This document provides specifications and calculations for photovoltaic and electrical system components for a 3013.92 kW solar project located at 3636 Murillo Ave, San Jose. It includes specifications for solar modules, inverters, and calculations to determine voltage, current, and conductor sizing in accordance with NEC regulations. Key specifications and results include: the system will include 13,104 solar modules in 936 strings, 5 inverters each with a maximum output of 500kW, DC system voltage of 566.2V, maximum short circuit current of 2016A, and AC conductor sizes between inverters and the point of interconnection of 500 kcmil aluminum.
The document discusses field effect transistors (FETs) and metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). It covers their physical operation, including channel formation, threshold voltage, and applying a small gate-drain voltage. It also discusses MOSFET circuit symbols, DC biasing, and small signal analysis including transconductance and voltage gain.
The document discusses improving the efficiency and linearity of RF power amplifiers. It proposes using a technique called outphasing which decomposes the input signal into constant amplitude signals. Additionally, it introduces using specially optimized nonlinear Q-filters to process the decomposed signals in order to improve the spectral content without sacrificing the peak-to-average power ratio. This enhances the linearity and relaxes the stringent alignment requirements of traditional outphasing amplifiers, making the technique more practical to implement. The key innovation is the use of these nonlinear Q-filters applied in the digital domain to optimize the tradeoff between spectral content and signal crest factor.
This document summarizes the specifications and characteristics of the TPS601A(F) phototransistor by Toshiba. Key details include:
1) It has a high sensitivity and sharp directivity, with a typical half value angle of ±10 degrees.
2) Absolute maximum ratings include a collector-emitter voltage of 40V and collector current of 50mA.
3) Opto-electrical characteristics include a typical dark current of 0.01-0.2uA and light current of 200-1200uA depending on the model.
4) Switching time is typically 2us for both rise and fall time. Peak sensitivity is at 800nm wavelength.
Operational amplifiers (OP amps) can be used to build various electronic circuits. An ideal OP amp has infinite input impedance and zero output impedance, with infinite open-loop gain. Common configurations include inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, which provide negative and positive feedback respectively to control the closed-loop gain. Other circuits like summers, integrators, and differentiators can be built by exploiting the high input impedance and voltage amplification properties of OP amps. However, practical OP amps have non-ideal characteristics that must be accounted for, such as finite gain bandwidth, input bias currents, and output saturation levels.
This document discusses diodes and their applications in electronic circuits. It covers ideal and junction diodes, modeling diodes using exponential, piecewise linear, constant voltage and small signal models. It also discusses zener diodes, rectifiers, peak detectors and their usage in limiting and clamping circuits. Various diode circuits including half-wave, full-wave and bridge rectifiers as well as voltage doublers are described.
This document provides information on a 105W GaN-HEMT that operates at high voltages up to 50V and delivers high power and efficiency. Key features include an output power of 51dBm at saturation, 70% drain efficiency, and 20dB power gain. It is well-suited for 0.9GHz LTE applications. Electrical data, reliability estimates through MTTF calculations, ESD ratings, and package details are provided. S-parameter measurement data across frequency is also included for reference.
This document provides specifications for the Toshiba 2SK2886 field effect transistor. It is a silicon n-channel MOS transistor intended for applications such as chopper regulators, DC-DC converters, and motor drives. Key specifications include a maximum drain-source ON resistance of 14 mΩ and a minimum forward transfer admittance of 31 S. The document also lists the transistor's absolute maximum ratings, thermal characteristics, electrical characteristics, and source-drain ratings and characteristics.
Concept Kit 3-Phase AC Motor Drive Simulation (PSpice Version)Tsuyoshi Horigome
This document provides information about modeling a 3-phase AC motor for electric drive system simulation in PSpice. It includes the motor specifications, modeling of torque and back-EMF, a simplified 3-phase AC motor model, the equivalent circuit model, and parameter settings. Appendices provide details on measuring points, evaluation text, gate signals, model text, and simulation settings.
The document discusses field effect transistors (FETs) and metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). It covers their physical operation, including channel formation, threshold voltage, and applying a small gate-drain voltage. It also discusses MOSFET circuit symbols, DC biasing, and small signal analysis including transconductance and voltage gain.
The document discusses improving the efficiency and linearity of RF power amplifiers. It proposes using a technique called outphasing which decomposes the input signal into constant amplitude signals. Additionally, it introduces using specially optimized nonlinear Q-filters to process the decomposed signals in order to improve the spectral content without sacrificing the peak-to-average power ratio. This enhances the linearity and relaxes the stringent alignment requirements of traditional outphasing amplifiers, making the technique more practical to implement. The key innovation is the use of these nonlinear Q-filters applied in the digital domain to optimize the tradeoff between spectral content and signal crest factor.
This document summarizes the specifications and characteristics of the TPS601A(F) phototransistor by Toshiba. Key details include:
1) It has a high sensitivity and sharp directivity, with a typical half value angle of ±10 degrees.
2) Absolute maximum ratings include a collector-emitter voltage of 40V and collector current of 50mA.
3) Opto-electrical characteristics include a typical dark current of 0.01-0.2uA and light current of 200-1200uA depending on the model.
4) Switching time is typically 2us for both rise and fall time. Peak sensitivity is at 800nm wavelength.
Operational amplifiers (OP amps) can be used to build various electronic circuits. An ideal OP amp has infinite input impedance and zero output impedance, with infinite open-loop gain. Common configurations include inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, which provide negative and positive feedback respectively to control the closed-loop gain. Other circuits like summers, integrators, and differentiators can be built by exploiting the high input impedance and voltage amplification properties of OP amps. However, practical OP amps have non-ideal characteristics that must be accounted for, such as finite gain bandwidth, input bias currents, and output saturation levels.
This document discusses diodes and their applications in electronic circuits. It covers ideal and junction diodes, modeling diodes using exponential, piecewise linear, constant voltage and small signal models. It also discusses zener diodes, rectifiers, peak detectors and their usage in limiting and clamping circuits. Various diode circuits including half-wave, full-wave and bridge rectifiers as well as voltage doublers are described.
This document provides information on a 105W GaN-HEMT that operates at high voltages up to 50V and delivers high power and efficiency. Key features include an output power of 51dBm at saturation, 70% drain efficiency, and 20dB power gain. It is well-suited for 0.9GHz LTE applications. Electrical data, reliability estimates through MTTF calculations, ESD ratings, and package details are provided. S-parameter measurement data across frequency is also included for reference.
This document provides specifications for the Toshiba 2SK2886 field effect transistor. It is a silicon n-channel MOS transistor intended for applications such as chopper regulators, DC-DC converters, and motor drives. Key specifications include a maximum drain-source ON resistance of 14 mΩ and a minimum forward transfer admittance of 31 S. The document also lists the transistor's absolute maximum ratings, thermal characteristics, electrical characteristics, and source-drain ratings and characteristics.
Concept Kit 3-Phase AC Motor Drive Simulation (PSpice Version)Tsuyoshi Horigome
This document provides information about modeling a 3-phase AC motor for electric drive system simulation in PSpice. It includes the motor specifications, modeling of torque and back-EMF, a simplified 3-phase AC motor model, the equivalent circuit model, and parameter settings. Appendices provide details on measuring points, evaluation text, gate signals, model text, and simulation settings.
The document provides specifications for the ICEpower500A 500W general purpose amplifier. It includes a block diagram, connection diagram, specifications tables, application information, and timing diagrams. The amplifier can deliver 500W at 0.02% THD+N into 4 ohms, has a balanced input/output, 93% efficiency at 300W/8 ohms, and features like soft mute and under voltage protection. It is intended for use in active speakers, audio/video receivers, automotive amplifiers, and other applications.
This document describes a 3-phase AC motor model for simulation in SPICE.
[1] The model simplifies the motor's behavior using equivalent circuits to represent the torque, back-EMF, and mechanical parts of the motor. Torque and back-EMF are defined based on phase currents and angular speed.
[2] Key parameters like phase inductance, resistance, back-EMF constant, torque constant, and load current can be set to characterize different motors.
[3] The complete equivalent circuit model combines the frequency response, back-EMF generation, and mechanical torque production to simulate 3-phase motor behavior in SPICE simulations.
This document contains a lab manual for experiments in electronic circuit design using mechatronics engineering. It includes 10 listed experiments involving various components like SCRs, DIACs, TRIACs, op-amps, and filters. Experiment 1 details obtaining the V-I characteristics of an SCR to find the break over voltage and holding current. Experiment 4 involves designing inverting and non-inverting amplifiers using op-amps. Experiment 8 analyzes the effect of varying frequency on the output voltage of low-pass and high-pass filters.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers. It defines gain as the ratio of output power to input power in decibels and explains how gain can be expressed in terms of voltage, current, or power. Formulas are given for efficiency metrics like collector efficiency, overall efficiency, and power added efficiency. The power output capability parameter is introduced as a measure of the maximum output power produced by an amplifier given its peak collector voltage and current.
Original N - Channel Mosfet IRFR3709ZTRPBF FR3709Z 3709 FR3709 TO-252 New IRAUTHELECTRONIC
Original N - Channel Mosfet IRFR3709ZTRPBF FR3709Z 3709 FR3709 TO-252 New IR
https://authelectronic.com/original-n-channel-mosfet-irfr3709ztrpbf-fr3709z-3709-fr3709-to-252-new-ir
This lab report describes the design and testing of two oscillators built using operational amplifiers, capacitors, and resistors. The first oscillator was designed to resonate at 200 Hz and the second at 25 kHz. Calculations were performed to determine the resistor values needed. Multisim software was used to simulate the circuits. For the 200 Hz oscillator, increasing the resistor value from the calculated value produced a better frequency result. The 25 kHz oscillator produced a distorted triangular wave rather than a clean square wave due to limitations of the op-amp. Worst case analyses showed the 200 Hz oscillator frequency varied from 164-175 Hz with 20% higher or lower resistor values.
This document discusses power amplifiers classified as Class A amplifiers. It describes the basic operation of a Class A amplifier, in which the collector current is always nonzero, resulting in low maximum efficiency of 25%. It covers the DC and AC analyses of a basic common-emitter Class A amplifier and a transformer-coupled Class A amplifier. The transformer-coupled configuration allows for a higher theoretical maximum efficiency of 50% by keeping the operating point very close to the supply voltage. However, practical efficiencies are still typically less than 40% due to losses in the transformer.
This document discusses techniques for designing operational amplifiers that can operate at low voltages. It begins by outlining the challenges of low voltage operation, such as reduced dynamic range and increased nonlinearity. It then covers various circuit techniques for implementing low voltage input stages, gain stages, and bias circuits. These include using parallel input stages to increase input common mode range, bulk-driven MOSFETs to achieve depletion-mode behavior, and forward biasing the bulk to reduce transistor thresholds. The document provides circuit examples and analysis of how these techniques allow op amps to function down to supply voltages of 1V or less.
The document provides information about a research project opportunity for students in electrical engineering fields. It includes contact information for Experts Systems and Solutions including email, cell phone, and website. It states that students can assemble hardware projects in their research labs and experts will provide guidance.
The document describes an experiment on electronic circuits and simulation lab involving voltage shunt feedback amplifiers. It includes the aim, components, circuit diagrams, theory, design process, procedure, tabular column and expected results for analyzing the amplifier's characteristics both with and without feedback, including mid band gain, bandwidth, input and output impedance. Key aspects like frequency response will be measured and compared between the feedback and non-feedback configurations.
This document provides information on operational amplifiers (op amps) including:
1) It defines an op amp as a high-performance dc amplifying circuit containing transistors that has features like high gain, high input resistance, and low output resistance.
2) It discusses the history and development of op amps from early bipolar transistor designs to modern CMOS and BiFET technologies.
3) It describes common op amp circuit configurations like inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, comparators, summing amplifiers, integrators, and voltage followers. Circuit diagrams and explanations of their theory and operation are provided.
This document discusses Fourier theory and how it can be used to represent non-sinusoidal signals as a combination of sinusoidal waves of different frequencies and amplitudes. It provides examples of how square waves and triangular waves can be produced by adding together sine and cosine waves. The document also discusses the difference between analyzing signals in the time domain versus the frequency domain and how these representations provide different insights. Finally, it discusses how Fourier analysis can be used to understand the bandwidth requirements to transmit digital pulses accurately.
1. The document describes experiments on representing non-sinusoidal signals as a sum of sinusoidal waves using Fourier analysis and examining signals in both the time and frequency domains.
2. It involves generating square and triangular waves from Fourier series of sine and cosine waves and observing the effects of removing harmonics on the output waveform.
3. The experiments aim to demonstrate the differences between time and frequency domain representations and determine the bandwidth required to transmit periodic pulses with minimal distortion.
Here are the key steps to design a Hartley oscillator:
1. Choose the operating frequency fo. This will help determine component values.
2. Select the transistor. Consider gain, frequency response, power handling etc.
3. Calculate the inductance L required using the formula:
L = 1 / [4π2fo2C]
Where C is the total capacitance in the tank circuit.
4. Choose standard inductance value slightly higher than L.
5. Calculate the capacitance C required for resonance at fo using:
1 / [2π(LC)1/2] = fo
6. Choose standard capacitance values to obtain C.
7. Calculate
The document describes experiments performed with linear integrated circuits in a laboratory manual. It includes 12 experiments involving designing amplifiers, filters, oscillators and other circuits using operational amplifiers and timers. The first experiment involves designing inverting and non-inverting amplifiers. The second experiment involves designing a differentiator, which outputs the derivative of the input signal, and an integrator, which outputs the integral of the input signal. The fourth experiment involves designing second-order low-pass, high-pass and band-pass filters and analyzing their frequency responses.
SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 1 - FINALS (for ABDON)Sarah Krystelle
The document describes Experiment #1 on a class A power amplifier. Key points:
1. The operating point (Q-point) of the amplifier was initially not centered on the AC load line, causing distortion. Adjusting the emitter resistor centered the Q-point.
2. With the centered Q-point, the maximum undistorted output voltage increased. The expected and measured output voltages matched closely.
3. A class A amplifier has low efficiency due to conduction over the full input cycle, but provides an undistorted output waveform.
SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 1 - FINALS (for PULA)Sarah Krystelle
The document describes Experiment #1 on a class A power amplifier. It involves determining the operating point (Q-point) on the DC and AC load lines, measuring the voltage gain, maximum undistorted output, and efficiency. The student is to perform steps such as calculating voltages/currents, drawing load lines, measuring gain, and adjusting the emitter resistance to center the Q-point on the AC load line. Objectives include analyzing the amplifier's DC and AC characteristics, measuring linearity and maximum output before clipping occurs.
This document summarizes the specifications and characteristics of the TPC8014 transistor. Key details include:
1) It is a small footprint, low RDS(on) MOSFET designed for portable equipment applications like notebooks.
2) Electrical characteristics include a typical RDS(on) of 11 mΩ and typical forward transfer admittance of 10 S.
3) Absolute maximum ratings include a drain-source voltage of 30V and drain current of 11A.
This document describes an experiment to characterize active low-pass and high-pass filters. The objectives were to determine the cutoff frequencies, gain-frequency responses, and roll-offs of second-order low-pass and high-pass filters. The experiments involved plotting the gain-frequency and phase-frequency responses of the filters using a function generator, oscilloscope, and op-amps. The measured cutoff frequencies and roll-offs matched the expected values based on the circuit components. However, when higher frequencies approached the op-amp's bandwidth limit, the high-pass filter response became band-pass-like due to the active element limitation. In conclusion, active filters are suitable for low-frequency applications where the op-
Current Transformers parameter design and graphs - size and design requirementsssuser39bdb9
This document discusses current transformers (CTs), including their function, construction, standards, ratings, and designations. CTs are used to reduce high currents to lower, more easily measurable values and to isolate secondary circuits from primary currents. Key points covered include:
- CTs reduce power system currents to lower values for measurement and insulate secondary circuits from primary currents.
- Standards for CTs include IEC, European, British, American, Canadian, and Australian.
- CTs are constructed with either a bar or wound primary and have defined polarity and testing procedures.
- Basic theory explains how CTs transfer current based on turns ratio and induce a voltage to power secondary devices.
- Ratings include rated
This document discusses the design of a CMOS sampling switch for ultra-low power analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) used in biomedical applications. It analyzes general switch design constraints such as thermal noise, sampling time jitter, switch-induced error, tracking bandwidth, and voltage droop. Based on the analyses, a leakage-reduced CMOS sampling switch is designed for a 10-bit 1-kS/s successive approximation ADC using a 130nm CMOS process. Post-layout simulation shows the proposed switch offers an effective number of bits of 9.5 while consuming only 64 nW of power, meeting the ADC specification.
The document provides specifications for the ICEpower500A 500W general purpose amplifier. It includes a block diagram, connection diagram, specifications tables, application information, and timing diagrams. The amplifier can deliver 500W at 0.02% THD+N into 4 ohms, has a balanced input/output, 93% efficiency at 300W/8 ohms, and features like soft mute and under voltage protection. It is intended for use in active speakers, audio/video receivers, automotive amplifiers, and other applications.
This document describes a 3-phase AC motor model for simulation in SPICE.
[1] The model simplifies the motor's behavior using equivalent circuits to represent the torque, back-EMF, and mechanical parts of the motor. Torque and back-EMF are defined based on phase currents and angular speed.
[2] Key parameters like phase inductance, resistance, back-EMF constant, torque constant, and load current can be set to characterize different motors.
[3] The complete equivalent circuit model combines the frequency response, back-EMF generation, and mechanical torque production to simulate 3-phase motor behavior in SPICE simulations.
This document contains a lab manual for experiments in electronic circuit design using mechatronics engineering. It includes 10 listed experiments involving various components like SCRs, DIACs, TRIACs, op-amps, and filters. Experiment 1 details obtaining the V-I characteristics of an SCR to find the break over voltage and holding current. Experiment 4 involves designing inverting and non-inverting amplifiers using op-amps. Experiment 8 analyzes the effect of varying frequency on the output voltage of low-pass and high-pass filters.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers. It defines gain as the ratio of output power to input power in decibels and explains how gain can be expressed in terms of voltage, current, or power. Formulas are given for efficiency metrics like collector efficiency, overall efficiency, and power added efficiency. The power output capability parameter is introduced as a measure of the maximum output power produced by an amplifier given its peak collector voltage and current.
Original N - Channel Mosfet IRFR3709ZTRPBF FR3709Z 3709 FR3709 TO-252 New IRAUTHELECTRONIC
Original N - Channel Mosfet IRFR3709ZTRPBF FR3709Z 3709 FR3709 TO-252 New IR
https://authelectronic.com/original-n-channel-mosfet-irfr3709ztrpbf-fr3709z-3709-fr3709-to-252-new-ir
This lab report describes the design and testing of two oscillators built using operational amplifiers, capacitors, and resistors. The first oscillator was designed to resonate at 200 Hz and the second at 25 kHz. Calculations were performed to determine the resistor values needed. Multisim software was used to simulate the circuits. For the 200 Hz oscillator, increasing the resistor value from the calculated value produced a better frequency result. The 25 kHz oscillator produced a distorted triangular wave rather than a clean square wave due to limitations of the op-amp. Worst case analyses showed the 200 Hz oscillator frequency varied from 164-175 Hz with 20% higher or lower resistor values.
This document discusses power amplifiers classified as Class A amplifiers. It describes the basic operation of a Class A amplifier, in which the collector current is always nonzero, resulting in low maximum efficiency of 25%. It covers the DC and AC analyses of a basic common-emitter Class A amplifier and a transformer-coupled Class A amplifier. The transformer-coupled configuration allows for a higher theoretical maximum efficiency of 50% by keeping the operating point very close to the supply voltage. However, practical efficiencies are still typically less than 40% due to losses in the transformer.
This document discusses techniques for designing operational amplifiers that can operate at low voltages. It begins by outlining the challenges of low voltage operation, such as reduced dynamic range and increased nonlinearity. It then covers various circuit techniques for implementing low voltage input stages, gain stages, and bias circuits. These include using parallel input stages to increase input common mode range, bulk-driven MOSFETs to achieve depletion-mode behavior, and forward biasing the bulk to reduce transistor thresholds. The document provides circuit examples and analysis of how these techniques allow op amps to function down to supply voltages of 1V or less.
The document provides information about a research project opportunity for students in electrical engineering fields. It includes contact information for Experts Systems and Solutions including email, cell phone, and website. It states that students can assemble hardware projects in their research labs and experts will provide guidance.
The document describes an experiment on electronic circuits and simulation lab involving voltage shunt feedback amplifiers. It includes the aim, components, circuit diagrams, theory, design process, procedure, tabular column and expected results for analyzing the amplifier's characteristics both with and without feedback, including mid band gain, bandwidth, input and output impedance. Key aspects like frequency response will be measured and compared between the feedback and non-feedback configurations.
This document provides information on operational amplifiers (op amps) including:
1) It defines an op amp as a high-performance dc amplifying circuit containing transistors that has features like high gain, high input resistance, and low output resistance.
2) It discusses the history and development of op amps from early bipolar transistor designs to modern CMOS and BiFET technologies.
3) It describes common op amp circuit configurations like inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, comparators, summing amplifiers, integrators, and voltage followers. Circuit diagrams and explanations of their theory and operation are provided.
This document discusses Fourier theory and how it can be used to represent non-sinusoidal signals as a combination of sinusoidal waves of different frequencies and amplitudes. It provides examples of how square waves and triangular waves can be produced by adding together sine and cosine waves. The document also discusses the difference between analyzing signals in the time domain versus the frequency domain and how these representations provide different insights. Finally, it discusses how Fourier analysis can be used to understand the bandwidth requirements to transmit digital pulses accurately.
1. The document describes experiments on representing non-sinusoidal signals as a sum of sinusoidal waves using Fourier analysis and examining signals in both the time and frequency domains.
2. It involves generating square and triangular waves from Fourier series of sine and cosine waves and observing the effects of removing harmonics on the output waveform.
3. The experiments aim to demonstrate the differences between time and frequency domain representations and determine the bandwidth required to transmit periodic pulses with minimal distortion.
Here are the key steps to design a Hartley oscillator:
1. Choose the operating frequency fo. This will help determine component values.
2. Select the transistor. Consider gain, frequency response, power handling etc.
3. Calculate the inductance L required using the formula:
L = 1 / [4π2fo2C]
Where C is the total capacitance in the tank circuit.
4. Choose standard inductance value slightly higher than L.
5. Calculate the capacitance C required for resonance at fo using:
1 / [2π(LC)1/2] = fo
6. Choose standard capacitance values to obtain C.
7. Calculate
The document describes experiments performed with linear integrated circuits in a laboratory manual. It includes 12 experiments involving designing amplifiers, filters, oscillators and other circuits using operational amplifiers and timers. The first experiment involves designing inverting and non-inverting amplifiers. The second experiment involves designing a differentiator, which outputs the derivative of the input signal, and an integrator, which outputs the integral of the input signal. The fourth experiment involves designing second-order low-pass, high-pass and band-pass filters and analyzing their frequency responses.
SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 1 - FINALS (for ABDON)Sarah Krystelle
The document describes Experiment #1 on a class A power amplifier. Key points:
1. The operating point (Q-point) of the amplifier was initially not centered on the AC load line, causing distortion. Adjusting the emitter resistor centered the Q-point.
2. With the centered Q-point, the maximum undistorted output voltage increased. The expected and measured output voltages matched closely.
3. A class A amplifier has low efficiency due to conduction over the full input cycle, but provides an undistorted output waveform.
SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 1 - FINALS (for PULA)Sarah Krystelle
The document describes Experiment #1 on a class A power amplifier. It involves determining the operating point (Q-point) on the DC and AC load lines, measuring the voltage gain, maximum undistorted output, and efficiency. The student is to perform steps such as calculating voltages/currents, drawing load lines, measuring gain, and adjusting the emitter resistance to center the Q-point on the AC load line. Objectives include analyzing the amplifier's DC and AC characteristics, measuring linearity and maximum output before clipping occurs.
This document summarizes the specifications and characteristics of the TPC8014 transistor. Key details include:
1) It is a small footprint, low RDS(on) MOSFET designed for portable equipment applications like notebooks.
2) Electrical characteristics include a typical RDS(on) of 11 mΩ and typical forward transfer admittance of 10 S.
3) Absolute maximum ratings include a drain-source voltage of 30V and drain current of 11A.
This document describes an experiment to characterize active low-pass and high-pass filters. The objectives were to determine the cutoff frequencies, gain-frequency responses, and roll-offs of second-order low-pass and high-pass filters. The experiments involved plotting the gain-frequency and phase-frequency responses of the filters using a function generator, oscilloscope, and op-amps. The measured cutoff frequencies and roll-offs matched the expected values based on the circuit components. However, when higher frequencies approached the op-amp's bandwidth limit, the high-pass filter response became band-pass-like due to the active element limitation. In conclusion, active filters are suitable for low-frequency applications where the op-
Current Transformers parameter design and graphs - size and design requirementsssuser39bdb9
This document discusses current transformers (CTs), including their function, construction, standards, ratings, and designations. CTs are used to reduce high currents to lower, more easily measurable values and to isolate secondary circuits from primary currents. Key points covered include:
- CTs reduce power system currents to lower values for measurement and insulate secondary circuits from primary currents.
- Standards for CTs include IEC, European, British, American, Canadian, and Australian.
- CTs are constructed with either a bar or wound primary and have defined polarity and testing procedures.
- Basic theory explains how CTs transfer current based on turns ratio and induce a voltage to power secondary devices.
- Ratings include rated
This document discusses the design of a CMOS sampling switch for ultra-low power analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) used in biomedical applications. It analyzes general switch design constraints such as thermal noise, sampling time jitter, switch-induced error, tracking bandwidth, and voltage droop. Based on the analyses, a leakage-reduced CMOS sampling switch is designed for a 10-bit 1-kS/s successive approximation ADC using a 130nm CMOS process. Post-layout simulation shows the proposed switch offers an effective number of bits of 9.5 while consuming only 64 nW of power, meeting the ADC specification.
This document provides an overview of advanced power system protection topics including differential protection, busbar protection, linear couplers, and pilot wire protection.
It discusses the principles and applications of differential protection including Merz-Price and balanced voltage schemes. It also covers special considerations for differential protection such as phase shift, tap changing transformers, and inrush current.
The document then summarizes busbar protection and how it uses a pure earth fault system to measure fault current flowing from the switchgear to earth. Finally, it examines linear couplers and how they are used in differential protection systems as well as the performance of pilot wire protection schemes that can employ either balanced voltage or circulating current principles.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Original transistor NPN KTC945-P-AT C945 2SC945 945 TO 92 Newauthelectroniccom
This document provides technical data for the KTC945 epitaxial planar NPN transistor, including:
1. Features such as excellent hFE linearity and low noise.
2. Maximum ratings for parameters like collector current and junction temperature.
3. Electrical characteristics including voltage and current ratings.
4. Graphs of characteristics like collector current vs collector-emitter voltage and current gain vs collector current.
Analog and Digital Electronics Lab ManualChirag Shetty
This document provides details on 12 experiments conducted in an Analog and Digital Electronics Lab. The first experiment involves simulating clipping and clamping circuits using diodes. The second experiment involves simulating a relaxation oscillator using an op-amp and comparing the frequency and duty cycle to theoretical values. The third experiment involves simulating a Schmitt trigger using an op-amp and comparing the upper and lower trigger points. The remaining experiments involve simulating circuits such as a Wein bridge oscillator, power supply, CE amplifier, half/full adders, multiplexers, and counters. Procedures and calculations are provided for analyzing and verifying the output of each circuit simulation.
The document provides instructions for 14 experiments in analog communications lab, including voltage feedback amplifier, amplitude modulation and demodulation, class A power amplifier, RC phase shift oscillator, Hartley and Colpitts oscillators, complementary symmetry push-pull amplifier, DSBSC modulation and demodulation, SSBSC modulation and demodulation, frequency modulation and demodulation, pre-emphasis - de-emphasis circuits, verification of sampling theorem, PAM and reconstruction, PWM and PPM generation and reconstruction, and the effect of noise on communication channels. The experiments are designed to help students learn important concepts in analog signal processing and analog communications systems.
This document contains instructions for an experiment to determine the transfer function of an armature controlled DC servomotor. It includes the theory behind transfer functions and DC motors. The procedure outlines determining the motor constants Kt, Kb, Ra, and La through load tests, no-load tests, and impedance measurements. Graphs are used to calculate the motor constants from experimental data. The transfer function and block diagram for an armature controlled DC motor are presented.
Bipolar junction transistor : Biasing and AC AnalysisTahmina Zebin
1. The document discusses various transistor amplifier circuit designs and analysis techniques, including biasing circuits like base bias, voltage divider bias, and emitter feedback bias.
2. It introduces the small-signal h-parameter transistor model that represents the transistor under AC conditions and defines terms like small-signal current gain and output conductance.
3. The document provides examples of calculating Q-points, load lines, and biasing component values for different transistor amplifier circuits.
The document summarizes an experiment on analyzing series and parallel RLC circuits. It describes:
1) Calculating the theoretical resonance frequency of a series RLC circuit as 18.8 kHz, but measuring it experimentally as 16.73 kHz, a difference of 11.1%.
2) Plotting the output voltage versus frequency, which reaches a minimum at the theoretical resonance point.
3) Analyzing the phase relationship and impedance characteristics at resonance, finding the voltage and current are in phase.
Control And Programingof Synchronous Generatorfreelay
author: International Team
publisher: Daniel Garrido
licence: Creative Commons
place: University of Southern Denmark- Odense
@fomenting colaborational knowledge
Concept Kit 3-Phase AC Motor Drive Simulation (PSpice Version)Tsuyoshi Horigome
This document provides an overview of modeling a 3-phase AC motor for electric drive system simulation in PSpice. It includes the motor specifications, modeling of torque and back-EMF, a simplified 3-phase AC motor model, the equivalent circuit model, and appendices describing simulation settings and evaluation. The modeling aims to simulate phase current, back-EMF, speed, torque, power output and efficiency characteristics of the 3-phase AC motor under different load conditions.
This document contains a 3-part exam on high voltage engineering. Part 1 contains 3 questions, the first on measuring HVAC peak value and performing an accelerated aging test on a bushing. The second concerns generating HVDC using a Greinacher cascade circuit and a basic rectifier circuit. The third addresses impulse voltage generation and designing a 5-stage Marx generator. Part 2 includes questions on earthing systems, surge arrestors, and analyzing an RLC circuit with DC supply. Part 3 concerns calculating flash protection boundaries for a busbar with short circuit current. The exam tests knowledge of high voltage concepts and applications.
This document contains a 3-part exam on high voltage engineering. Part 1 contains 3 questions, the first on measuring HVAC peak value and performing an accelerated aging test on a bushing. The second concerns generating HVDC using a Greinacher cascade circuit and a basic rectifier circuit. The third addresses impulse voltage generation and designing a 5-stage Marx generator. Part 2 contains 3 questions, two on RC and RLC circuits applied to DC sources, and one on flash protection boundaries for live busbars. Part 3 requests calculations regarding voltage regulation, ripple, and output of a Cockcroft-Walton circuit, as well as the design of a DC voltage doubling circuit.
Cyclo converter design for hf applications using h-bridge invertercuashok07
The document describes a project to design a cyclo-converter with an RLC load. Key points:
1. The proposed design uses a single input multiple output system with a diode rectifier and H-bridge series resonant inverter to obtain multiple outputs from a single input with reduced switching losses.
2. An RLC load is used to obtain a resonant frequency of 30kHz and maintain constant voltage and current at the load with unity power factor.
3. MATLAB will be used to simulate the power circuit and a PIC16F877 microcontroller with Keil software will be used to control the circuit.
Design of Two CMOS Differential Amplifiersbastrikov
High performance, 0.6u process CMOS differential amplifiers were designed in Cadence. Design specifications included differential gain, 3-db bandwidth, output swing, input common mode range, phase margin, total static power consumption, slew rate, and common mode rejection ratio.
This document provides information about current transformers (CTs) including their function, construction, standards, ratings, errors, and types. CTs are used to reduce high power system currents to lower values that can be measured by instrumentation. They provide insulation between the primary and secondary circuits and allow the use of standard current ratings for secondary equipment. The performance of protective relays depends on the CT that drives it. The document discusses various CT constructions, standards, magnetization characteristics, saturation effects, and ratings parameters like rated burden, continuous and short time rated currents. It also defines current and phase errors that can occur in CTs.
This document provides an overview of current transformers (CTs), including their function, construction, standards, ratings, and sources of errors. CTs are used to reduce high currents to lower, more easily measured values while providing insulation between the primary and secondary circuits. They allow the use of standard instrument ratings and help drive protective relays. The document discusses various CT types, designs, and materials as well as definitions for key ratings like rated burden, rated currents, and accuracy limit factor. Sources of errors like saturation, phase shift, and incorrect current magnitudes are also covered.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Similar to Temple, San Jose Interconnection App Stamped (1) (20)
10. PHOTOVOLTAIC AMPACITY & WIRE CALCULATIONS--(3636 MURILLO AVE, SAN JOSE) SHEET PV-10
Solar Module Specifications: Inverter Specifications:
Module Model Number: YING-LI YL 230 P-29b Inverter Model Number: SOLECTRIA SGI 500
Module Weight: 43 Pounds
Module Length: 65.0'' Width: 39.0'' Depth: 2.0'' Nominal Voltage: 480 Volts (AC)
Max Inverter Output Current: 602 Amps
Voc (open-circuit Voltage): 37.0 Volts (DC)
Vmp (max-power Voltage): 29.5 Volts (DC) Number of Inverters: 5
Isc (short-circuit current): 8.40 Amps Number of Modules per String: 14
Imp (max-power current): 7.80 Amps Total Number of Strings: 936
Mfr Voc Temp Coefficient: -0.37 %/°C Total Number of Modules: 13104
Total System Size: 3013.92 kWstc
Maximum PV System Voltage and Current Calculations:
Record Low Temp. (°C): 0
ASHRAE Appendix E: SJC Airport
Mfr Voc
Voltage Correction per Mfr Spec: = x (25°C - Record Low Temp.) + 1 = 1.093
Temp Spec.
Maximum PV System Voltage per NEC Voltage Correction Number of Modules in
= x Voc x = 566.2 Volts
690.7 per Mfr Spec Series
Maximum PV Continuous Current per
= 1.25 x Isc x Number of Strings = 9828 Amps
NEC 690.8(A)(1)
DC Conductor Ampacity Calculation:
Number of Strings: 1 Number of Current-Carrying Conductors: 2
Expected Wire Op Temp. (°C): 40 Conduit Fill Correction per NEC 310.15(B)(2)(a): 1.00
Temp. Correction per Table 310.16: 0.91
Circuit Conductor Size: AWG #8 Circuit Conductor Ampacity: 55 Amps
Required Circuit Conductor Ampacity
= 1.56 x Isc x Number of Strings = 13.2 Amps
per 690.8(A)&(B)
De-Rated Ampacity of Circuit Temp. Correction per NEC Table Conduit Fill Correction per NEC
= x
Conductor per NEC Table 310.16 310.16 310.15(B)(2)(a)
Length of Conduit Run (ft) 200 x Circuit Conductor Ampacity = 50.1 Amps
Voltage Drop 0.62%
DC Conductor Ampacity Calculation:
Number of Strings: 24 Number of Current-Carrying Conductors: 2
Expected Wire Op Temp. (°C): 40 Conduit Fill Correction per NEC 310.15(B)(2)(a): 1.00
Temp. Correction per Table 310.16: 0.91
Number of Parallel Conductors: 1
Circuit Conductor Size: 500 kcmil Aluminum Circuit Conductor Ampacity: 350 Amps
Number of
Required Circuit Conductor Ampacity Number of
= 1.56 x Isc x / Parallel = 314.5 Amps
per 690.8(A)&(B) Strings
Conductors
De-Rated Ampacity of Circuit Temp. Correction per NEC Table Conduit Fill Correction per NEC
= x
Conductor per NEC Table 310.16 310.16 310.15(B)(2)(a)
Length of Conduit Run (ft) 300 x Circuit Conductor Ampacity = 318.5 Amps
Voltage Drop 1.21%
11. AC Conductor Ampacity Calculation (Between Inverter & Transformer):
Expected Wire Op Temp. (°C): 40 Number of Current-Carrying Conductors: 3
Temp. Correction per Table 310.16: 0.91 Conduit Fill Correction per NEC 310.15(B)(2)(a): 1.00
Number of Parallel Conductors: 2
Circuit Conductor Size: 500 kcmil Circuit Conductor Ampacity: 430 Amps
Required Circuit Conductor Ampacity Maximum Inverter Number of Parallel
= 1.25 x / = 376.3 Amps
per 690.8(B) Output Current Conductors
De-Rated Ampacity of Circuit Temp. Correction per NEC Table Conduit Fill Correction per NEC
= x
Conductor per NEC Table 310.16 310.16 310.15(B)(2)(a)
Length of Conduit Run (ft) 50 x Circuit Conductor Ampacity = 391.3 Amps
Voltage Drop 0.34%
AC Conductor Ampacity Calculation (Between Transformer & Point of Interconnection):
Expected Wire Op Temp. (°C): 30 Number of Current-Carrying Conductors: 3
Temp. Correction per Table 310.16: 1 Conduit Fill Correction per NEC 310.15(B)(2)(a): 1.0
Circuit Conductor Size: AWG #2 MV-105 Circuit Conductor Ampacity: 165 Amps
Transformer
Required Circuit Conductor Ampacity Maximum Inverter
= 1.25 x x 5 Inverters / Voltage of = 144.9 Amps
per 690.8(B) Output Power of 500 kW
12.47 kV
De-Rated Ampacity of Circuit Temp. Correction per NEC Table Conduit Fill Correction per NEC
= x
Conductor per NEC Table 310.16 310.16 310.15(B)(2)(a)
Length of Wire Run (ft) 2000 x Circuit Conductor Ampacity = 165 Amps
Voltage Drop 0.54%
Summary for Inverters A, B, C, D:
DC Specs: Maximum Short-Circuit Current: 2016.0 Amps
Maximum System Voltage: 566.2 Volts
Operating Current: 1497.6 Amps
Operating Voltage: 413.0 Volts
AC Specs: Operating Voltage: 480 Volts
Maximum Continuous Current: 602 Amps