A great majority (30–50 per cent) of them contain stereocentres, show stereoisomerism and exist as enantiomers.The current trend in drug markets is a rapid increase of the sales of chiral drugs at the expense of the achiral ones. Most of the molecules that make up living organisms are chiral, i.e. show stereoisomerism. For example, all but one of the 20 essential amino acids are chiral.
STEREOSPECIFIC REACTION, STEREOSELECTIVE REACTION, OPTICAL PURITY, ENANTIOMERIC EXCESS.. all these topics are explained in this slide with examples and formula.
Biphenyl derivatives & Atropisomerism:Optical activity in Biphenyls, Stereochemistry of biphenyl derivatives, rules and assigning RS configuration to biphenyls
STEREOSPECIFIC REACTION, STEREOSELECTIVE REACTION, OPTICAL PURITY, ENANTIOMERIC EXCESS.. all these topics are explained in this slide with examples and formula.
Biphenyl derivatives & Atropisomerism:Optical activity in Biphenyls, Stereochemistry of biphenyl derivatives, rules and assigning RS configuration to biphenyls
…….. “DRUGS” do something in our body as a result of their molecular structure, which determines:
1. Physicochemical properties
2. Chemical / biochemical reactivity
3. Shape
4. STEREO-CHEMISTRY
DEFINITION:
The ability of a chemical compound to elicit a pharmacological/ therapeutic effect is related to the influence of various physical and chemical (physicochemical) properties of the chemical substance on the bio molecule that it interacts with.
1)Physical Properties
Physical property of drug is responsible for its action 2)Chemical Properties
The drug react extracellularly according to simple chemical reactions like neutralization, chelation, oxidation etc.
Various Physico-Chemical Properties are,
Solubility Partition Coefficient
Dissociation constant Hydrogen Bonding Ionization of Drug Redox Potential Complexation Surface activity Protein binding Isosterism
1. Solubility:
• The solubility of a substance at a given temperature is defined as the concentration of the dissolved solute, which is in equillibrium with the solid solute.
• Solubility depends on the nature of solute and solvent as well as temperature , pH & pressure.
• The solubility of drug may be expressed in terms of its affinity/philicity or repulsion/phobicity for either an aqueous or organic solvent.
The atoms and molecules of all organic substances are held together by various types of bonds (e.g. hydrogen bond, dipole –dipole, ionic bond etc.)
These forces are involved in solubility because it is the solvent-solvent, solute-solute, solvent-solute interactions that governs solubility.
Methods to improve solubility of drugs
1) Structural modification (alter the structure of molecules) 2) Use of Cosolvents (Ethanol, sorbitol,PPG,PEG)
3) Employing surfactants 4) Complexation
Importance of solubility
1. Solubility concept is important to pharmacist because it govern the preparation of liquid dosage form and the drug must be in solution before it is absorbed by the body to produce the biological activity.
2. Drug must be in solution form to interact with receptors.
Unit i.Optical Isomerism as per PCI syllabus of POC-III Ganesh Mote
Unit I optical isomerism which is included in PCI syllabus of Sem IV of POC-III subject
This Unit Includes all points of Unit I such as nomenclature, R& S, d&l, D& L isomerism, Meso compounds, diastereomers, chirality, resolution of racemic mixture, enantiomers, Asymmetric synthesis,
Stereochemistry is of significant pharmaceutical importance due to its impact on the properties, efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of drugs. Here are some key reasons why stereochemistry matters in the field of pharmaceuticals:
Enantiomerism: Many drugs exist as pairs of enantiomers, which are mirror-image isomers. Enantiomers can exhibit differences in pharmacological activity, potency, selectivity, metabolism, and toxicity. The two enantiomers may interact differently with biological targets, leading to variations in therapeutic effects. Therefore, it is crucial to understand and control the stereochemistry of drug molecules to optimize their therapeutic benefits.
Chiral Recognition: Biological systems often exhibit chiral recognition, meaning they can distinguish between enantiomers of a drug. Enzymes, receptors, transporters, and other biological molecules may have stereoselective interactions with drugs. The presence of chiral centers in drug molecules can affect their binding affinity, receptor activation, and biological responses. Proper stereochemical design can enhance the selectivity and effectiveness of drugs while minimizing unwanted side effects.
Pharmacokinetics: Stereochemistry influences the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs. Enantiomers may have different rates of absorption, tissue distribution, metabolism by enzymes, and elimination from the body. These factors can impact the drug's bioavailability, duration of action, and potential drug-drug interactions. Considering stereochemistry is crucial for optimizing drug pharmacokinetics and ensuring predictable and consistent therapeutic outcomes.
Drug Safety: Stereochemistry can significantly impact the safety profile of drugs. Enantiomers may have different toxicological properties, including potential side effects, drug interactions, and adverse reactions. Understanding the stereochemistry of drugs helps identify and evaluate potential safety concerns, enabling the development of safer medications.
Intellectual Property: Stereochemistry can have legal implications for pharmaceutical companies. Enantiomers with different pharmacological properties may be eligible for separate patents, allowing companies to protect their investment in drug development and maintain exclusivity in the market. Stereochemical control provides opportunities for patent protection and potential commercial advantage.
Regulatory Requirements: Regulatory agencies, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA), require thorough characterization and documentation of the stereochemistry of drugs. The submission of enantiomerically pure compounds, determination of enantiomeric ratios, and assessment of potential stereochemical effects are essential for drug approval and regulatory compliance.
Overall, considering stereochemistry in pharmaceutical research and development is crucial for understanding the structure-activity.
…….. “DRUGS” do something in our body as a result of their molecular structure, which determines:
1. Physicochemical properties
2. Chemical / biochemical reactivity
3. Shape
4. STEREO-CHEMISTRY
DEFINITION:
The ability of a chemical compound to elicit a pharmacological/ therapeutic effect is related to the influence of various physical and chemical (physicochemical) properties of the chemical substance on the bio molecule that it interacts with.
1)Physical Properties
Physical property of drug is responsible for its action 2)Chemical Properties
The drug react extracellularly according to simple chemical reactions like neutralization, chelation, oxidation etc.
Various Physico-Chemical Properties are,
Solubility Partition Coefficient
Dissociation constant Hydrogen Bonding Ionization of Drug Redox Potential Complexation Surface activity Protein binding Isosterism
1. Solubility:
• The solubility of a substance at a given temperature is defined as the concentration of the dissolved solute, which is in equillibrium with the solid solute.
• Solubility depends on the nature of solute and solvent as well as temperature , pH & pressure.
• The solubility of drug may be expressed in terms of its affinity/philicity or repulsion/phobicity for either an aqueous or organic solvent.
The atoms and molecules of all organic substances are held together by various types of bonds (e.g. hydrogen bond, dipole –dipole, ionic bond etc.)
These forces are involved in solubility because it is the solvent-solvent, solute-solute, solvent-solute interactions that governs solubility.
Methods to improve solubility of drugs
1) Structural modification (alter the structure of molecules) 2) Use of Cosolvents (Ethanol, sorbitol,PPG,PEG)
3) Employing surfactants 4) Complexation
Importance of solubility
1. Solubility concept is important to pharmacist because it govern the preparation of liquid dosage form and the drug must be in solution before it is absorbed by the body to produce the biological activity.
2. Drug must be in solution form to interact with receptors.
Unit i.Optical Isomerism as per PCI syllabus of POC-III Ganesh Mote
Unit I optical isomerism which is included in PCI syllabus of Sem IV of POC-III subject
This Unit Includes all points of Unit I such as nomenclature, R& S, d&l, D& L isomerism, Meso compounds, diastereomers, chirality, resolution of racemic mixture, enantiomers, Asymmetric synthesis,
Stereochemistry is of significant pharmaceutical importance due to its impact on the properties, efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of drugs. Here are some key reasons why stereochemistry matters in the field of pharmaceuticals:
Enantiomerism: Many drugs exist as pairs of enantiomers, which are mirror-image isomers. Enantiomers can exhibit differences in pharmacological activity, potency, selectivity, metabolism, and toxicity. The two enantiomers may interact differently with biological targets, leading to variations in therapeutic effects. Therefore, it is crucial to understand and control the stereochemistry of drug molecules to optimize their therapeutic benefits.
Chiral Recognition: Biological systems often exhibit chiral recognition, meaning they can distinguish between enantiomers of a drug. Enzymes, receptors, transporters, and other biological molecules may have stereoselective interactions with drugs. The presence of chiral centers in drug molecules can affect their binding affinity, receptor activation, and biological responses. Proper stereochemical design can enhance the selectivity and effectiveness of drugs while minimizing unwanted side effects.
Pharmacokinetics: Stereochemistry influences the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs. Enantiomers may have different rates of absorption, tissue distribution, metabolism by enzymes, and elimination from the body. These factors can impact the drug's bioavailability, duration of action, and potential drug-drug interactions. Considering stereochemistry is crucial for optimizing drug pharmacokinetics and ensuring predictable and consistent therapeutic outcomes.
Drug Safety: Stereochemistry can significantly impact the safety profile of drugs. Enantiomers may have different toxicological properties, including potential side effects, drug interactions, and adverse reactions. Understanding the stereochemistry of drugs helps identify and evaluate potential safety concerns, enabling the development of safer medications.
Intellectual Property: Stereochemistry can have legal implications for pharmaceutical companies. Enantiomers with different pharmacological properties may be eligible for separate patents, allowing companies to protect their investment in drug development and maintain exclusivity in the market. Stereochemical control provides opportunities for patent protection and potential commercial advantage.
Regulatory Requirements: Regulatory agencies, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA), require thorough characterization and documentation of the stereochemistry of drugs. The submission of enantiomerically pure compounds, determination of enantiomeric ratios, and assessment of potential stereochemical effects are essential for drug approval and regulatory compliance.
Overall, considering stereochemistry in pharmaceutical research and development is crucial for understanding the structure-activity.
in this presentation we are going to study introduction to pharmacology and scope of pharmacology.
i.e. meaning and definition of pharmacology along with branches of pharmacology and scope of pharmacology.
This presentations includes information about definition of pharmacology, history, nature and sources of drugs, different terms used in Pharmacology, Essential Drugs concept, Routes of Drug Administration, and Agonist and Antagonist.
At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Explain history of pharmacology and following fundamental definitions of:
Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, drug, Pharmacotherapeutics, clinical pharmacology, chemotherapy, Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics.
B. Discuss different aspects of drug nomenclature.
C. Explain essential medicine and Orphan drugs.
To support this channel you can through UPI ID: abushaikh07-yahoo.com@okhdfcbank
I am happy to share lecture series on different topics of Pharmacology experiments, Pharmacy practice, Clinical pharmacy and Pharmacology.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
For 2+ video lecture series on Pharmacoeconomics refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY8U1TnlcHttsRB8hwpoJRL
For 5+ video lecture series on Pharmacoepidemiology refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbqIaLoMmuF0Bf66SMFZtnb
For 5+ video lecture series on Drug discovery refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Bbn9IE6c4MagVHZMNNinJov
For 5+ video lecture series on Drugs used in Special population use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZAed7zkXxyrgomJx2sSwHR
For 5+ video lecture series on Adverse Drug Reaction use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbWpd06N6RcV2q0K3JT29Wv
For 2+ video lecture series on Therapeutic drug monitoring refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZQtOerZuDjx4yo0eOeTHIy
For 26+ video lecture series on Drugs act on central nervous system refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY9xHaplYCYG26ALtIQp5aC
For 6+ video lecture series on drugs act on Gastrointestinal tract refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BYgHRHwuarKTt96bu_2L5WK
To support this channel you can through UPI ID: abushaikh07-yahoo.com@okhdfcbank
For More Such Learning You Can Subscribe to My YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5o-WkzmDJaF7udyAP2jtgw/featured?sub_confirmation=1
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/asacademylearningforever
Website Blog: https://itasacademy.blogspot.com/
Enantiomers are a part and parcel of modern Drug discovery and development. Chiral drugs are largely replacing their earlier racemic as and when found suitable. It is my attempt to compile the basic concepts from various books, articles and online journals. Feel free to comment.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Pharmaceutical importance of stereochemistry
1. Pharmaceutical Importance of Stereochemistry.
Md. Mahabubur Rahaman.
Student ID- PHA 16010
Department of Pharmacy,
Mawlana Bhashani Science &
Technology University,Bangladesh
1Stereochemistry
2. Contents:
• Classification of Molecular isomers ;
• Some important facts about stereochemistry;
• Importance of Stereochemistry In Pharmaceuticals
• Example: Ibuprofen
• TheThalidomideTragedy
2Stereochemistry
4. Some important facts about stereochemistry:
• A great majority (30–50 per cent) of them contain stereocentres, show
stereoisomerism and exist as enantiomers.
• The current trend in drug markets is a rapid increase of the sales of chiral drugs at
the expense of the achiral ones.
• Most of the molecules that make up living organisms are chiral, i.e. show
stereoisomerism. For example, all but one of the 20 essential amino acids are
chiral.
4Stereochemistry
5. Importance of stereochemistry:
So , it is therefore important:
# to understand stereochemistry for a better understanding of drug molecules, their
action and toxicity.
# to be able to use proper nomenclature in describing the drugs themselves
# how drug chirality affects its interaction with drug targets
# and the nature of forces responsible for those interactions.
5Stereochemistry
6. Importance of stereochemistry:
# Most often only one form shows correct physiological and pharmacological action.
For example, only one enantiomer of morphine is active as an analgesic, only
one enantiomer of glucose is metabolized in our body to give energy and
only one enantiomeric form of adrenaline is a neurotransmitter.
# One enantiomeric form of a drug may be active, and the other may be
inactive, less active or even toxic
6Stereochemistry
7. Examples-
• Ibuprofen is a popular analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug.There are two
stereoisomeric forms of ibuprofen.This drug can exist as (S)- and (R)-
stereoisomers (enantiomers). Only the (S)-form is active. The (R)-form is
completely inactive, although it is slowly converted in the body to the active
(S)-form
7Stereochemistry
8. THETHALIDOMIDETRAGEDY:
• In the early 1950s, Chemie Grunenthal, a German pharmaceutical
company, developed a drug called thalidomide. It was prescribed to
prevent nausea or morning sickness in pregnant women. The drug,
however, caused severe adverse effects on thousands of babies who were
exposed to this drug while their mothers were pregnant.The drug caused 12
000 babies to be born with severe birth defects, including limb
deformities such as missing or stunted limbs. Later, it was found that
thalidomide molecule can exist in two stereoisomeric forms; one form is
active as a sedative, but the other is responsible for its teratogenic activity
(the harmful effect on the foetus).
8Stereochemistry