The herbal drugs are divided into groups according to their medicinal action: demulcent, expectorant, antitussive, spasmolytic, anticatarrhals and immunostimulant.
Demulcents
- The major respiratory demulcent herbs are Althaea officinalis root or leaves, mallows flowers, Ulmus spp., licorice and comfrey.
- Respiratory demulcents are herbs contain mucilage and have a soothing and antiinflammatory action on the lower respiratory tract. Indications for respiratory demulcents:
Dry, non-productive, irritable cough
Application:
Best taken before meals.
USP 31 (Ginkgo). The dried leaf of Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) containing not less than 0.5% of flavonoids, calculated as flavonol glycosides, with a mean molecular mass of 756.7, and not less than 0.1% of terpene lactones, both on the dried basis. The leaf is khaki green to greenish-brown. Protect from light and moisture.
Ginkgo Biloba is a 50:1 leaf extract standardized to 24% ginkgoflavonglycosides and a minimum of 6% terpene lactones.
the ratio 50:1, that means 50 grams of ginkgo biloba leaves is equivalent to 1 gram of standardized ginkgo biloba extract.
Minor common disorders of the respiratory system can often be successfully treated with phytotherapy and it can be helpful as a supportive measure in more serious diseases, such as bronchitis, emphysema, and pneumonia. For severe infections, antibiotic therapy may be needed and although, most antibiotics are natural products. However, for colds and flu-like virus infections, decongestants (e.g., menthol and eucalyptus), broncholytics, and expectorants (including ipecacuanha, thyme, and senega), demulcents (e.g. mallow), antibacterials and antivirals (e.g. elderflower, pelargonium), and immune system
modulators (e.g. echinacea) are popular and effective.
USP 31 (Ginkgo). The dried leaf of Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) containing not less than 0.5% of flavonoids, calculated as flavonol glycosides, with a mean molecular mass of 756.7, and not less than 0.1% of terpene lactones, both on the dried basis. The leaf is khaki green to greenish-brown. Protect from light and moisture.
Ginkgo Biloba is a 50:1 leaf extract standardized to 24% ginkgoflavonglycosides and a minimum of 6% terpene lactones.
the ratio 50:1, that means 50 grams of ginkgo biloba leaves is equivalent to 1 gram of standardized ginkgo biloba extract.
Minor common disorders of the respiratory system can often be successfully treated with phytotherapy and it can be helpful as a supportive measure in more serious diseases, such as bronchitis, emphysema, and pneumonia. For severe infections, antibiotic therapy may be needed and although, most antibiotics are natural products. However, for colds and flu-like virus infections, decongestants (e.g., menthol and eucalyptus), broncholytics, and expectorants (including ipecacuanha, thyme, and senega), demulcents (e.g. mallow), antibacterials and antivirals (e.g. elderflower, pelargonium), and immune system
modulators (e.g. echinacea) are popular and effective.
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This presentation provides knowledge about Colchicum, its description, collection& cultivation, Morphological characters, microscopical characters, powder characters, chemical constituents, chemical tests and its uses. This is an assignment in the subject Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, IIIrd B.Pharm
evaluation of drug by organoleptic, microscopical, physical, chemical and biological methods. spectroscopical methods, chromatography, leaf constants, linear measurements.
Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in IndiaJegan Nadar
This PPT covers Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in India, This includes pharmacognosy of chirata, shatavari, kalmeg, tinospora also known as guduchi, punarnava, karela, guggul, brahmi, neem, tulsi and amla
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
GPAT
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Colchicum - Anti Rheumatic agent | Cultivation | Description | Chemical Const...Chetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Colchicum, its description, collection& cultivation, Morphological characters, microscopical characters, powder characters, chemical constituents, chemical tests and its uses. This is an assignment in the subject Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, IIIrd B.Pharm
evaluation of drug by organoleptic, microscopical, physical, chemical and biological methods. spectroscopical methods, chromatography, leaf constants, linear measurements.
Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in IndiaJegan Nadar
This PPT covers Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in India, This includes pharmacognosy of chirata, shatavari, kalmeg, tinospora also known as guduchi, punarnava, karela, guggul, brahmi, neem, tulsi and amla
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
GPAT
Niper &
other pharma competative exams...
For more posts, follow us on .... be
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Also follow us on...
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Nervous system
Sedatives and hypnotics
Indications for herbal sedatives and hypnotics:
Moderate tension
Anxiety syndromes (short-term or intermittent use)
Insomnia
Weaning off conventional sedative prescriptions.
- Components of convalescent management, particularly to help with sleep.
Contraindications for herbal sedatives and hypnotics:
Depression
Homeopathy is a way of treating an illness in which the patient is given very small amounts of a drug that produces signs of the illness in healthy people.
Therapeutics values of plant derived compoundsSenthil Natesan
Natural products, including plants, animals and minerals have been the basis of treatment of human diseases. History of medicine dates back practically to the existence of human civilization. The current accepted modern medicine or allopathy has gradually developed over the years by scientific and observational efforts of scientists. However, the basis of its development remains rooted in traditional medicine and therapies. The history of medicine includes many ludicrous therapies. Nevertheless, ancient wisdom has been the basis of modern medicine and will remain as one important source of future medicine and therapeutics. The future of natural products drug discovery will be more holistic, personalized and involve wise use of ancient and modern therapeutic skills in a complementary manner so that maximum benefits can be accrued to the patients and the community
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Melissa leaf (Balm, lemon-balm, balm mint)
Melissa officinalis
Melissa: girl’s name which means honeybee.
In Greek mythology, Melissa was a nymph who was shown the use of honey by the bees. She was one of the nymph nurses to Zeus when he was born to Rea in a cave that was sacred to bees.
MEDICINAL PLANT
A medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its organs, contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes, or which are precursors for chemo-pharmaceutical semi-synthesis. When a plant is designated as ‘medicinal’, it is implied that the said plant is useful as a drug or therapeutic agent or an
active ingredient of a medicinal preparation. Medicinal plants may therefore be defined as
a group of plants that possess some special properties or virtues that qualify them as
articles of drugs and therapeutic agents, and
are used for medicinal purposes.
General Methods for Isolation of Terpene Hydrocarbons
1. Fractional Distillation:
• This usually takes place under vacuum or in an atmosphere of inert gas,?? as many hydrocarbons are sensitive to heat in atmospheric oxygen (product name? ? ?).
• This can carried out by gradual increase of the distillation temperature by (1-5oC) or (5-10 oC) according to the boiling point of components.
2. Preparation of the Corresponding Crystalline Additive Products “Adducts”:
Characteristic addition products are formed by N2O3 (Dinitrogen trioxide), N2O4, NOCl (Nitrosyl chloride) and NOBr to yield nitrosites, nitrosates, nitrosochlorides, and nitrosobromides, respectively.
content
Flavonoids (importance, Physiological role and Therapeutic uses).
Flavonoids biosynthesis, General Properties and Tests for identity.
Flavone Glycosides (Diosmin and Apiin)
Flavonol Glycosides (rutin and Quercetrin)
Flavanone Glycosides (Hesperidin)
Silymarin (flavonolignans)
Isoflavonoids (Genistein)
Coumarin Glycosides
content
Anthracene glycosides
mechanism of Action
Chemistry
Tests for Identification of anthracene glycosides
I- Anthraquinones (alizarin, aloe-emodin and rhein)
Metabolism of Diacerein (1-8 Diacetyl Rhein)
II- Anthranols and anthrones (Chrysarobin and Barbaloin)
III- Dianthrones (Sennosides A-D and Hypericin)
Definition
Glycosides are non-reducing organic compounds that on hydrolysis with acids or enzymes yield:
1- A sugar part (or glycone, formed of one or more sugar units).
2- A non-sugar part (or aglycone, also called genin).
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The evaluation of drugs
Evaluation methods of the crude drugs
Chemistry of Crude Drugs
Primary Metabolites (starch, protein and fixed oil)
secondary Metabolites (glycosides, alkaloids and volatile oil)
The living plant cell
What is the main differences between plant cell and animal cell??
Cell wall: Formed of cellulose.
Chloroplast: Responsible for photosynthesis.
Vacuole: much larger in plant cells, store any nutrients and waste products .
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Deterioration of Herbal Drugs
Primary Factors (Light, Moisture/ Humidity, Temperature and Air Oxidation)
Secondary Factors
Control Measures for Deterioration
Adulteration of Crude Drugs
Detection of Adulterants
content
Cultivation and preparation of crude drugs
1- Cultivation
2- Collection
3- Preservation of plant material (Drying, stabilization and fermentation)
4- Packing
5- Storage
6- Grinding of crude drugs
7- crude drug extraction
content
Important definitions
Crude drug description
Pharmacist should have a good knowledge of natural drugs (why)
Nomenclature of drugs (Origin of the crude drug)
Classification of drugs for study
Definitions “volatile oils”, “Ethereal oils” or Essential oils”
Volatile oils: Complex liquid mixtures of odoriferous compounds of varying chemical composition, which easily evaporate when exposed to air at room temperature, and which are used for either their specific therapeutic activity or their aroma.
Aromatherapy is a branch of complementary medicine, which depends on the use of aromatic plants, their extracts, mainly their essential oils to promote health, beauty and vitality.
بعض العلاقات... مثل القرابة والصداقة...
تشتمل على معاني جميلة... و روابط انسانيه مهمة...
ولكن البعض يتغيرون ... تغيرهم الاحداث ...
فالاحداث هي امتحانات لقوة طرفي اي معادلة تربط اي اثنين...
أستاذ جامعي يقع قتيلا في مؤتمر تقيمه كلية الحقوق... أثناء نقاش مع زميل له ...
على الرغم من ان القتيل كان شخص وفيا ومعطاء لكل المحيطين به...
لكن هذا لم يمنع يد خائنة وخسيسة من ان تقتله...
وتجعل من الخيانة والغدر مقابلا للوفاء... كما كانت من قبل جزاء لسنمار.
عندما يتلوث الدم.... ليس بالجراثيم وانما بآثام القلب وشروره ليضخ دما ملوثا بالحقد والكراهيه لينقله الى اقدام تسوقك الى جريمه والى يدا لتجعل من السلاح الذي تمسكه ادآة سوداء ورسالة من قلب مريض رسالة بالموت
عندما يتحول نجاحك الى مرض وعقده نفسيه كبيره لشخص لا يستطيع ان يلاحقه .....
عندما لا تفلح مؤمرات ذلك الشخص في افشالك.....
عندما يقرر انك من يقف في طريقه وانه يتوجب عليه ازاحتك من طريقه بأي وسيله وان كانت القتل..
عندها فقط بدأت المذبحه...
هاجس جال بخاطر رجل الاعمال الناجح حسن المصري بأن اذى ما سيلحق بابنه الوحيد خالد وان كارثة ما ستحدث لشركته...
وبدون مقدمات تحول الهاجس لسلسله من الجرائم البشعه والغامضه التي راح ضحيتها هو وكل الموجوديين بقصره ...
وفي لحظاته الاخيره ... وبدون ادنى تفكير حاول ان يحمي اغلى الناس في حياته ...ابنه ....من تلك اليد الاثمه...
لتكن تلك المكالمه ذات الكلمات القليله .... يبلغ فيها خالد ابنه برساله...
رساله من قلب محب.... رساله مضمونها
ان الاب هو الملاذ الاخير
حصن يحمي ابنائه الى النهايه
ان الاب هو.....
الطابية الاخيره
Phenolic compounds
Precipitate animal proteins in hides and converting them into leather. “Tanning Industry”
Present in plants, ex. grapes, cranberry, hamamelis and tea leaves.
Opium is the air-dried milky exudate, or latex, obtained by incising the unripe capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum (Papaveraceae).
the ripe capsule can contain up to 0.5% total alkaloids
Opium represents a much concentrated form and up to 25% of its mass is composed of alkaloids ( more than 40 alkaloids).
Structural features of Cinchona alkaloids
1- The basic skeleton of Cinchona alkaloids is Ruban-9-Ol.
2- Ruban nucleus is a combined skeleton formed from a quinoline ring attached to a quinuclidine ring (a bicyclic ring contain N) through methylene group.
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Respiratory system
The herbal drugs are divided into groups according to their medicinal action: demulcent,
expectorant, antitussive, spasmolytic, anticatarrhals and immunostimulant.
Demulcents
- The major respiratory demulcent herbs are Althaea officinalis root or leaves, mallows flowers,
Ulmus spp., licorice and comfrey.
- Respiratory demulcents are herbs contain mucilage and have a soothing and antiinflammatory
action on the lower respiratory tract. Indications for respiratory demulcents:
Dry, non-productive, irritable cough
Application:
Best taken before meals.
3. Marsh mallow (Althaea officinalis)
الخطمية
Constituents: The dried root contains up to 35% of mucilage; starch.
Action and uses: Typical demulcent cough remedy.
Preparations: Cold maceration for several hours to ensure that the mucilage and not the starch is
extracted (the starch does not dissolve in cold water).
4. Expectorants
- Expectorants are cough remedies that liquefy viscid sputum so that it can be cleared by
coughing.
- Expectoration is effected by the fine hairs (cilia) of the ciliated epithelium, which push the
mucus in waves towards the outside. By clearing abnormal mucus or by changing its character
and making it more demulcent.
- Expectorants include
1- Stimulating (reflex) expectorants:
2- Warming expectorants
3- Warming expectorants with Respiratory antiseptic effect
5. 1- Stimulating (reflex) expectorants:
These are remedies that provoke increased mucociliary activity by reflex stimulation of the
upper digestive wall. The classic examples were originally used as emetics in sub-emetic doses.
ex. ipecacuanha, squills, Primula, saponaria and senega.
Stimulating expectorants should be kept under review in cases of:
- Dry and irritable cough - Asthma - Young children
- Dyspeptic conditions.
Application: Stimulating expectorants are best taken in hot infusions or fluid extracts. Long-term
therapy is usually acceptable.
3- Warming expectorants with respiratory antiseptic effect:
Scabwort roots (Inula helenium), Thyme (Thymus vulgaris), Guajava Leaf (Psidium guajava)
6. 2- Warming expectorants (mucolytics) include:
A- Aromatics: fennel, anise, cinnamon and Angelica.
B- Pungent spices: ginger probably includes increased blood flow to the respiratory mucosa, a
reflex irritation of the upper digestive mucosa (as with the stimulating expectorants)
C- Sulfur-containing herbs: garlic and mustard family, a decrease in the thickness of mucus by
altering the structure of its mucopolysaccharide constituents.
Indications for warming expectorants:
- Productive cough associated with cold, bronchitis, emphysema, profuse catarrhal conditions,
- Congestive chronic infections and inflammatory conditions.
Contraindications:
In gastroesophageal reflux.
Applications:
Warming expectorants are particularly effective taken in hot aqueous infusions. Long-term
therapy is usually acceptable.
7. Ipecacuanha, Ipecac,
(Cephaelis ipecacuanha)
عرق جذورالذهب
Constituents:
Alkaloids: emetine and cephaeline.
Action and uses:
- A typical expectorant (0.4 mg emetine = 20 mg root powder).
- High doses of the alkaloids in ipecac root have an emetic effect (0.5-2 g roots and rhizomes).
Mechanism of action:
- Low doses stimulate the gastric mucosa, lead to reflex effect on the bronchial mucosa, via the
gastrobronchial vagus reflex, again leading to hypersecretion, i.e. increased amounts of sputum.
- High doses have emetic properties.
8. Primula, cowslip (Primula officinalis)
oxlip (Primula elatior)
Constituents:
Triterpenoid saponins (5-10%);
salicylic acid glycosides (primulaverin and primverin)
volatile oil.
Action and uses:
Expectorant - Analgesic
Mechanism of action:
- The expectorant effect of the saponins is mainly due
to stimulation of the mucosal linings and the resultant
triggering of parasympathetic reflexes.
- Its content of salicylic acid derivatives, is responsible
for analgesic effect.
11. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare )
ثمارالشمر
Constituents:
1- Volatile oil composed of anethole, fenchone and estragol (methyl
chavicol).
2- flavonoids: kaempferol, quercetin, iso-quercetin and rutin.
Uses and action
1- Flavoring agent
2- Carminative
3- Mild expectorant
12. Anise (Pimpinella anisum )
ثمارالينسون
Active constituents:
- Volatile oil (2-3%) composed of (80-90%) anethole.
Uses and action
1- Flavoring agent
2- Carminative
3- Expectorant
Star Anise (Illicum verum )
النجمى الينسون ثمار
Active constituents:
- Volatile oil (5%) composed mainly of anethole.
Uses and action
1- Flavoring agent
2- Carminative
3- Expectorant
13. Thyme leaf (Thymus vulgaris or Thymus zygis )
الزعتـــر
Active Constituents:
1- Volatile oil: thymol, carvacrol, linalool
2- Flavonoids: Apigenin, luteolin
Action and uses:
- For dyspepsia, flatulence
- Expectorant and antiseptic for respiratory tract and in cough
mixtures.
- Spasmolytic, secretolytic, secreto-motor, broncholytic
- Inflammation of throat, laryngitis and tonsillitis (as gargle)
-Antiseptic
Mechanism of action:
When administered orally, thyme oil is largely eliminated by the
pulmonary alveoli. Hence, concentrated drug effects occur at the
site of disease.
14. Guajava Leaf (Psidium guajava )
أوراقالجوافة
Active Constituents:
Volatile oil (cineol, Limonene, Pinene and
Cadinol).
Flavonoids (Quercetin).
Glycosides (Aircularin and Guaiavein).
Uses:
Expectorant and antiseptic for respiratory tract
and in cough mixtures.
15. Antitussives
The term 'antitussive' is often used to refer to remedies that
depress the cough reflex.
Indications for antitussives:
Non-productive, dry, severe or persistent cough
Nervous cough,
Cough due to external irritation or obstruction
Application: Antitussives are best taken before meals.
Opium poppy
(Papaver somniferum)
Codeine is generally used in the form of the water-soluble
codeine phosphate. Codeine is a typical sedative cough remedy.
Codeine has two actions.
- Depressant effect on the cough center,
- General sedative and analgesic properties.
16. Cough remedies for external use
(inhalation, chest rubs)
The vapors of selected drugs can also be administered by inhalation, a popular method of
therapy.
Chamomile infusions are most commonly used for inhalation.
method: The infusion is prepared by placing a handful of chamomile flowers in a pot and pouring
boiling water onto them. The patient should breathe in the vapors, thereby using a towel draped
over the head and around the pot.
It may also be helpful to add other herbs to enhance the effects of the infusion. e.g. thyme,
eucalyptus oil, camphor, methyl salicylate, peppermint oil and pine oil.
Action: Local antiseptic, secretolytic and expectorant.
17. Preparations:
Rx Chamomile flowers
Thyme herb
Marjoram herb equal parts to make 100.0
1 tablespoon to half a liter of boiling water, for inhalation.
Rx/ Peppermint oil
Dwarf pine oil
Eucalyptus oil in equal parts to make 10.0.
18. Respiratory spasmolytics
Selected herbal drugs can be recommended as adjuncts for use in the intermission
period between attacks e.g. khella (Ammi visnaga), ephedra, belladona, stramonium,
coleus (Coleus forskohlii) and lobelia (Lobelia inflate).
Indications for respiratory spasmolytics:
- Tight, breathless,
- Non-productive cough
- Wheezing and other asthmatic symptoms.
Contraindications for respiratory spasmolytics:
In the case of solanaceous plants: glucoma, urinary retention, paralytic ileus, intestinal
atony and obstruction.
In the case of ephedra:
appetite disorders, glucoma, prescription of MAO-inhibitors.
19. Khella (Ammi visnaga)
Constituents:
Furanochromones such as khellin and visnagin
pyranocoumarins such as visnadin, samidin, and dihydrosamidin.
Action and uses:
- Angina - Renal colics -Bronchodilator
Ephedra
Ephedrine is an indirect sympathomimetic, it stimulates the release of norepinephrine, thereby
causing bronchodilation.
- It relieves the spasm of bronchial muscle that underlies the asthmatic state.
- Allergic conditions of all types also respond well, hayfever
- Decongestant in rhinitis and sinusitis
20. Anticatarrhals
Plant remedies used as anticatarrhals are:
Euphrasia spp, verbascum, Sambucus nigra, Solidago virgaurea, Hydrastis canadensis,
pseudoephedrine and gentian.
Indications for anticatarrhals:
Catarrhal conditions, especially in the upper respiratory tract, sinusitis, otitis media, allergic
rhinitis and other hypersensitivity conditions.
Immunostimulant
Immune-enhancing herbs such as Echinacea, picrorrhiza, black seed (Nigella sativa), astragalus
Elder flowers (Sambucus nigra), Tilia, Linden, Lime blossom , Lime flowers
Elder flowers (Sambucus nigra)
Constituents: Flavonoids, phenolic acids, steroids, and triterpenes.
Action and uses:- Immunostimulant - Anticatarrhals
21. Tilia, Linden, Lime blossom , Lime flowers
Constituents: Flavonoids, tannins, and mucilage.
Action and uses: - Immunostimulant - Smooth muscle relaxant
Vitamin-rich medicinal plants
vitamin C resistance to disease.
Lemon juice is the best known source of vitamin C; it also contains P vitamins, such hesperidin.
This explains why lemon juice was more effective in treating scurvy than pure vitamin C
preparations.
Many plants are rich in vitamin C, especially the Rose hip (Rosa canina).
22. Acute bronchitis
- Immune-enhancing herbs such as Echinacea, picrorrhiza, nigella sativa and astragalus.
- Respiratory antiseptic herbs which also have expectorant or mucolytic properties are
particularly indicated, such as Thymus vulgaris and Allium sativum.
- During the dry, unprotective cough phase, demulcents such as althaea should be prescribed.
- Expectorant herbs, which include Thymus vulgaris, polygala and other saponin-containing
herbs, foeniculum (fennel), pimpinella (aniseed) can be prescribed throughout the course of the
disorder.
- Antitussive herbs especially at night
- Anticatarrhal herbs, especially Verbascum and hydrastis
- Antibiotics are hardly suitable for the treatment of acute bronchitis. In most cases these are, at
least initially, virus infections.
- Mucolytic herbs such as Allium sativum
23. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema
- Bronchial irritation must be avoided. A change in occupation or climate may be necessary.
- Mucus-producing foods such as dairy products and bananas should be reduced.
- Immune-enhancing herbs and respiratory antiseptic herbs
- During the dry, unprotective cough phase, demulcents should be prescribed.
- Expectorant herbs
- Antitussive herbs especially at night
- Anticatarrhal herbs, especially Verbascum and hydrastis
- Inhalation of peppermint and eucalyptus oils
- Bronchodilating herbs such as coleus and lobelia may be helpful. Ephedra should probably be
avoided.
- Anti-inflammatory herbs such as glycyrrhiza may be of value, as well as omega-3 fatty acids (as
found in linseed oil).
- Support for the heart and general circulation with crataegus and ginkgo may be required.
24. Acute and chronic sinusitis
- Immune-enhancing herbs such as Echinacea, picrorrhiza, nigella sativa and astragalus.
- Respiratory antiseptic herbs which also have expectorant or mucolytic properties are
particularly indicated, such as Thymus vulgaris and Allium sativum.
- Inhalation of peppermint and eucalyptus oils
-- Mucolytic herbs such as Allium sativum
-- Anticatarrhal herbs, especially Verbascum and hydrastis