The talk is old but the theme is current.

1. DECISION-MAKING TOOLS FOR
MANAGING IAS IN AGRICULTURE
Presented at:
International Congress on Biological Invasions
(Fuzhou, China, 2-6 November, 2009)

2. Outline
• Introduction: new invaders and lessons
– Tomato leaf miner
– Date palm red weevil
• Steps and tools for IAS in agriculture
– General scheme
– Prevention
• Description
• Key tools and resources
– Eradication
• Description
• Key tools and resources
• Conclusion

3. Tuta absoluta
A new invader for the Mediterranean region
High economic impact

4. 1962: Declaration in Japan ;
1964 from Argentina to other Countries in Latin America;
2006: Detection in Spain (Castello Province);
2008: Detection all over the Mediterranean coast;
2008: Invasion inland Morocco;
2009: Invasion to South.
Source: Map from EPPPO completed for this talk;
Source :Chronoly from Koppert

5. A single female can lay about 260 eggs during its lifetime;
10–12 generations per year;
The biological cycle is completed in 29–38 days.
Females lay eggs on aerial parts of their host plants;
Pupation in the soil, on the leaf surface or within mines;
Can be carried by plants for planting and fruits of tomato;
Larvae do not enter diapause as long as food is available;
Adult has nocturnal activity and hide at day time;
Seems to reproduce on all wild and cultivated Solaneceous plants.
Key biological traits for successful invasion
High reproductive potential.
Biology and behavior

6. The red palm weevil: Rhyncophorus ferrogineus
OLIVIER
Agricultural and environmental threat
Costly efforts and resources for eradication

7. Environment at risk in Morocco
Oases in all the region;
Date and ornemental palm trees in all the region;
Palmeraie of Marrakech, a UNESCO protected heritage.

8. Lessons from these two pests
coming from far away
Increased movement of people and
increased trade in agricultural and
ornemental plants are source of
increased introduction of alien pests;
Global warming may favor
establishment in previously unsuitable
environment;
Prevention and collaboration are
essential for an effective management.

9. Safeguarding and Prevention;
Information management and sharing;
Strengthening legal and institutional
frameworks;
Developing Regional cooperation;
Public awareness and support ;
Developing impact mitigation and
management systems.
Outline for common Strategies for IAS
in agricultural systems

10. Decision-making steps in IAS management at a national/regional levels
Prevention
Presence
Early detection and rapid response (eradication/containment)
Absence
+ Monitoring for detection
Monitoring for detection/delimitation
3.1 Monitoring:
detection/delimitation;
population dynamics
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
3.2. Control
3.2.1 Eradication;
3.2.2 Containment;
3.3.3 Area wide management

11. In all steps, information exchange is a key
at the national and International levels.
Therefore, investing in information tools and
resources is advisable
Information networks: GISIN
Sometimes the information may be lacking
with the usual partners

12. Cost
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Investing in information and cooperation in step 1 is worthwhile
Cost for management increases as the IAS spreads

13. Step one: Prevention is the first line of defense
Tool 1: Pest risk analysis.
Resources:
International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures: IPPC site;
Information Networks: GISIN;
Databases: GISP, CABI compendium.
Tool 2: Modeling and predictions
Resources:
Weather data and vegetation;
Distribution data;
Biological data for the pest if available;
Mapping softwares.

14. 14
Tool 3: Regulation and procedures.
Resources:
CBD- article 8;
IPPC new revised text;
National and Regional regulations;
National and Regional black lists;
International codes and guidelines.
Step one: (Continued)

15. 15
Three key element in step one
Regulation and Inspection
Pest Risk Analysis
No entry
Information exchange

16. 16
Step Two: Early detection and rapid response
Tool 3: Monitoring and identification.
Resources and methods:
Surveillance Reports;
Trapping data and reports;
Developing collections;
Databases: GISP, CABI compendium;
Information Networks: GISIN;
RPPO reports ;
Global taxonomic networks: Discoverlife, BIONET.
Tools 4: Delimitation of affected area
Trapping network
Mapping (GIS)
Public awareness to report infested plants

17. 17
Tool 5: Eradication/containment
Ressources:
CBD- article 8;
IPPC new revised text;
National regulation and procedures;
Control.
Methods
Chemical and Biological methods;
Sterile Insect Technique
Raising public awareness to limit spread.

18. Key elements for step 2
Monitoring
For detection, delimitation and evaluation of spread and / or
control effectiveness
Prediction and modeling
Satellite images, mapping and weather data
Publica awareness and education

19. Predicting spread
Ex. The Western corn
rootworm Diabrotica
virgifera virgifera
In a changing climate, climatic requirements for the alien pest are key in
predicting the potential for spread of an IAS in a region

20. “Mapping the existing distribution of a pest and matching the climate
within that area with similar climates elsewhere can help predict
potential areas at risk”.
Source: Richard Baker & Alan MacLeod (2003):
PRAs: Tools, Resources and Key Challenges
WCR distribution in USA
(2003)
Predicted spread in USA

21. Source: Richard Baker & Alan MacLeod (2003):
PRAs: Tools, Resources and Key Challenges
Predicted spread in Europe

22. Summary and conclusion
Human accelerated degradation processes before
mastering the dynamics within the processes;
Pest Risk Analysis, modeling and information
exchange as well as international cooperation are the
only way to mitigate impact of IAS at a global level
Introduced agricultural pests are part of environmental
degradation processes;
Tools are available to reduce IAS impact in agriculture;