred speech is a common characteristic at this level. They continue to be sleepy and uncoordinated and might not feel pain as easily.
Moving up the blood alcohol ladder leads to stupor. At this point, the drinker basically cannot perform normally and could become ill and even pass out. (8)
The last level is known as alcohol poisoning and could lead to death. The alcohol affects the brain stem, as well as other basic body functions. Breathing, heart rate , and body temperature might not be regulated, which could lead to a coma. (8)
At blood alcohol levels greater than 0.50, death occurs. (8) Since most students associate blood alcohol levels with drinking and driving, this is a good time to introduce some blood alcohol limits regulated by law.
One area regulated by law is the blood alcohol driving limit. Currently, half of the states in the US have 0.08 BAL and the other half have 0.10 BAL. This level of intoxication relates to the blood alcohol level of the driver. (6) If the driver’s blood alcohol level tests at 0.08 in some states, then the driver is considered legally intoxicated and can be cited with a DUI (Driving Under the Influence). In other states, blood alcohol levels of 0.10 define whether the driver is legally intoxicated or not. Graphic Reference: Microsoft Office Clipart 2002. [cited 23 June, 2005].
Drinking may be a personal choice, but it affects more than just you. For example strangers may be affected through accidents. Statistics from the US Department of Transportation include: Alcohol was involved in 39% of fatal crashes in 1997. About 3 in every 10 Americans will be involved in an alcohol-related crash in their lifetime. In 1997, the highest rates for fatal crashes while intoxicated involved persons 21-24 years of age. One third of all pedestrians 16 years or older killed in traffic crashes in 1997 were intoxicated. (6) Drinking lowers inhibitions and increases risky behavior. Teens might engage in unprotected sex while under the influence, which could lead to unplanned pregnancy. If a woman drinks while pregnant, it could lead to fetal alcohol syndrome. Graphic Reference: Microsoft Office Clipart 2002. [cited 23 June, 2005].
Now that we have discussed the effects of alcohol on your body, as well as others around you, we can discuss FAS. The fetus is fed through the placenta so every time the mother drinks, the alcohol is passed to the baby. Fetal exposure to alcohol can impair the development of the corpus callosum, which divides the brain into left and right halves, and lead to smaller brain size. The brain is developing all through the pregnancy so there is no safe time to drink. There may also be some developmental delays, poor coordination, hyperactivity and abnormal facial features. The child’s IQ could also be lower. There is no known safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy; therefore, no alcohol consumption is recommended. (5) Students will gain a greater understanding of FAS through research on Web sites in the next activity.
Now we have a better idea of the different types of drinking behavior, including binge drinking and chronic drinking. Drinking does have both short and long term effects on the body and behavior, for example, slower reaction times, memory loss, and problems with the nervous system and liver disease.
Alcohol is measured using a calculation known as blood alcohol levels, which measures the percent alcohol present in the blood stream. Blood alcohol levels are affected by several factors and are associated with certain behaviors and characteristics. Drinking is a personal choice, but now it will be an informed choice.