This document discusses rational use of over-the-counter (OTC) medications. It provides examples of common OTC drug categories and explains that rational use means using the appropriate medication, in the proper dose, for the right duration and indication. Irrational or improper use can lead to antimicrobial resistance, adverse reactions, financial costs, and erosion of patient confidence in the healthcare system. Factors contributing to irrational use include lack of knowledge and unethical drug promotion. Improving rational use requires guidelines, education, availability of essential medicines, and eliminating financial incentives for improper prescribing. Several examples of irrational fixed-dose drug combinations are also provided that combine drugs with different mechanisms or indications.
DRUG INFORMATION SERVICE AND DRUG INFORMATION BULLETINSHIVANEE VYAS
"Drug information center is one of the departments of the hospital and gives the recent knowledge and information about the medical, pharmacy field at any time to the physicians, staff of the hospital and to the citizens”.
This document provides information on establishing and operating a community pharmacy. It defines a community pharmacy as privately owned establishments that serve a society's drug needs. Key aspects covered include selecting an accessible site, designing an ideal layout, meeting legal requirements for licensing and record keeping, properly dispensing medications, and maintaining appropriate patient, legal, and financial records. The goal is to provide convenient pharmaceutical services and products to customers while complying with regulations.
Drug Information Services, Drug information Sources, Illegal DIC, Drug Information Bulletin, Classification of scientific literature, services offered bu drug information services
Patient counseling by pharmacists involves providing patients with information about their medications and conditions to ensure safe and effective use. During counseling, the pharmacist assesses the patient's understanding, provides individualized advice, and aims to improve adherence, health outcomes, and quality of life. The counseling process involves preparing, opening the session, discussing the medication and treatment plan, and closing by checking the patient's understanding. The goal is to educate patients and empower them to better manage their health.
The document discusses clinical pharmacy and its status in Bangladesh. It defines clinical pharmacy as dealing with patient care and advising on safe drug use. In Bangladesh, clinical pharmacy services are still in early stages of development compared to other countries. The pharmacy education focuses more on industrial practices rather than patient care. There is a lack of clinical training and roles for pharmacists in patient care settings. The goals of clinical pharmacy are outlined as maximizing treatment effects, minimizing adverse events, and minimizing costs of treatment.
This document discusses rational use of over-the-counter (OTC) medications. It provides examples of common OTC drug categories and explains that rational use means using the appropriate medication, in the proper dose, for the right duration and indication. Irrational or improper use can lead to antimicrobial resistance, adverse reactions, financial costs, and erosion of patient confidence in the healthcare system. Factors contributing to irrational use include lack of knowledge and unethical drug promotion. Improving rational use requires guidelines, education, availability of essential medicines, and eliminating financial incentives for improper prescribing. Several examples of irrational fixed-dose drug combinations are also provided that combine drugs with different mechanisms or indications.
DRUG INFORMATION SERVICE AND DRUG INFORMATION BULLETINSHIVANEE VYAS
"Drug information center is one of the departments of the hospital and gives the recent knowledge and information about the medical, pharmacy field at any time to the physicians, staff of the hospital and to the citizens”.
This document provides information on establishing and operating a community pharmacy. It defines a community pharmacy as privately owned establishments that serve a society's drug needs. Key aspects covered include selecting an accessible site, designing an ideal layout, meeting legal requirements for licensing and record keeping, properly dispensing medications, and maintaining appropriate patient, legal, and financial records. The goal is to provide convenient pharmaceutical services and products to customers while complying with regulations.
Drug Information Services, Drug information Sources, Illegal DIC, Drug Information Bulletin, Classification of scientific literature, services offered bu drug information services
Patient counseling by pharmacists involves providing patients with information about their medications and conditions to ensure safe and effective use. During counseling, the pharmacist assesses the patient's understanding, provides individualized advice, and aims to improve adherence, health outcomes, and quality of life. The counseling process involves preparing, opening the session, discussing the medication and treatment plan, and closing by checking the patient's understanding. The goal is to educate patients and empower them to better manage their health.
The document discusses clinical pharmacy and its status in Bangladesh. It defines clinical pharmacy as dealing with patient care and advising on safe drug use. In Bangladesh, clinical pharmacy services are still in early stages of development compared to other countries. The pharmacy education focuses more on industrial practices rather than patient care. There is a lack of clinical training and roles for pharmacists in patient care settings. The goals of clinical pharmacy are outlined as maximizing treatment effects, minimizing adverse events, and minimizing costs of treatment.
Function of community pharmacy, Organization and structure of retail and wholesale drug store, Legal requirement for establishment, Maintenance of records
The document discusses various aspects of managing a community pharmacy, including financial management, material management, staff management, and infrastructure requirements. It outlines the purposes of finance for a pharmacy and different sources of funding. Material management involves procurement, stock maintenance, and coding/classification of medicines. Staff management includes the hiring and development of personnel. Infrastructure requirements that are discussed include selecting an appropriate location, premises layout, necessary furniture/fixtures, equipment, and regulatory requirements.
Community Pharmacy
Organization and structure of retail and wholesale drug store, types and design, Legal requirements for establishment and maintenance of a drug store, Dispensing of proprietary products, maintenance of records of retail
and wholesale drug store
Clinical Pharmacokinetics-II [dosing of drugs, tdm]BADAR UDDIN UMAR
This document discusses key pharmacokinetic concepts related to drug dosing and monitoring. It defines terms like effective dose, median effective dose, lethal dose, median lethal dose, initial loading dose, and maintenance dose. It also covers therapeutic index, therapeutic window, and the principles of therapeutic drug monitoring. The goal is to explain dosing schedules based on pharmacokinetic principles and the clinical significance of therapeutic drug monitoring.
Ocuserts are solid or semisolid ocular inserts designed for ophthalmic drug delivery. They deliver drugs at a constant rate via diffusion and increase corneal contact time to prolong drug effects. This improves bioavailability and reduces dosing frequency. Ocuserts consist of a central drug reservoir, rate-controlling membrane, and outer ring. They are classified as insoluble, soluble, or bioerodible inserts depending on their composition. Insoluble inserts include diffusional and osmotic inserts that control drug release via membranes. Soluble inserts are natural or synthetic polymers that diffuse drug. Bioerodible inserts modulate drug release during erosion.
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pharmacy, functions and
responsibilities of clinical pharmacist, Drug therapy monitoring - medication chart
review, clinical review
This document defines and outlines the functions and objectives of a hospital pharmacy. It discusses that a hospital pharmacy deals with procurement, storage, compounding, dispensing, manufacturing, testing, packaging and distribution of drugs under the control of a qualified pharmacist. The key functions of a hospital pharmacy include purchasing and inventory control, dispensing, manufacturing, teaching and providing drug information. The objectives are to ensure availability of correct medications at low cost and participate in research and education. It also discusses the location, layout, personnel, space and equipment requirements for an effective hospital pharmacy.
1. The document discusses good pharmacy practice (GPP) in India, which aims to optimize patient care through appropriate medication use.
2. Key aspects of GPP include supplying quality medications, providing patients with information and advice, monitoring medication effects, and promoting rational prescribing and use.
3. The roles of pharmacists in GPP are to prepare, obtain, store, distribute, administer, dispense, and dispose of medications properly, provide medication therapy management, maintain professional competency, and contribute to healthcare system effectiveness.
The document defines hospital pharmacy and outlines its key functions, objectives, layout, personnel requirements, and the abilities required of hospital pharmacists. Specifically, it notes that hospital pharmacy deals with procurement, storage, manufacturing, testing, and distribution of drugs under the control of a qualified pharmacist. It is also concerned with education and research. The personnel and space requirements increase based on the number of beds. Hospital pharmacists require knowledge of basic sciences and the ability to manage manufacturing, administration, research, and teaching programs.
Barriers of patient counseling in a community pharmacy and Strategies to over...MerrinJoseph1
Second Pharm -D , Patient Counseling Barriers and Strategies to overcome the barriers-pharmacist specific barriers,patient specific barrires and system based barriers and how to overcome the barriers for effective patient counseling in a community pharmacy.
The document discusses hospital formularies, which are lists of approved medications used in hospitals. A hospital formulary is developed and revised by the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee to reflect the current views of medical staff. It includes generic drugs when possible to help control costs. The formulary provides essential information on approved medications to guide doctors' prescribing and aid rational drug use. It undergoes annual revisions to add new drugs and remove outdated ones.
COMMUNITY PHARMACY AND MANAGEMENT – CHAPTER -1................... (1).pptSumit Tiwari
This document discusses the history and development of community pharmacy practice in India. It begins by defining community pharmacy practice as any place supervised by a pharmacist where pharmacy services are provided to the public. It then discusses how the role of pharmacists has expanded from primarily dispensing medications to providing more direct patient care services. The document also outlines some issues with the profession in India such as a lack of job opportunities and salaries that are too low. It suggests reforms such as recognizing pharmacists as healthcare team members in primary care settings and improving pharmacy education standards.
This document outlines a code of ethics for community pharmacists. It contains 8 principles to guide pharmacists in their relationships and responsibilities. The principles establish that pharmacists must respect patients, provide competent care, maintain confidentiality, collaborate with other healthcare professionals, and ensure continuity of care. The code is intended to clarify moral obligations and define standards of professional conduct that exceed legal minimums. It serves to educate, provide self-evaluation, and establish expectations for pharmacy practice.
The Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee (PTC) is responsible for establishing drug policies and formularies for hospitals. The PTC frames guidelines for drug selection, use, and monitoring. It aims to promote rational drug use and ensure drug safety. The PTC is composed of physicians, pharmacists, nurses and administrators. It meets regularly to review new drugs, adverse drug reactions, educational programs, and other drug-related issues. The PTC advises the hospital on drug policies and procedures to optimize patient care and safety.
This document discusses ion exchange resins and their applications in drug delivery and therapeutics. It begins by introducing ion exchange resins as insoluble polymers that can exchange counter-ions via electrostatic adsorption. It then covers the chemistry, classification into cation and anion exchangers, properties including cross-linking and capacity, and various formulation applications such as taste masking, dissolution enhancement, and stability improvement. Finally, it discusses drug delivery applications of ion exchange resins for oral, nasal, and transdermal delivery as well as ophthalmic formulations, highlighting examples of sustained release and pulsatile delivery profiles achieved.
Pharmacy and therapeutic committee, PTC, Organization of PTC, Functions of PTC, Automatic stop order, Emergency drug list, ADR and safety monitoring, Role of Pharmacy and therapeutic committee
This document discusses drug use in special situations including geriatric, pediatric, and pregnancy/lactation. For geriatric drug therapy, it notes that the elderly use more medications due to more disease symptoms and that aging affects drug pharmacokinetics through changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. For pediatric drug therapy, it describes the developmental changes that influence drug response in infants and children. For drugs in pregnancy and lactation, it emphasizes avoiding non-essential drugs during pregnancy due to risks to the fetus, and that some drugs can pass through the placenta as a potential teratogen.
The document discusses Indian regulatory requirements for drugs, including the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) which regulates drugs, cosmetics, diagnostics and devices in India. CDSCO is headed by the Drug Controller General of India and oversees functions like new drug approval, clinical trials, good manufacturing practices, and state licensing. It provides an overview of the application and approval process for new drugs in India.
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy Practice.pptxSHIVANEE VYAS
Clinical pharmacy is a branch of hospital pharmacy that deals with various aspects of patient care, including the dispensing of drugs and advising the patient on the safe and rational use of those drugs.
The Myanmar Essential Medicines Project aims to ensure regular access to safe, effective, and affordable essential medicines. It was started in 1988 and has now covered all townships. Major activities include building human resource capacity, reviewing treatment guidelines, and integrating essential medicines concepts into university curricula. Future plans include further education and promoting rational medicine use. Essential medicines are those that meet a population's priority healthcare needs and should be continuously available at a cost people can afford. The concepts of essential medicines focus on access, quality, and rational medicine use.
The document discusses the evolution of the pharmacist's role from product-focused to patient-centered. It traces the shift from traditional compounding to a focus on clinical services, patient outcomes, and pharmaceutical care. The modern pharmacist promotes safe and effective medication use through activities like medication management, reviewing orders, educating patients, and monitoring treatment responses. The goals of pharmaceutical care are to ensure patients receive effective, safe, and economic drug therapy that improves quality of life by identifying and resolving drug-related issues.
Function of community pharmacy, Organization and structure of retail and wholesale drug store, Legal requirement for establishment, Maintenance of records
The document discusses various aspects of managing a community pharmacy, including financial management, material management, staff management, and infrastructure requirements. It outlines the purposes of finance for a pharmacy and different sources of funding. Material management involves procurement, stock maintenance, and coding/classification of medicines. Staff management includes the hiring and development of personnel. Infrastructure requirements that are discussed include selecting an appropriate location, premises layout, necessary furniture/fixtures, equipment, and regulatory requirements.
Community Pharmacy
Organization and structure of retail and wholesale drug store, types and design, Legal requirements for establishment and maintenance of a drug store, Dispensing of proprietary products, maintenance of records of retail
and wholesale drug store
Clinical Pharmacokinetics-II [dosing of drugs, tdm]BADAR UDDIN UMAR
This document discusses key pharmacokinetic concepts related to drug dosing and monitoring. It defines terms like effective dose, median effective dose, lethal dose, median lethal dose, initial loading dose, and maintenance dose. It also covers therapeutic index, therapeutic window, and the principles of therapeutic drug monitoring. The goal is to explain dosing schedules based on pharmacokinetic principles and the clinical significance of therapeutic drug monitoring.
Ocuserts are solid or semisolid ocular inserts designed for ophthalmic drug delivery. They deliver drugs at a constant rate via diffusion and increase corneal contact time to prolong drug effects. This improves bioavailability and reduces dosing frequency. Ocuserts consist of a central drug reservoir, rate-controlling membrane, and outer ring. They are classified as insoluble, soluble, or bioerodible inserts depending on their composition. Insoluble inserts include diffusional and osmotic inserts that control drug release via membranes. Soluble inserts are natural or synthetic polymers that diffuse drug. Bioerodible inserts modulate drug release during erosion.
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pharmacy, functions and
responsibilities of clinical pharmacist, Drug therapy monitoring - medication chart
review, clinical review
This document defines and outlines the functions and objectives of a hospital pharmacy. It discusses that a hospital pharmacy deals with procurement, storage, compounding, dispensing, manufacturing, testing, packaging and distribution of drugs under the control of a qualified pharmacist. The key functions of a hospital pharmacy include purchasing and inventory control, dispensing, manufacturing, teaching and providing drug information. The objectives are to ensure availability of correct medications at low cost and participate in research and education. It also discusses the location, layout, personnel, space and equipment requirements for an effective hospital pharmacy.
1. The document discusses good pharmacy practice (GPP) in India, which aims to optimize patient care through appropriate medication use.
2. Key aspects of GPP include supplying quality medications, providing patients with information and advice, monitoring medication effects, and promoting rational prescribing and use.
3. The roles of pharmacists in GPP are to prepare, obtain, store, distribute, administer, dispense, and dispose of medications properly, provide medication therapy management, maintain professional competency, and contribute to healthcare system effectiveness.
The document defines hospital pharmacy and outlines its key functions, objectives, layout, personnel requirements, and the abilities required of hospital pharmacists. Specifically, it notes that hospital pharmacy deals with procurement, storage, manufacturing, testing, and distribution of drugs under the control of a qualified pharmacist. It is also concerned with education and research. The personnel and space requirements increase based on the number of beds. Hospital pharmacists require knowledge of basic sciences and the ability to manage manufacturing, administration, research, and teaching programs.
Barriers of patient counseling in a community pharmacy and Strategies to over...MerrinJoseph1
Second Pharm -D , Patient Counseling Barriers and Strategies to overcome the barriers-pharmacist specific barriers,patient specific barrires and system based barriers and how to overcome the barriers for effective patient counseling in a community pharmacy.
The document discusses hospital formularies, which are lists of approved medications used in hospitals. A hospital formulary is developed and revised by the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee to reflect the current views of medical staff. It includes generic drugs when possible to help control costs. The formulary provides essential information on approved medications to guide doctors' prescribing and aid rational drug use. It undergoes annual revisions to add new drugs and remove outdated ones.
COMMUNITY PHARMACY AND MANAGEMENT – CHAPTER -1................... (1).pptSumit Tiwari
This document discusses the history and development of community pharmacy practice in India. It begins by defining community pharmacy practice as any place supervised by a pharmacist where pharmacy services are provided to the public. It then discusses how the role of pharmacists has expanded from primarily dispensing medications to providing more direct patient care services. The document also outlines some issues with the profession in India such as a lack of job opportunities and salaries that are too low. It suggests reforms such as recognizing pharmacists as healthcare team members in primary care settings and improving pharmacy education standards.
This document outlines a code of ethics for community pharmacists. It contains 8 principles to guide pharmacists in their relationships and responsibilities. The principles establish that pharmacists must respect patients, provide competent care, maintain confidentiality, collaborate with other healthcare professionals, and ensure continuity of care. The code is intended to clarify moral obligations and define standards of professional conduct that exceed legal minimums. It serves to educate, provide self-evaluation, and establish expectations for pharmacy practice.
The Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee (PTC) is responsible for establishing drug policies and formularies for hospitals. The PTC frames guidelines for drug selection, use, and monitoring. It aims to promote rational drug use and ensure drug safety. The PTC is composed of physicians, pharmacists, nurses and administrators. It meets regularly to review new drugs, adverse drug reactions, educational programs, and other drug-related issues. The PTC advises the hospital on drug policies and procedures to optimize patient care and safety.
This document discusses ion exchange resins and their applications in drug delivery and therapeutics. It begins by introducing ion exchange resins as insoluble polymers that can exchange counter-ions via electrostatic adsorption. It then covers the chemistry, classification into cation and anion exchangers, properties including cross-linking and capacity, and various formulation applications such as taste masking, dissolution enhancement, and stability improvement. Finally, it discusses drug delivery applications of ion exchange resins for oral, nasal, and transdermal delivery as well as ophthalmic formulations, highlighting examples of sustained release and pulsatile delivery profiles achieved.
Pharmacy and therapeutic committee, PTC, Organization of PTC, Functions of PTC, Automatic stop order, Emergency drug list, ADR and safety monitoring, Role of Pharmacy and therapeutic committee
This document discusses drug use in special situations including geriatric, pediatric, and pregnancy/lactation. For geriatric drug therapy, it notes that the elderly use more medications due to more disease symptoms and that aging affects drug pharmacokinetics through changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. For pediatric drug therapy, it describes the developmental changes that influence drug response in infants and children. For drugs in pregnancy and lactation, it emphasizes avoiding non-essential drugs during pregnancy due to risks to the fetus, and that some drugs can pass through the placenta as a potential teratogen.
The document discusses Indian regulatory requirements for drugs, including the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) which regulates drugs, cosmetics, diagnostics and devices in India. CDSCO is headed by the Drug Controller General of India and oversees functions like new drug approval, clinical trials, good manufacturing practices, and state licensing. It provides an overview of the application and approval process for new drugs in India.
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy Practice.pptxSHIVANEE VYAS
Clinical pharmacy is a branch of hospital pharmacy that deals with various aspects of patient care, including the dispensing of drugs and advising the patient on the safe and rational use of those drugs.
The Myanmar Essential Medicines Project aims to ensure regular access to safe, effective, and affordable essential medicines. It was started in 1988 and has now covered all townships. Major activities include building human resource capacity, reviewing treatment guidelines, and integrating essential medicines concepts into university curricula. Future plans include further education and promoting rational medicine use. Essential medicines are those that meet a population's priority healthcare needs and should be continuously available at a cost people can afford. The concepts of essential medicines focus on access, quality, and rational medicine use.
The document discusses the evolution of the pharmacist's role from product-focused to patient-centered. It traces the shift from traditional compounding to a focus on clinical services, patient outcomes, and pharmaceutical care. The modern pharmacist promotes safe and effective medication use through activities like medication management, reviewing orders, educating patients, and monitoring treatment responses. The goals of pharmaceutical care are to ensure patients receive effective, safe, and economic drug therapy that improves quality of life by identifying and resolving drug-related issues.
Clinical pharmacy is defined as a health specialty that promotes safe and effective medication use through the provision of patient care services. [SENTENCE 2] The concept of clinical pharmacy emerged in the 1960s in response to drug-related issues like the thalidomide tragedy and phenytoin toxicity. [SENTENCE 3] Over subsequent decades, the need for clinical pharmacy services was further recognized due to issues like poor health outcomes from drug misuse, antibiotic resistance, and adverse drug reactions.
Pharmacy Orientation Gp B Evening Batch 2021Tehmina Adnan
a. Introduction and orientation to the Profession of Pharmacy in relation to Hospital Pharmacy, Retail Pharmacy, Industrial Pharmacy, Forensic Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical education and research etc
The document discusses Quality Use of Medicines (QUM) in Australia. It defines QUM as selecting management options wisely, choosing suitable medicines if needed and using medicines safely and effectively. The key principles of QUM are the primacy of consumers, partnership, consultative and collaborative activities, supporting existing activity, and systems-based approaches. Key partners in QUM include consumers, healthcare providers, educators, facilities, industries, media, funders and governments. The building blocks that support QUM are policy development, coordination, information provision, education and training, services, and research. Evaluation of QUM occurs at the community, institutional and national levels.
The document summarizes feedback from experts on the Canadian government's discussion guide for a national strategy on drugs for rare diseases.
Key critiques included that the proposed vision and principles were vague and meaningless, and that the four strategic pillars lacked specificity and commitment to concrete actions and goals. Experts argued the strategy needs bolder commitments to rapid access to the best treatments comparable to other countries. They also said data collection efforts should build on existing systems rather than propose new ones, and that assessing "value for money" could undermine the goal of optimal patient outcomes if not grounded in patient-centered principles.
2. Minimum Standard for Hospital Pharmacy_ASHP_2022-2023.pptxssuserca7d2c
I’m going back in a minute I need a little more help I have a couple things I have a question about for the next two days and then I’m not going back in for a little while I need help I have a little more money to pay my my mom has to go back in the house so I’m going back in to the hospital so I’m going back to my room so I’m going back home to do my homework
National Health Policy Introduction, NHP 1983, NHP 2000, NHP 2002, NHP 2017, Seven Priority areas, Sustainable Developmental (SDGs), Public and Private health system in India, National Health Mission (NHM),Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), International Pharmaceutical Federation Development Goal (FIP),
Health policy and national drug policyCMH hospital
This document outlines the key elements of a national health policy, including improving health status, access to services, reducing disparities, and strengthening the health system. It discusses objectives like health education, disease prevention, control of communicable diseases, health services programs, and health research. The policy aims to define a vision, priorities, and roles to achieve health goals through decisions and plans. It emphasizes making essential health services and information accessible to all citizens.
Clinical pharmacy involves the science and practice of rational medication use to optimize patient outcomes. It focuses on direct patient care activities like medication management, patient education, and monitoring. The clinical pharmacist aims to ensure safety and effectiveness of drug therapy through activities like reviewing medications, addressing non-adherence, identifying drug interactions, and providing counseling. Clinical pharmacists practice in various settings like hospitals, ambulatory clinics, and retail pharmacies.
The Survivor community can learn more about the state of the art in new tests available in cancer centres, which pinpoint specific types of tumours that will respond best to treatments.
The document discusses drug supply management and explains key concepts such as:
1) The drug management cycle includes selection, quantification, procurement, distribution and use of drugs. Accurate quantification is important to avoid shortages or overstock.
2) The essential medicines concept focuses on a limited selection of carefully chosen medicines to improve health outcomes and reduce costs.
3) Drug quantification methods include consumption-based, morbidity-based, and proxy consumption approaches. Consumption is preferred when data is reliable.
Theme of Pharmacist Day 2021 - Trust building process in patients at hospitals and community pharmacies. It briefly explain the education and skills of pharmacists in healthcare. It may useful for practicing pharmacists with D Pharm , B Pharm and Pharm D .
Essential drug concept and rational use of medicinesPravin Prasad
This document discusses the essential medicine concept and rational use of medicines. It defines essential medicines as those that meet the health needs of a population based on effectiveness, safety, and cost. Essential medicine lists include generic drug names, dosage forms, strengths, and indications. Irrational medicine use can lead to ineffective or unsafe treatment, increased costs and resistance. Rational use means using medicines appropriately for each patient's needs in terms of drug choice, dosage, duration, and cost. The document outlines various educational, managerial, regulatory and economic strategies to promote rational medicine use.
National Health Policy of Nepal 2076 (ENGLISH)BPKIHS
The National Health Policy of Nepal-2076 outlines the country's vision, mission, goals, and policies for health. Its key points are:
The vision is for aware and healthy citizens. The mission is to ensure citizens' right to health through optimal resource use and cooperation. Goals include creating opportunities for all citizens to access health. There are 25 policy areas with over 100 strategies to restructure the health system according to the federal system and ensure universal health coverage through various programs and services. The policy addresses issues like non-communicable diseases, health workforce and services, and takes a more integrated approach than previous policies.
This document provides information on essential medicines including goals, objectives, and key concepts. It discusses essential drug lists, quantification methods, procurement, storage, stock control, drug revolving funds, and identification of fake medicines. The objectives are to equip students to manage essential medicines and drug revolving funds. Quantification involves determining drug quantities needed based on health problems. Procurement, storage, and stock control are also reviewed.
The Future of Pharma Industry Trends and Innovations.pptxMediwinpharma
Dive into the world of the pharmaceutical industry to understand its nuances, trends, and key players. Learn about its significance, challenges, and future prospects.
This presentation discusses innovative solutions to improving access to orphan drugs outside of Canada and examines their potential implications for Canada. It summarizes key developments in the US and Europe, including natural history studies, new approval pathways focusing on surrogate endpoints, value demonstration programs, reference networks, early dialogues, and proposals for cross-country price negotiations. The presentation concludes that Canada is at an inflection point and could consider a new, more flexible model incorporating value demonstration across the product lifecycle, real-world evidence generation, iterative approvals, and pan-Canadian decision-making for products treating small populations.
Corticosteroids are adrenocortical hormones produced by the adrenal cortex and controlled by ACTH from the pituitary gland. They are classified as glucocorticoids like cortisol and mineralocorticoids like aldosterone. Glucocorticoids such as cortisol have metabolic, cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory and other effects but also side effects like weight gain and osteoporosis. They are used to treat allergic, eye and skin disorders. Mineralocorticoids regulate water and electrolyte balance by increasing sodium reabsorption and are used to treat Addison's disease.
Sex hormones and oral contraceptive [autosaved]Sujit Karpe
This document discusses female and male sex hormones as well as oral contraceptives. It describes the natural and synthetic forms of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, their functions, therapeutic uses, and preparations. It then explains how oral contraceptives work by inhibiting ovulation and changes in the reproductive system. Different types of oral contraceptives are classified and their administration, uses, side effects, contraindications, and drug interactions are outlined.
This document discusses fungal infections and antifungal agents. It describes three types of fungal infections: dermatophytic infections affecting the skin, hair, and nails; systemic infections that are chronic and difficult to diagnose, caused by organisms such as Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, and Blastomyces; and candidal infections caused by Candida albicans. Antifungal agents are substances that kill or inhibit the growth of fungi causing these infections. Ideal properties of antifungal agents include being fungicidal, non-irritating to skin, and able to penetrate hair, nails, and skin layers. Specific antifungal agents discussed include griseofulvin effective against dermatophytic infections;
This document discusses viruses and antiviral agents. It defines viruses and their characteristics. Antiviral agents are drugs used to treat viral infections. They are classified into four categories: 1) compounds interfering with nucleic acid synthesis like idoxuridine, 2) thiosemicarbazones like methisazone, 3) natural substances like interferon, and 4) miscellaneous agents like amantidine. Idoxuridine is a thymidine analog used to treat herpetic ulcers but is toxic. Amantidine inhibits influenza and interferons stop viral replication. Immunoglobulins from plasma can prevent some viral infections if given during incubation periods.
The document discusses chemotherapy for parasitic diseases. It describes helminthiasis as a disease caused by worm infestation, listing the three main types of worms. Symptoms of helminthiasis include GI issues, nutritional deficiencies, blood loss, and skin reactions. Diagnosis involves examining stool, urine, blood, sputum or tissue samples for worms. The document outlines different classes of anthelmintic drugs used to eliminate parasitic worms, including vermifuges that paralyze worms and vermicides that kill them. It provides details on commonly used anthelmintics like piperazine, mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate, and tetramisole, describing their mechanisms of action
Local anesthetics are drugs that cause reversible loss of sensation in a localized area of the body when applied to nerve tissues or mucous membranes. They work by reversibly blocking sodium ion channels, preventing the generation and conduction of nerve impulses. Common local anesthetics include lidocaine, bupivacaine, benzocaine, and procaine. They are classified based on their chemistry (ester or amide linkage) and duration of action. Local anesthetics can be administered via various techniques like infiltration, nerve block, spinal block, for procedures, surgeries and pain management in a localized region of the body.
CNS stimulants act on the central nervous system to increase alertness, reduce fatigue, and elevate mood. They can stimulate the cerebral cortex, medulla, and spinal cord. Common stimulants include xanthine alkaloids like caffeine, which increase mental and physical performance, and amphetamines, which are used to treat narcolepsy and obesity but can cause side effects like palpitations and restlessness. Other stimulants like nikethamide act on the medulla to stimulate respiration, while strychnine acts on the spinal cord and is not used therapeutically but was historically studied for its convulsant properties.
This document discusses Parkinsonism and drugs used to treat it. Parkinsonism is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, resulting in a dopamine deficiency and overactivity of acetylcholine in the basal ganglia and substantia nigra regions of the brain. The main symptoms include tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and excessive sweating. The goal of treatment is to increase dopamine or block acetylcholine. Levodopa is commonly used as it converts to dopamine in the brain, while bromocryptine and amantidine stimulate dopamine receptors or inhibit reuptake. Benztropine is an anticholinergic that helps correct the neurotransmitter imbalance causing Parkinson
Centrally acting muscle relaxants work in the central nervous system to reduce muscle tone and involuntary movements without affecting consciousness or voluntary movement. They are useful for relieving muscle spasms associated with conditions like tetanus, strychnine poisoning, and various spastic disorders. Common centrally acting muscle relaxants include mephenesin, methacarbamol, and chlorsoxazone. These drugs provide relief from muscle spasms and tremors through their sedative effects in the central nervous system. Common side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, and nausea.
Define sleep, amnesia, analgesia, general anesthesia
List different phases/planes of GA
Classify the agents used for general anesthesia
Describe the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutics and adverse effects and drug interactions of different anesthetic drugs
This document discusses various autacoids, including histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes. It provides details on their classification, synthesis, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, clinical uses, and antagonists. Histamine and serotonin are classified as amine autacoids derived from amino acids and act as inflammatory mediators. Prostaglandins and thromboxanes are eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid that play important roles in inflammation and platelet aggregation. The document outlines the physiological roles and clinical applications of agonists and antagonists that target histamine, serotonin, and prostaglandin receptors.
drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system.ppt [autosaved] [autosaved]Sujit Karpe
This document provides an overview of the autonomic nervous system and discusses various adrenergic and cholinergic drugs. It defines the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and describes how adrenergic drugs stimulate the sympathetic system while cholinergic drugs stimulate the parasympathetic system. It then discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, effects and uses of various adrenergic and cholinergic drugs including catecholamines, alpha and beta receptor agonists and antagonists, anticholinesterases and direct acting cholinergic drugs. It also touches on myasthenia gravis and organophosphorus poisoning.
1. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, requires treatment to prevent damage to blood vessels and organs like the heart, brain and kidneys.
2. There are several classes of antihypertensive agents that work through different mechanisms such as reducing sympathetic nervous system activity, blocking adrenoreceptors, vasodilation, and inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system.
3. Common antihypertensive drug classes discussed include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and vasodilators. The appropriate treatment is selected based on the severity of the patient's high blood pressure.
This document discusses the classification and mechanisms of action of various antianginal drugs used to treat ischemia (angina pectoris) including organic nitrates like nitroglycerine, beta blockers like propranolol, and calcium channel blockers like nifedipine. Organic nitrates work by directly relaxing smooth muscles and dilating blood vessels to reduce oxygen demands. Beta blockers block beta receptors in the heart to reduce heart rate, contractility and oxygen demands. Calcium channel blockers block the entry of calcium into myocardial and vascular muscles to decrease contractility and cardiac work.
This document discusses antiarrhythmic agents and their mechanisms and classifications. It begins by describing the normal cardiac conduction pathway and different types of arrhythmias including their causes. Antiarrhythmic drugs are classified into four classes based on their effects on the cardiac action potential and ion channels. Class I drugs block fast sodium channels, class II are beta blockers, class III block potassium channels, and class IV block calcium channels. Examples from each class like quinidine, propranolol, amiodarone, and verapamil are described in more detail regarding their mechanisms and uses.
Congestive cardiac failure and CardiotonicsSujit Karpe
This document discusses congestive heart failure and cardiotonics. It begins by defining heart failure and its causes. It then focuses on congestive heart failure, symptoms, and compensatory physiological responses. The aim of treatment is to reduce cardiac workload, relieve pulmonary congestion, and increase contractility. Cardiotonics, also called cardiac glycosides, are discussed as a treatment option. Digitalis is a cardiotonic that increases cardiac output and strength of contraction through inhibition of sodium-potassium ATPase pumps. Side effects and interactions are also summarized.
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Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
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Our backs are like superheroes, holding us up and helping us move around. But sometimes, even superheroes can get hurt. That’s where slip discs come in.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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2. Content Layout
• Who is Pharmacist?
• Distribution and dispensing of medication
• Primary and community healthcare
• Law and regulation of medication
• Action and direction
• Helping healthcare
• Support and educate
• Manufacturing of quality Medicine
• Research and Innovation
2 10/27/2018 Content Layout
3. Who is pharmacist?
• Pharmacists are health professionals who is focusing on safe and
effective use of medicine.
• Pharmacists are medicine experts that promote medication awareness
amongst consumers and health care.
3 10/27/2018 Who is pharmacist?
5. Distribution and dispensing of medication
• Manage minor aliments like cough, cold and gastric comfort.
• Manage inventory to ensure continuous supply of medicine.
• Ensuring that the right medication at right dose at right time are dispensed to
the patient.
• Fills your prescription.
5 10/27/2018 Distribution and dispensing of medication
Distribution Dispensing
6. Marketing
• Your medication distributor
• Introduce and educate healthcare providers about new treatment
options
• Act as important channel of distribution from pharmaceutical industries
to end user
6 10/27/2018 Marketing
7. Providing Primary and community healthcare
• Primary healthcare (PHC) refers to "essential health care", which make
universal health care accessible to all individuals and families in a
community.
Elements of Primary Health Care
• Education on health problems and how to prevent and control them.
• Maternal and child healthcare, including family planning.
• Basic sanitation.
• Immunization against major infectious diseases.
• Local endemic diseases control.
• Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries.
• Provision of essential basic medication.
7 10/27/2018 Providing Primary and community healthcare
8. Providing Primary and community healthcare
• Community Health Centers (CHCs) are private, non-profit entities that deliver
health care services based on consumer influence and participation.
Role of community healthcare
• Creating connections between vulnerable populations and healthcare systems
• Educating health system providers about community health needs
• Providing health education on topics related to chronic disease prevention,
physical activity and nutrition
• Advocating for underserved individuals to receive appropriate services
• Policy making
• Providing informal counseling, health screenings, and referrals
• Building capacity to address health issues
8 10/27/2018 Providing Primary and community healthcare
9. Providing Primary and community healthcare
• Facilitating public health campaign of government in local communities such
as
• WorldTB Day, 24 March
• World Health Day, 7 April
• World ImmunizationWeek, last week of April
• World Malaria Day, 25 April
• World NoTobacco Day, 31 May
• World Blood Donor Day, 14 June
• World Hepatitis Day, 28 July
• World AIDS Day, 1 December
9 10/27/2018 Providing Primary and community healthcare
10. Enforcing law and regulation
• Formulate and implement healthcare policies / regulation.
• Prepares new drug application to enable timely access safe, efficacious and high
quality medicine.
• Regulating the manufacturing, distribution, sale and import of medicines and
medical device
10 10/27/2018 Enforcing law and regulation
11. Enforcing law and regulation
11 10/27/2018 Enforcing law and regulation
12. Helping healthcare
• Support the healthcare professional
• Community pharmacists are the health professionals most accessible to
the public.
• Professional activities also cover counselling of patients at the time of
dispensing of prescription and non-prescription drugs
• Drug information to health professionals, patients and the general
public.
• Participation in health-promotion programmes.
12 10/27/2018 Helping healthcare
19. Support and Educate
• Play pivotal role in educating future generations of pharmacists.
• Engaging in research activities
19 10/27/2018 Support and Educate
20. Manufacturing of quality Medicine
• Manufacturing of quality
Medicine by using the
latest technologies so as
to lower the cost of
medicine.
20 10/27/2018 Manufacturing of quality Medicine
21. Manufacturing of quality Medicine
• Manufacture of a medicine involves many stages from chemical synthesis
of the drug substance, compounding into suitable dosage form, in process
and final step quality control, quality assurance, packaging, labelling and
distribution.
• Pharmacist provide specialist technical support to development and clinical
manufacturing.
• Quality assurance, including Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), is vital at
all stages and the Pharmacist is very relevant to this area.
• Approved Pharmacist is responsible for approving every batch of medicine
before it may be released to the market.
• The approved pharmacist is frequently the key connection between the
company and the regulatory aspects.
21 10/27/2018 Manufacturing of quality Medicine
22. Research and Innovation
• Discovering and developing new drug and device
• Discovery
• Typically, researchers discover new drugs through:
a) New insights into a disease process
b) Many tests of molecular compounds to find possible beneficial effects
against any of a large number of diseases. (Combinatorial chemistry)
c) Existing treatments that have surprising effects.
d) New technologies, to target specific sites or to manipulate genetic
material.
• At this stage in the process, thousands of compounds may be potential
candidates for development as a medical treatment after early testing,
• However, only a small number of compounds look promising and call for
further study.
22 10/27/2018 Research and Innovation
23. Research and Innovation
• Development
• Once researchers identify a promising compound for development, they
conduct experiments to gather information on:
• Pharmacokinetic profile
• Pharmacodynamic profile
• Best and suitable dosage form
• Best Route of administration.
• Toxicological profile
• Clinical trial
• Drug interaction
• Advantages of new drug over current drugs in market
23 10/27/2018 Research and Innovation
25. Research and Innovation
• Innovation
25 10/27/2018 Research and Innovation
Novel drug delivery device to treat
diabetes related vision loss
Nanotechnology based novel drug delivery
system
26. Research and Innovation
• Innovation
26 10/27/2018 Research and Innovation
Portable medical device to detect and
prevent cervical cancer in women
SMD - Medical device
to prevent DVT
Cardio MEMS heart failure monitoring
system
28. Conclusion
• The extensive expertise that pharmacists have are put to use every day to
ensure better patient health.
• This expertise is applied through science and research, through educating
the next generation, and through transforming patient needs into services.
• Pharmacists ensure that the right medicine is provided at the right dose
and in the most suitable formulation.
• Pharmacists work with other healthcare professionals to ensure that every
individual receives optimal treatment.
• More over, as one of the most accessible health care professional globally,
Pharmacists use their learning to protect health and prevent illness.
28 10/27/2018 Conclusion
29. Conclusion
• So, contribution of pharmacist in Medicine is right from
Discovery of new drug
Preclinical and clinical study
Manufacturing of suitable dosage form
Quality control and Quality assurance
Distribution
Marketing
Dispensing
Counselling
regulatory aspect
29 10/27/2018 Conclusion