1. The document discusses tools for managing invasive alien species (IAS) in agriculture, using the examples of the tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) and the red palm weevil (Rhyncophorus ferrogineus). 2. It outlines the key steps in IAS management, including prevention, early detection and rapid response, and monitoring. Tools discussed include pest risk analysis, modeling and information sharing resources. 3. The lessons from the two invasive pest examples emphasize the importance of prevention, collaboration, and investing in information exchange to effectively manage the growing threat of agricultural IAS introduced through increased global trade and transport.

1. DECISION-MAKING TOOLS FOR
MANAGING IAS IN AGRICULTURE
Presented at:
International Congress on Biological Invasions
(Fuzhou, China, 2-6 November, 2009)

2. Outline
• Introduction: new invaders and lessons
– Tomato leaf miner
– Date palm red weevil
• Steps and tools for IAS in agriculture
– General scheme
– Prevention
• Description
• Key tools and resources
– Eradication
• Description
• Key tools and resources
• Conclusion

3. Tuta absoluta
A new invader for the Mediterranean region
High economic impact

4. 1962: Declaration in Japan ;
1964 from Argentina to other Countries in Latin America;
2006: Detection in Spain (Castello Province);
2008: Detection all over the Mediterranean coast;
2008: Invasion inland Morocco;
2009: Invasion to South.
Source: Map from EPPPO completed for this talk;
Source :Chronoly from Koppert

5. A single female can lay about 260 eggs during its lifetime;
10–12 generations per year;
The biological cycle is completed in 29–38 days.
Females lay eggs on aerial parts of their host plants;
Pupation in the soil, on the leaf surface or within mines;
Can be carried by plants for planting and fruits of tomato;
Larvae do not enter diapause as long as food is available;
Adult has nocturnal activity and hide at day time;
Seems to reproduce on all wild and cultivated Solaneceous plants.
Key biological traits for successful invasion
High reproductive potential.
Biology and behavior

6. The red palm weevil: Rhyncophorus ferrogineus
OLIVIER
Agricultural and environmental threat
Costly efforts and resources for eradication

7. Environment at risk in Morocco
Oases in all the region;
Date and ornemental palm trees in all the region;
Palmeraie of Marrakech, a UNESCO protected heritage.

8. Lessons from these two pests
coming from far away
Increased movement of people and
increased trade in agricultural and
ornemental plants are source of
increased introduction of alien pests;
Global warming may favor
establishment in previously unsuitable
environment;
Prevention and collaboration are
essential for an effective management.

9. Safeguarding and Prevention;
Information management and sharing;
Strengthening legal and institutional
frameworks;
Developing Regional cooperation;
Public awareness and support ;
Developing impact mitigation and
management systems.
Outline for common Strategies for IAS
in agricultural systems

10. Decision-making steps in IAS management at a national/regional levels
Prevention
Presence
Early detection and rapid response (eradication/containment)
Absence
+ Monitoring for detection
Monitoring for detection/delimitation
3.1 Monitoring:
detection/delimitation;
population dynamics
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
3.2. Control
3.2.1 Eradication;
3.2.2 Containment;
3.3.3 Area wide management

11. In all steps, information exchange is a key
at the national and International levels.
Therefore, investing in information tools and
resources is advisable
Information networks: GISIN
Sometimes the information may be lacking
with the usual partners

12. Cost
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Investing in information and cooperation in step 1 is worthwhile
Cost for management increases as the IAS spreads

13. Step one: Prevention is the first line of defense
Tool 1: Pest risk analysis.
Resources:
International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures: IPPC site;
Information Networks: GISIN;
Databases: GISP, CABI compendium.
Tool 2: Modeling and predictions
Resources:
Weather data and vegetation;
Distribution data;
Biological data for the pest if available;
Mapping softwares.

14. 14
Tool 3: Regulation and procedures.
Resources:
CBD- article 8;
IPPC new revised text;
National and Regional regulations;
National and Regional black lists;
International codes and guidelines.
Step one: (Continued)

15. 15
Three key element in step one
Regulation and Inspection
Pest Risk Analysis
No entry
Information exchange

16. 16
Step Two: Early detection and rapid response
Tool 3: Monitoring and identification.
Resources and methods:
Surveillance Reports;
Trapping data and reports;
Developing collections;
Databases: GISP, CABI compendium;
Information Networks: GISIN;
RPPO reports ;
Global taxonomic networks: Discoverlife, BIONET.
Tools 4: Delimitation of affected area
Trapping network
Mapping (GIS)
Public awareness to report infested plants

17. 17
Tool 5: Eradication/containment
Ressources:
CBD- article 8;
IPPC new revised text;
National regulation and procedures;
Control.
Methods
Chemical and Biological methods;
Sterile Insect Technique
Raising public awareness to limit spread.

18. Key elements for step 2
Monitoring
For detection, delimitation and evaluation of spread and / or
control effectiveness
Prediction and modeling
Satellite images, mapping and weather data
Publica awareness and education

19. Predicting spread
Ex. The Western corn
rootworm Diabrotica
virgifera virgifera
In a changing climate, climatic requirements for the alien pest are key in
predicting the potential for spread of an IAS in a region

20. “Mapping the existing distribution of a pest and matching the climate
within that area with similar climates elsewhere can help predict
potential areas at risk”.
Source: Richard Baker & Alan MacLeod (2003):
PRAs: Tools, Resources and Key Challenges
WCR distribution in USA
(2003)
Predicted spread in USA

21. Source: Richard Baker & Alan MacLeod (2003):
PRAs: Tools, Resources and Key Challenges
Predicted spread in Europe

22. Summary and conclusion
Human accelerated degradation processes before
mastering the dynamics within the processes;
Pest Risk Analysis, modeling and information
exchange as well as international cooperation are the
only way to mitigate impact of IAS at a global level
Introduced agricultural pests are part of environmental
degradation processes;
Tools are available to reduce IAS impact in agriculture;