This document discusses digital power factor correction and boost topology power factor correction systems. It outlines challenges in maintaining low total harmonic distortion and high power factor across wide input voltage and load ranges. State-of-the-art approaches are reviewed that use complex control laws and harmonic injection. A new proposed solution is described that aims to provide good power quality metrics across all operating conditions using a simple, scalable approach without discontinuities. Simulation results show low total harmonic distortion can be achieved at high line and full load.
Zuken - Improve pcb quality and cost with concurrent power integrity analysis...Zuken
This document discusses power integrity challenges in modern PCB design and introduces an EDA methodology for concurrent power integrity simulation throughout the PCB design process. It covers topics like IC switching current needs, power distribution system impedance behavior, decoupling capacitor placement considerations, and examples of using power integrity simulation to optimize PCB designs. The methodology aims to identify power integrity issues earlier to improve quality and reduce costs compared to traditional verification later in the design flow.
The document is an assignment on operational amplifiers submitted by Sarah Krystelle P. Cauan to her instructor Engr. Grace Ramones. It contains information on:
1) The basic characteristics and idealized parameters of operational amplifiers such as infinite open loop gain and bandwidth.
2) Common op-amp circuit configurations including the inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, and transresistance amplifier.
3) Equations for calculating the closed-loop gain of inverting and non-inverting amplifiers.
4) Descriptions of how feedback controls the gain in each type of circuit.
The document provides information about a research project opportunity for students in electrical engineering fields. It includes contact information for Experts Systems and Solutions including email, cell phone, and website. It states that students can assemble hardware projects in their research labs and experts will provide guidance.
This document provides an overview and collection of op amp circuit designs. It includes basic circuits, signal generation circuits, and signal processing circuits. The document recommends replacing older transistor pairs with newer op amp models for improved performance. It also notes design considerations for minimizing errors in some circuits.
The document describes a redundant power supply system for Allen-Bradley PLCs consisting of a baseplate that holds two standard power supplies, and an adapter module. The baseplate provides status LEDs and connects to the adapter module. The adapter plugs into the PLC and provides the serial port, backup battery, and connects to the baseplate. With two power supplies, if one fails the other automatically takes over to provide continuous power to the PLC.
The document is a project report that discusses operational amplifiers. It begins by defining amplifiers and their key characteristics like gain, input and output resistance. It then discusses ideal and practical characteristics of operational amplifiers, including infinite gain and bandwidth for ideal op-amps. The report also covers applications of op-amps as integrators, differentiators, inverters and comparators. It provides an overview of the uA741 op-amp and discusses problems and solutions for the given project, as well as future directions.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document describes point-of-care computing solutions from Metro, focusing on their fully integrated workstations. Key advantages include using more efficient DC power architecture to maximize battery life and uptime. Their solutions are engineered for reliability and optimized workflow. Metro workstations arrive ready to use with software pre-installed, unlike competitors where components must be assembled.
Zuken - Improve pcb quality and cost with concurrent power integrity analysis...Zuken
This document discusses power integrity challenges in modern PCB design and introduces an EDA methodology for concurrent power integrity simulation throughout the PCB design process. It covers topics like IC switching current needs, power distribution system impedance behavior, decoupling capacitor placement considerations, and examples of using power integrity simulation to optimize PCB designs. The methodology aims to identify power integrity issues earlier to improve quality and reduce costs compared to traditional verification later in the design flow.
The document is an assignment on operational amplifiers submitted by Sarah Krystelle P. Cauan to her instructor Engr. Grace Ramones. It contains information on:
1) The basic characteristics and idealized parameters of operational amplifiers such as infinite open loop gain and bandwidth.
2) Common op-amp circuit configurations including the inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, and transresistance amplifier.
3) Equations for calculating the closed-loop gain of inverting and non-inverting amplifiers.
4) Descriptions of how feedback controls the gain in each type of circuit.
The document provides information about a research project opportunity for students in electrical engineering fields. It includes contact information for Experts Systems and Solutions including email, cell phone, and website. It states that students can assemble hardware projects in their research labs and experts will provide guidance.
This document provides an overview and collection of op amp circuit designs. It includes basic circuits, signal generation circuits, and signal processing circuits. The document recommends replacing older transistor pairs with newer op amp models for improved performance. It also notes design considerations for minimizing errors in some circuits.
The document describes a redundant power supply system for Allen-Bradley PLCs consisting of a baseplate that holds two standard power supplies, and an adapter module. The baseplate provides status LEDs and connects to the adapter module. The adapter plugs into the PLC and provides the serial port, backup battery, and connects to the baseplate. With two power supplies, if one fails the other automatically takes over to provide continuous power to the PLC.
The document is a project report that discusses operational amplifiers. It begins by defining amplifiers and their key characteristics like gain, input and output resistance. It then discusses ideal and practical characteristics of operational amplifiers, including infinite gain and bandwidth for ideal op-amps. The report also covers applications of op-amps as integrators, differentiators, inverters and comparators. It provides an overview of the uA741 op-amp and discusses problems and solutions for the given project, as well as future directions.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document describes point-of-care computing solutions from Metro, focusing on their fully integrated workstations. Key advantages include using more efficient DC power architecture to maximize battery life and uptime. Their solutions are engineered for reliability and optimized workflow. Metro workstations arrive ready to use with software pre-installed, unlike competitors where components must be assembled.
This document summarizes a 175μW 100MHz-2GHz inductorless receiver front-end in 65nm CMOS. It achieves over 17dB of gain from 100MHz to 2000MHz while consuming only 175μW from a 0.9V supply. The noise figure is 11dB and third-order intercept point is -16.8dBm. It uses a completely inductorless topology with a real input impedance of 300Ω achieved through current feedback in two stages, with a common gate stage at the input and common drain stage providing feedback current. The active area is just 0.017mm2, excluding pads.
This paper describes the design of a low power RF to DC generator for energy harvesting applications. A 2x2 microstrip rectangular patch antenna array was designed to capture RF energy at 2.4GHz. A two-stage voltage doubler circuit with matching was also designed using Schottky diodes to convert the captured RF energy to a DC voltage. Simulation results showed the antenna array achieved a gain of 11.58dB and the voltage doubler produced a DC output voltage of 0.747V at -10dBm input power when loaded with 20kOhms. The system aims to harvest directed RF energy for powering wireless sensor nodes.
The document summarizes the development and principles of operation of LVD induction lamps. It discusses:
1. The history of induction lamps and how LVD developed cheaper IC chips to control the ballast and enable dimming functionality.
2. The mechanical construction and electrical model of LVD lamps, which use inductive coupling from coils to energize the plasma without electrodes.
3. The high frequency generator (ballast) circuit controlled by the IC chips, which provides stable power factor correction, protection functions, and dimming control.
4. Performance comparisons that show LVD lamps have high efficacy, long life, good dimming, and lower price than other induction lamps.
This document provides an introduction to operational amplifiers (op-amps). It describes the basic characteristics and parameters of ideal and practical op-amps, including their symbol, terminals, infinite gain and input impedance for ideal op-amps. It also discusses the differential amplifier configuration inside op-amps and their various modes of signal operation like single-ended, differential and common mode inputs. Finally, it outlines several important op-amp parameters that are specified in datasheets like input offset voltage, bias current, gain, bandwidth and slew rate.
This document describes an experiment on negative feedback amplifiers using BJT transistors. The objectives are to study the influence of negative feedback, examine feedback amplifier properties experimentally, and determine input/output impedance, gain, and bandwidth with and without feedback. The procedures measure these characteristics for common feedback configurations - voltage series, current series, current shunt, and voltage shunt. Input/output impedance is measured by varying a test resistance until output amplitude is halved. Gain is calculated from input and output voltages. Bandwidth is found by varying frequency until output amplitude is 0.707 times maximum. The gain-bandwidth product is also calculated.
This document provides information about class-D audio power amplifiers, including:
1. Class-D amplifiers are switching amplifiers that use pulse-width modulation to drive output devices. This significantly reduces power losses and allows efficiencies as high as 90-95%.
2. Advantages of class-D amplifiers include reduced heatsink size, low voltage requirements, and high theoretical efficiency. Disadvantages include higher cost and greater EMC challenges due to the need for multiple inductors.
3. Proper PCB layout is important for audio quality and EMC performance. This includes using a ground plane, placing decoupling caps close to the IC, and properly locating EMC filters and inputs
The document describes the design of a low noise amplifier (LNA) circuit for a wireless local area network (WLAN) operating at 2.4 GHz. Key goals of the design are to improve noise figure and gain performance. A single-stage LNA circuit is proposed using an NMOS transistor with inductive source degeneration. Simulation results show the designed LNA achieves a forward gain of 18.8-19.2 dB and a noise figure of 1.986 dB, with over 28 dB of reverse isolation at 2.4 GHz. The document discusses various design considerations for the LNA including gain, nonlinearity, matching, noise, output voltage swing, and stability.
This document summarizes research on minimizing the impact of resonances in low voltage grids. The research was conducted as part of a larger KTI project involving three parts: studying grid characteristics and interactions; measuring impedances; and developing power electronics. Laboratory experiments showed that virtual techniques using inverters, such as virtual parallel capacitance reduction and virtual resistive harmonic damping, can reduce resonances by virtually reducing grid capacitances and damping oscillations. Large scale computer simulations confirmed these techniques are effective when implemented in many inverters connected throughout a low voltage distribution system. The document concludes these ancillary services provided by inverters have the potential to minimize resonances if implemented as part of the inverters' control systems.
The document discusses various linear and nonlinear applications of operational amplifiers (op-amps). It describes how op-amps can be used in linear circuits such as voltage followers, differential amplifiers, and instrumentation amplifiers where there is a linear relationship between input and output. It also discusses nonlinear op-amp circuits like precision rectifiers and comparators where the relationship is nonlinear. Circuits like inverting amplifiers, non-inverting amplifiers, adders, and subtractors are analyzed to derive expressions for their voltage gains and operation. The document explains concepts like virtual ground used in analyzing op-amp circuits.
This presentation contains the basic information you need to know about operational amplifier.
I have tried to cover all the basic info. If anything is left out or you have any suggestions i will appreciate it.
This document discusses the design and implementation of an operational amplifier (op-amp) as a logarithmic amplifier. It begins by defining the transfer function of a logarithmic amplifier and describing how op-amps can be used to approximate this function. Next, it discusses the classic diode feedback configuration and provides the key equations. Applications of logarithmic amplifiers are then outlined. The document concludes by presenting the circuit diagram and output waveform of a logarithmic amplifier implemented with a trans-diode configuration in MATLAB.
FUZZY LOGIC PROGRAMME-Fuzzy logic based differential relay for power transfor...ASHOKKUMAR RAMAR
This document discusses a fuzzy logic-based differential relay for protecting power transformers. A traditional differential relay can be falsely triggered by factors like magnetizing inrush currents and transformer overexcitation. The proposed system monitors the current difference between the primary and secondary coils using a microcontroller. It also checks for other causes of false tripping using fuzzy logic before operating the relay, thus providing more intelligent protection for power transformers.
Temple, San Jose Interconnection App Stamped (1)John Turner
This document provides specifications and calculations for photovoltaic and electrical system components for a 3013.92 kW solar project located at 3636 Murillo Ave, San Jose. It includes specifications for solar modules, inverters, and calculations to determine voltage, current, and conductor sizing in accordance with NEC regulations. Key specifications and results include: the system will include 13,104 solar modules in 936 strings, 5 inverters each with a maximum output of 500kW, DC system voltage of 566.2V, maximum short circuit current of 2016A, and AC conductor sizes between inverters and the point of interconnection of 500 kcmil aluminum.
Introduction to operational Amplifier. For A2 level physics (CIE). Discusses characteristics of op amp, inverting and non inverting amplifier, and voltage follower, and transfer characetristics, virtual earth , etc
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document provides a step-by-step example of calculating component values for a buck converter circuit that converts 12V to 5V at 2A. It calculates the required inductor value, output capacitor value, input capacitor value, diode selection, MOSFET selection, and efficiency. It then examines how to modify the design to a synchronous buck converter using an additional MOSFET for rectification to improve efficiency.
The Plena feedback suppressor uses a patented algorithm to suppress acoustic feedback before it occurs. It can provide up to 12 dB of additional gain before feedback by filtering out unwanted room reverberations. It has inputs for two microphones and an automatic mixer that maintains feedback suppression as the microphones move.
Picor, a Vicor company located in North Smithfield, Rhode Island, provides highly integrated, silicon-centric power conversion and power management solutions. Picor's silicon-centric productss complement Vicor's power technology and adhere to Vicor core strategy of innovation and performance.
Fundamentals of power electronics [presentation slides] 2nd ed r. erickson wwnedjaabachir
The document is the introduction chapter of the textbook "Fundamentals of Power Electronics" by Robert W. Erickson and Dragan Maksimovic. It introduces power electronics and discusses applications, elements, and goals of high efficiency. It also covers devices available to circuit designers like resistors, capacitors, magnetics, and semiconductor switches. A simple example is presented to convert a 100V input to a 50V, 10A output using a dissipative realization and a switched-mode approach.
High frequency Sine wave inverter -Challenges in voltage feedback anusheel nahar
The document discusses challenges in using a potential transformer (PT) for voltage feedback in a high frequency sine wave inverter. A PT can only provide accurate feedback at the fundamental frequency of 50/60Hz and cannot account for any DC offset. This leads to instability issues. The proposed solution is to use instantaneous control with PT feedback and pure software techniques to generate a clean output waveform without needing expensive isolation components. Experimental results show the approach produces a stable output voltage.
This document summarizes a 175μW 100MHz-2GHz inductorless receiver front-end in 65nm CMOS. It achieves over 17dB of gain from 100MHz to 2000MHz while consuming only 175μW from a 0.9V supply. The noise figure is 11dB and third-order intercept point is -16.8dBm. It uses a completely inductorless topology with a real input impedance of 300Ω achieved through current feedback in two stages, with a common gate stage at the input and common drain stage providing feedback current. The active area is just 0.017mm2, excluding pads.
This paper describes the design of a low power RF to DC generator for energy harvesting applications. A 2x2 microstrip rectangular patch antenna array was designed to capture RF energy at 2.4GHz. A two-stage voltage doubler circuit with matching was also designed using Schottky diodes to convert the captured RF energy to a DC voltage. Simulation results showed the antenna array achieved a gain of 11.58dB and the voltage doubler produced a DC output voltage of 0.747V at -10dBm input power when loaded with 20kOhms. The system aims to harvest directed RF energy for powering wireless sensor nodes.
The document summarizes the development and principles of operation of LVD induction lamps. It discusses:
1. The history of induction lamps and how LVD developed cheaper IC chips to control the ballast and enable dimming functionality.
2. The mechanical construction and electrical model of LVD lamps, which use inductive coupling from coils to energize the plasma without electrodes.
3. The high frequency generator (ballast) circuit controlled by the IC chips, which provides stable power factor correction, protection functions, and dimming control.
4. Performance comparisons that show LVD lamps have high efficacy, long life, good dimming, and lower price than other induction lamps.
This document provides an introduction to operational amplifiers (op-amps). It describes the basic characteristics and parameters of ideal and practical op-amps, including their symbol, terminals, infinite gain and input impedance for ideal op-amps. It also discusses the differential amplifier configuration inside op-amps and their various modes of signal operation like single-ended, differential and common mode inputs. Finally, it outlines several important op-amp parameters that are specified in datasheets like input offset voltage, bias current, gain, bandwidth and slew rate.
This document describes an experiment on negative feedback amplifiers using BJT transistors. The objectives are to study the influence of negative feedback, examine feedback amplifier properties experimentally, and determine input/output impedance, gain, and bandwidth with and without feedback. The procedures measure these characteristics for common feedback configurations - voltage series, current series, current shunt, and voltage shunt. Input/output impedance is measured by varying a test resistance until output amplitude is halved. Gain is calculated from input and output voltages. Bandwidth is found by varying frequency until output amplitude is 0.707 times maximum. The gain-bandwidth product is also calculated.
This document provides information about class-D audio power amplifiers, including:
1. Class-D amplifiers are switching amplifiers that use pulse-width modulation to drive output devices. This significantly reduces power losses and allows efficiencies as high as 90-95%.
2. Advantages of class-D amplifiers include reduced heatsink size, low voltage requirements, and high theoretical efficiency. Disadvantages include higher cost and greater EMC challenges due to the need for multiple inductors.
3. Proper PCB layout is important for audio quality and EMC performance. This includes using a ground plane, placing decoupling caps close to the IC, and properly locating EMC filters and inputs
The document describes the design of a low noise amplifier (LNA) circuit for a wireless local area network (WLAN) operating at 2.4 GHz. Key goals of the design are to improve noise figure and gain performance. A single-stage LNA circuit is proposed using an NMOS transistor with inductive source degeneration. Simulation results show the designed LNA achieves a forward gain of 18.8-19.2 dB and a noise figure of 1.986 dB, with over 28 dB of reverse isolation at 2.4 GHz. The document discusses various design considerations for the LNA including gain, nonlinearity, matching, noise, output voltage swing, and stability.
This document summarizes research on minimizing the impact of resonances in low voltage grids. The research was conducted as part of a larger KTI project involving three parts: studying grid characteristics and interactions; measuring impedances; and developing power electronics. Laboratory experiments showed that virtual techniques using inverters, such as virtual parallel capacitance reduction and virtual resistive harmonic damping, can reduce resonances by virtually reducing grid capacitances and damping oscillations. Large scale computer simulations confirmed these techniques are effective when implemented in many inverters connected throughout a low voltage distribution system. The document concludes these ancillary services provided by inverters have the potential to minimize resonances if implemented as part of the inverters' control systems.
The document discusses various linear and nonlinear applications of operational amplifiers (op-amps). It describes how op-amps can be used in linear circuits such as voltage followers, differential amplifiers, and instrumentation amplifiers where there is a linear relationship between input and output. It also discusses nonlinear op-amp circuits like precision rectifiers and comparators where the relationship is nonlinear. Circuits like inverting amplifiers, non-inverting amplifiers, adders, and subtractors are analyzed to derive expressions for their voltage gains and operation. The document explains concepts like virtual ground used in analyzing op-amp circuits.
This presentation contains the basic information you need to know about operational amplifier.
I have tried to cover all the basic info. If anything is left out or you have any suggestions i will appreciate it.
This document discusses the design and implementation of an operational amplifier (op-amp) as a logarithmic amplifier. It begins by defining the transfer function of a logarithmic amplifier and describing how op-amps can be used to approximate this function. Next, it discusses the classic diode feedback configuration and provides the key equations. Applications of logarithmic amplifiers are then outlined. The document concludes by presenting the circuit diagram and output waveform of a logarithmic amplifier implemented with a trans-diode configuration in MATLAB.
FUZZY LOGIC PROGRAMME-Fuzzy logic based differential relay for power transfor...ASHOKKUMAR RAMAR
This document discusses a fuzzy logic-based differential relay for protecting power transformers. A traditional differential relay can be falsely triggered by factors like magnetizing inrush currents and transformer overexcitation. The proposed system monitors the current difference between the primary and secondary coils using a microcontroller. It also checks for other causes of false tripping using fuzzy logic before operating the relay, thus providing more intelligent protection for power transformers.
Temple, San Jose Interconnection App Stamped (1)John Turner
This document provides specifications and calculations for photovoltaic and electrical system components for a 3013.92 kW solar project located at 3636 Murillo Ave, San Jose. It includes specifications for solar modules, inverters, and calculations to determine voltage, current, and conductor sizing in accordance with NEC regulations. Key specifications and results include: the system will include 13,104 solar modules in 936 strings, 5 inverters each with a maximum output of 500kW, DC system voltage of 566.2V, maximum short circuit current of 2016A, and AC conductor sizes between inverters and the point of interconnection of 500 kcmil aluminum.
Introduction to operational Amplifier. For A2 level physics (CIE). Discusses characteristics of op amp, inverting and non inverting amplifier, and voltage follower, and transfer characetristics, virtual earth , etc
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document provides a step-by-step example of calculating component values for a buck converter circuit that converts 12V to 5V at 2A. It calculates the required inductor value, output capacitor value, input capacitor value, diode selection, MOSFET selection, and efficiency. It then examines how to modify the design to a synchronous buck converter using an additional MOSFET for rectification to improve efficiency.
The Plena feedback suppressor uses a patented algorithm to suppress acoustic feedback before it occurs. It can provide up to 12 dB of additional gain before feedback by filtering out unwanted room reverberations. It has inputs for two microphones and an automatic mixer that maintains feedback suppression as the microphones move.
Picor, a Vicor company located in North Smithfield, Rhode Island, provides highly integrated, silicon-centric power conversion and power management solutions. Picor's silicon-centric productss complement Vicor's power technology and adhere to Vicor core strategy of innovation and performance.
Fundamentals of power electronics [presentation slides] 2nd ed r. erickson wwnedjaabachir
The document is the introduction chapter of the textbook "Fundamentals of Power Electronics" by Robert W. Erickson and Dragan Maksimovic. It introduces power electronics and discusses applications, elements, and goals of high efficiency. It also covers devices available to circuit designers like resistors, capacitors, magnetics, and semiconductor switches. A simple example is presented to convert a 100V input to a 50V, 10A output using a dissipative realization and a switched-mode approach.
High frequency Sine wave inverter -Challenges in voltage feedback anusheel nahar
The document discusses challenges in using a potential transformer (PT) for voltage feedback in a high frequency sine wave inverter. A PT can only provide accurate feedback at the fundamental frequency of 50/60Hz and cannot account for any DC offset. This leads to instability issues. The proposed solution is to use instantaneous control with PT feedback and pure software techniques to generate a clean output waveform without needing expensive isolation components. Experimental results show the approach produces a stable output voltage.
High frequency Sine wave inverter -Challenges in voltage feedback controltrix
The document discusses challenges in using a potential transformer (PT) for voltage feedback in a high frequency sine wave inverter. A PT can only provide accurate feedback at the fundamental frequency of 50/60Hz and cannot account for any DC offset. This leads to instability issues. The proposed solution is to use instantaneous control with PT feedback and pure software techniques to generate a clean output waveform without needing expensive isolation components. Experimental results show the approach produces a stable output voltage.
FUZZY LOGIC PROJECTS ABSTRACT:Fuzzy logic based differential relay for power ...ASHOKKUMAR RAMAR
This document discusses a fuzzy logic-based differential relay for power transformer protection. The relay protects transformers from internal faults while avoiding tripping during external faults or non-fault conditions that cause a false differential current, such as magnetizing inrush currents. The system uses a microcontroller and fuzzy logic to determine if a current difference between the primary and secondary currents of a transformer is due to a true fault or a non-fault condition before operating the relay.
The document summarizes Anurag Kinger's training at Texas Instruments on inverter design topologies. It discusses his work on high frequency inverters, low frequency inverters using analog and microcontroller circuits, and a 100VA inverter. It provides details on the key components, operating modes, and challenges of designing HF and LF inverters. It also includes feedback and suggestions for proper care that must be taken during high voltage debugging and ensuring controller waveforms are in proper phasing.
This document presents information on engineering DC power plants for telecommunications and data applications. It discusses key considerations such as the equipment to power, required reserve time, voltage operating ranges, plant sizing, distribution architectures, applicable standards, and battery sizing. The presentation provides guidance on single point grounding, voltage drop allowances, rundown problems, and battery disconnects for DC power system design.
Pd 1995 10-2-the upfc a new approach to power transmission controlSudeepthg Sudeepth
The document describes a new approach to power transmission control called the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). The UPFC consists of two voltage-sourced inverters connected to a common DC link that allow real and reactive power to flow in either direction. It can independently control both the real and reactive power flows at the sending and receiving ends of a transmission line. This provides capabilities beyond existing approaches like thyristor-controlled series capacitors and phase angle regulators. Simulation results demonstrate the UPFC's performance under different system conditions.
PI, PID and Fuzzy logic controller for Reactive Power and Harmonic CompensationIDES Editor
This article describes the proportional integral
(PI), proportional integral derivative (PID) and fuzzy logic
controller (FLC) based three phase shunt active power line
conditioners (APLC) for the power-quality improvement such
as reactive power and harmonic current compensation
generated due to nonlinear loads. PI, PID controller requires
precise linear mathematical model and FLC needs linguistic
description of the system. The controller is capable of
controlling dc capacitor voltage and generating reference
source currents. Hysteresis current controller is used for
current control in PWM voltage source inverter. Extensive
simulation studies under transient and steady states are
conducted, the simulation result analysis reveal that the
APLC performs perfectly in conjunction with PI, PID and
FLC. A comparative assessment of the three different
controllers is brought out.
PI with Fuzzy Logic Controller based APLC for compensating harmonic and react...IDES Editor
This article explores design and analysis of
proportional integrator (PI) along with Fuzzy Logic controller
(FLC) based Shunt active power line conditioners (APLC) for
compensating reactive power and harmonic currents drawn
by the load. The aim is to study different control strategies for
real time compensating current harmonics at different power
conditions. The compensation process is based on calculation
of unit sine vector and reduces the dc capacitor ripple voltage
of the PWM-VSI by using PI with fuzzy logic controller. The
switching is done according to gating signals obtained from
hysteresis band current controller and capacitor voltage is
continuously maintained constant. The shunt APLC is
investigated through Matlab/Simulink simulation under
different steady state and transient conditions using PI, FLC
and PI with FLC. The results demonstrate that combination
of PI with FLC is a better solution that reduces the settling
time of the DC capacitor, suppresses harmonics and reactive
power in the load current(s)
Application of Active Power Filter for Power Factor Correction of Nonlinear L...Pravin Sonwane
This document summarizes the application of active power filters for power factor correction of nonlinear loads. It discusses that nonlinear loads draw distorted current from power sources, resulting in high harmonic distortion and low power factor. Traditional passive filters have limitations, including parallel resonances. Active power filters provide dynamic compensation of harmonics and reactive power. They automatically adapt to changes and load fluctuations, compensating multiple harmonic orders without being affected by network changes. Active filters take up less space than passive components and improve power quality problems caused by nonlinear loads.
The i1000D handler has a simple but robust design with high clearance for tall components. It can operate boards from left to right or right to left. Key components include an LCD monitor, operation buttons, and status indicator. It uses various test modes and pin cards to test resistors, capacitors, and perform other functions. It has adjustable fixtures, sensors, and a programmable conveyor belt to precisely position boards for testing.
FUZZY LOGIC PROJECTS-POWER TRANSFORMER PROTECTION FOR FUZZYLOGIC-MAASTECHASHOKKUMAR RAMAR
This document describes a fuzzy logic based differential relay for power transformer protection. The system uses a microcontroller to monitor the primary and secondary currents of a power transformer and employs fuzzy logic to discriminate between internal faults and other factors that could cause a false tripping, such as magnetizing inrush currents. The design implements differential protection, overcurrent protection, overvoltage protection and undervoltage protection for the power transformer.
Elektronika Daya discusses power electronics, which is the field that studies the use of electronic technology in converting electric power. Power electronics is needed because most electrical devices work inefficiently or cannot function using the available power sources. It also discusses various power electronic applications in power generation, transmission, distribution, transportation, industries, and home appliances. Some current challenges mentioned are voltage regulator modules for microprocessors and renewable energy power generation systems.
This document discusses power supply quality in buildings. It covers topics like generation and distribution of electricity, phases of electricity, power factor, power quality issues like harmonics, and electrical load management strategies. Case studies are provided on using capacitors and load scheduling to reduce peak demand and lower electricity costs. Transformers are described as devices that transform voltages efficiently with losses that vary based on loading.
Powercast - RF Energy Harvesting for Controllable Wireless Power SystemsHarry Ostaffe
This document discusses RF energy harvesting and wireless power transmission for low-power applications. It describes how microwatts of power transmitted over radio waves can be collected by receiver devices to trickle charge batteries or power devices. Key advantages of this technology include extended battery life, reduced operating costs, and improved product design flexibility. Example applications shown include wireless sensors, RFID tags, and wirelessly charged consumer electronics.
Powercast Overview - RF Energy Harvesting and Wireless Power for Micro-Power ...Powercast Corporation
This document discusses RF energy harvesting and wireless power transmission for low-power applications. It describes how microwatts of power transmitted over radio waves can be used to trickle charge batteries or power battery-free devices. Key factors that determine the received power are the power of the RF source, distance from the source, size of the receiving antenna, and transmission frequency. Examples of applications that could benefit from this technology include wireless sensors for industrial monitoring and smart buildings.
This document provides guidance on reading electrical specification datasheets. It explains that datasheets contain important maximum, minimum, and typical ratings for components under various test conditions. Key sections are identified, such as DC characteristics that specify voltage and current levels, and AC characteristics that define timing parameters. The document stresses the need to carefully consider test conditions and understand how component performance may vary with operating conditions like temperature, voltage, and load. Overall, the document aims to educate engineers on extracting critical design constraints from datasheet specifications.
The DRV401 is an integrated circuit designed to condition signals from closed-loop magnetic current sensors made by Vacuumschmelze GmbH & Co. KG (VAC). It provides functions like signal conditioning, an H-bridge driver for the compensation coil, and analog output proportional to primary current. The DRV401 maintains high accuracy by degaussing the sensor at power-up or on demand. It can directly drive the compensation coil or connect to external drivers. Combined with VAC sensors, the DRV401 can measure currents from small to very large.
Similar to Digital Power Factor Correction - Handling the corner cases (20)
Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) motor drivecontroltrix
IPM is an interior Permanent magnet with self sensing and gets efficiency comparable to PMSM at much lower cost. Sensorless Vector control of IPM ensures better performance at low speeds, smoother operation, and position control possible.
Power Factor is a measure of how efficiently electrical power is consumed. In the ideal world Power Factor would be unity (or 1). Unfortunately in the real world Power Factor is reduced by highly inductive loads to 0.7 or less. This induction is caused by equipment such as lightly loaded electric motors and fluorescent lighting ballasts and welding sets, etc. Three phase power factor can be corrected using different approaches like sine wave control, vector control, single cycle control or Vienne Bridge Rectifier.
Trajectory generation for Servo motor drivescontroltrix
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Digital Power Factor Correction - Handling the corner cases
1. Digital Power Factor Correction
Handling the corner cases
Superior THD over entire operating range
www.controltrix.com
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
2. Power Factor primer
Inductive - Lagging
we
r cosΦ = Real Power
Po
re n t Apparent Power
pa
Ap
Reactive Power
= Power Factor
Φ
Real Power
Capacitive - Leading
Applies for ideal sinusoidal
waveforms for both voltage
and current
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
3. Calculating Power Factor
Power factor = Real power / Apparent power
= (Vrms * I1rms * CosΦ) / (Vrms * Irms)
= cosΦ * ( I1rms / Irms)
Power factor = KΦ * Kd
Kd = distortion factor (THD) KΦ = displacement factor (D.F)
Vrms = AC input rms voltage
Irms = AC input rms current
I1rms = Fundamental component of Irms
cos Φ = Phase angle between input AC voltage
and the fundamental current
Irms = Sqrt (I12 + I22 + I32+ ………….+In2)
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
4. PF Degradation
Voltage
Resulting
Current
Sinusoidal Current with phase
shift
Voltage
Resulting
Current
Current with harmonic
content
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
5. Power factor correction
• Reduce energy loss in transmission lines
• Improve power quality
• Cost
• Regulatory needs
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
6. Useful Power
Useful Power Negative Power
Applied Voltage
Region Region
Resulting Current
Without PFC
Φ Φ
Applied Voltage
Resulting Current
With Active PFC
copyright 2011 controltrix corp Useful Power www. controltrix.com
7. Digital PFC system
Boost
AC Supply Rectifier Load
PFC
Vac Iac PWM Vdc
DSP/DSC
Basic Components of the PFC Converter
Switch Capacitor
Inductor Diode
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
8. Boost Topology
Average Inductor Current
IL IL
PFC Boost Converter
L D
tON +
IL ID
IS IS
+
vIN S C
-
ID -
VOUT > VIN
Average Current Mode Control
The average current through the inductor is made to follow the input voltage
Ref: AN1274 Interleaved PFC app note from microchip
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
9. Challenges
Ideally ……
• Low THD & high PF over entire 90 -265 Vac input
• Low THD & high PF over entire 10 -100 % load range
Low line and high load meeting specifications is EASY !!!!
Low load ( < 50%) & Hi Line (> 220 V) spec is HARD !!!!
Cause : Change of system dynamics
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
10. Typical specs
Load(%) THD(%) • (Typical Desired) State of the art
spec.
10 <15
• 2.4 KW bridgeless PFC spec. for
20 <10
power supplies for server
30 <6 farms
50 <5 • Digital (DSP) control
70 <3 • Fixed switching frequency
operation
80 <3
100 <3
Gets harder @ Hi line
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
11. State of the art review
Approach 1
• Determine Discontinuous/continuous conduction mode
operation
• Change the control laws
Challenge
• Computation
• If-else ladder
• Parameter sensitivity
• Non linearity of discontinuous mode of operation is hard
• Fixed point implementation is challenging
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
12. State of the art review
Approach 2
• Harmonic injection
Challenge
• Trial and error
• Not plug and play / System specific
• If-else ladder (discontinuities in code execution and dynamics)
• Limited Code size Memory/MIPS
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
13. State of the art summary
• Computationally complex (MIPS, code size)
• Fixed point implementation hard !!
• Physical models sensitive to parameter estimates (e.g. inductor
saturation )
• Poor convergence
• Strange artefacts
• Jumps/spikes/kinks/oscillations due to if-else ladder
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
14. Proposed solution features
• Good THD at all operating conditions
• Plug and play
• Just enter parameter dependent coefficients
• Low parameter and feedback sensitivity
• Fast convergence
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
15. Proposed solution features .
• No if-else ladder
• Small extra code size
• Low MIPS requirement ~ 12-14 MIPS (25% of 40 MIPS) @ 50 KHz
interrupt frequency
(Compares favorably with traditional methods)
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
16. Proposed solution features ..
• System independent /scalable to any rating
• Relevant for Interleaved PFC and bridgeless PFC topologies
• Guaranteed convergence/no large scale oscillations
• No if -else ladder
• Patent pending technology
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
17. Switched mode Simulation Results
• Fixed frequency operation ~100 KHz
• Vac = 220V rms ac, Vdc = 400 V
( High line is hardest to handle !!! )
• 330 W boost PFC system
• 700 uH inductance
• 300 uF output capacitance
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
18. Simulation Results:
• Left plot:
Average inductor current
• Right plot:
Switched mode inductor current
(continuous and discontinuous conduction mode)
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
22. Comparison of Specifications
IPFC reference design from microchip 2.4 KW server power supply from delta
Switching frequency : 100 KHz Switching Frequency : 65Khz
One side max load : 180 W Inductance : 200uH
Inductance : 700 uH(much
smaller value than
equivalent server
supply for that
rating)
• A system for similar specification as server supply for 700 uH,
100 KHz the power rating would be,
2400 * 200 / 700 * 65 / 100 = 445 W
• Thus 87 W is effectively 19.5 % load
• The results are thus very convincing
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
23. Experimental results
(IPFC board 89 W only single phase enabled)
Voltage 90 110 160 220 Remarks
Method
Classical PI controller (over damped) modeled 5.98 7.2 17.0 18.4 PF and THD rapidly degrades
on linear dynamics of continuous conduction at low loads
mode system
Classical PI controller modeled on linear 3.5 6.5 13.5 15.5 Easily ends up becoming
(critically damped) unstable / sub harmonic
oscillations due to parameter
changes
Classical P I controller with voltage feedforward 3.35 5.35 7.65 17.75 Works great in CCM. But
rapidly degrades in DCM /low
load conditions
Proposed method 2.9 5.2 6.21 8.5 Works equally well in all
regions of operation
89W load when corrected for inductance values and switching frequency is equivalent to
19.5 % load for comparable 2.4 KW system used in server power supply.
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
24. Scope shots (87 W load , 400 Vdc output)
110 V
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
25. Scope shots (87 W load , 400 Vdc output)
220 V
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
26. Classical PI control w/o FF
110 V
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
27. Classical PI control w/o FF
220 V
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
28. Results with AN1278 from microchip
Input voltage: 220 V, Load: 180 W (50%) dual phase
180 W for IPFC is equivalent to 90 W with only one phase of IPFC operational.
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com
29. Thank You
consulting@controltrix.com
copyright 2011 controltrix corp www. controltrix.com