This document provides an overview of key concepts in radiation protection for diagnostic radiology, including: - Medical exposure involves exposing patients for diagnosis or treatment, following principles of justification and optimization. - Justification involves assessing if a procedure does more good than harm at the individual, generic, and general levels. - Optimization aims to keep patient doses as low as reasonably achievable given image quality needs. - Guidance levels indicate typical dose levels and help identify unusually high exposures requiring review. They are not dose limits.

1. RADIATION PROTECTION IN DIAGNOSTIC AND INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY L 1: Overview of Radiation Protection in Diagnostic Radiology IAEA Training Material on Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology

5. Part 1: Overview of Radiation Protection in Diagnostic Radiology Topic 1: Definition of medical exposure IAEA Training Material on Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology

7. Medical exposure versus occupational

8. My resident doctor has got 12 mSv in her last badge report as she was wearing the badge while getting her barium study. She wants off from radiation work. ?????

9. While holding his child in diagnostic examination Mr. Joseph got 2 mSv. As a member of the public with 1 mSv dose limit, he can not get any radiation dose this year. ???????

10. Dose constraints for Comforters under a category of Medical exposure

14. Part 1: Overview of Radiation Protection in Diagnostic Radiology Topic 2: Justification IAEA Training Material on Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology

21. Part 1: Overview of Radiation Protection in Diagnostic Radiology Topic 3: Optimization IAEA Training Material on Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology

24. Part 1: Overview of Radiation Protection in Diagnostic Radiology Topic 4: Guidance (or reference) levels - practical aspects IAEA Training Material on Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology

36. Part 1: Overview of Radiation Protection in Diagnostic Radiology Topic 5: Guidance levels and effective doses IAEA Training Material on Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology

37. Guidance levels for diagnostic radiography (typical adult patient) 10 Abdomen, IVU and cholecystography AP 40 Lumbar spine LSJ 30 Lumbar spine LAT 10 Lumbar spine AP Entrance surface dose per radiograph (mGy) Examination

38. Guidance levels for diagnostic radiography (typical adult patient) 1.5 Chest LAT 0.4 Chest PA 10 Hip joint AP 10 Pelvis AP Entrance surface dose per radiograph (mGy) Examination

39. Guidance levels for diagnostic radiography (typical adult patient) 5 Dental AP 7 Dental peri-apical 20 Thoracic spine LAT 7 Thoracic spine AP Entrance surface dose per radiograph (mGy) Examination

40. Guidance levels for diagnostic radiography (typical adult patient) Dose values are in air with backscatter. They are for conventional film-screen combination (200 speed class). For higher speed film-screen combinations (400-600), the values should be reduced by a factor of 2 to 3. 3 Skull LAT 5 Skull AP Entrance surface dose per radiograph (mGy) Examination

41. Dose guidance levels in CT (typical adult patient) 35 Lumbar spine (a) Derived from measurements on the axis of rotation in water equivalent phantoms, 15 cm in length and 16 cm (head) and 30 cm (lumbar spine and abdomen) in diameter. 25 Abdomen 50 Head Multiple scan average dose (mGy) (a) Examination

42. Dose guidance levels for mammography (typical adult patient) Determined in a 4.5 cm compressed breast consisting of 50% glandular and 50% adipose tissue, for film-screen systems and dedicated Mo-target/Mo-filter mammography units. 1 mGy (without grid 3 mGy (with grid) Average glandular dose per craniocaudal projection

43. Dose rate guidance levels for fluoroscopy (typical adult patient) (a) In air with backscatter (b) For fluoroscopes that have an optional 'high level' operational mode, such as those frequently used in interventional radiology 100 High Level (b) 25 Normal Entrance surface dose (mGy/min) (a) Operation Mode

44. Typical effective doses from diagnostic medical exposures From: Referral Criteria For Imaging. CE, 2000. 7 months 4 months 11 days 3 days Approx. equiv. period of natural background radiation 1.3 0.7 0.07 0.02 Typical effective dose (mSv) 65 Lumbar spine 35 Thoracic spine 3.5 Skull 1 Chest (single PA film) Equiv. no. of chest x-rays Diagnostic procedure

45. Typical effective doses from diagnostic medical exposures From: Referral Criteria For Imaging. CE, 2000. 14 months 6 months 4 months 7 weeks Approx. equiv. period of natural background radiation 2.5 1.0 0.7 0.3 Typical effective dose (mSv) 125 IVU 50 Abdomen 35 Pelvis 15 Hip Equiv. no. of chest x-rays Diagnostic procedure

46. Typical effective doses from diagnostic medical exposures From: Referral Criteria For Imaging. CE, 2000. 3.2 years 16 months 16 months 6 months Approx. equiv. period of natural background radiation 7 3 3 1.5 Typical effective dose (mSv) 350 Barium enema 150 Barium follow through 150 Barium meal 75 Barium swallow Equiv. no. of chest x-rays Diagnostic procedure

47. Typical effective doses from diagnostic medical exposures From: Referral Criteria For Imaging. CE, 2000. 4.5 years 3.6 years 1 year Approx. equiv. period of natural background radiation 10 8 2.3 Typical effective dose (mSv) 500 CT Abdomen or pelvis 400 CT chest 115 CT head Equiv. no. of chest x-rays Diagnostic procedure